|
114 | 114 | # N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg+ VP/J P D NPr NSg/VB . Nᴹ/Vg/J NPr/ISg+ R |
115 | 115 | > programmable . [ note 2 ] In 1843 , during the translation of a French article on the |
116 | 116 | # NSg/J . . NSg/VB+ # . NPr/J/R/P # . VB/P D N🅪Sg P D/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg/VB+ J/P D |
117 | | -> Analytical Engine , Ada Lovelace wrote , in one of the many notes she included , an |
118 | | -# J NSg/VB+ . NPr+ NPr VPt . NPr/J/R/P NSg/I/VB/J P D NSg/I/J/Dq NPl/V3+ ISg+ VP/J . D/P |
| 117 | +> Analytical Engine , Ada Lovelace wrote , in one of the many notes she included , an |
| 118 | +# J NSg/VB+ . NPr+ NPr VPt . NPr/J/R/P NSg/I/J P D NSg/I/J/Dq NPl/V3+ ISg+ VP/J . D/P |
119 | 119 | > algorithm to compute the Bernoulli numbers , which is considered to be the first |
120 | 120 | # NSg P NSg/VB D NPr+ NPrPl/V3+ . I/C+ VL3 VP/J P NSg/VXB D NSg/VB/J |
121 | 121 | > published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer . |
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143 | 143 | > demonstrated the feasibility of an electromechanical analytical engine , on which |
144 | 144 | # VP/J D Nᴹ P D/P J J NSg/VB+ . J/P I/C+ |
145 | 145 | > commands could be typed and the results printed automatically . In 1937 , one |
146 | | -# NPl/V3+ NSg/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J VB/C D NPl/V3+ VP/J R . NPr/J/R/P # . NSg/I/VB/J |
| 146 | +# NPl/V3+ NSg/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J VB/C D NPl/V3+ VP/J R . NPr/J/R/P # . NSg/I/J |
147 | 147 | > hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream , Howard Aiken convinced IBM , |
148 | 148 | # NSg NPl+ P NSg$ NSg/J NSg/VB/J+ . NPr+ NPr VP/J NPr+ . |
149 | 149 | > which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the |
|
158 | 158 | # NPr/ISg+ NSg/R . NSg$ NSg/VB/J+ NSg/VBPp/P NSg/VB/J . . |
159 | 159 | > |
160 | 160 | # |
161 | | -> During the 1940s , with the development of new and more powerful computing |
162 | | -# VB/P D+ #d . P D N🅪Sg P NSg/J VB/C NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq J Nᴹ/Vg/J+ |
| 161 | +> During the 1940s , with the development of new and more powerful computing |
| 162 | +# VB/P D+ #d . P D N🅪Sg P NSg/J VB/C NPr/I/J/R/Dq J Nᴹ/Vg/J+ |
163 | 163 | > machines such as the Atanasoff – Berry computer and ENIAC , the term computer came |
164 | 164 | # NPl/V3 NSg/I NSg/R D ? . NPr🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/VB+ VB/C ? . D NSg/VB/J+ NSg/VB+ NSg/VPt/P |
165 | 165 | > to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors . As it became |
166 | 166 | # P NSg/VB P D NPl/V3+ NPr/VB/J/R C/P D$+ NSg/VB/J NPl+ . NSg/R NPr/ISg+ VPt |
167 | | -> clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations , |
168 | | -# NSg/VB/J NSg/I/C/Ddem NPl/V3+ NSg/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J R/C/P NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq C/P VB/J J+ + . |
| 167 | +> clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations , |
| 168 | +# NSg/VB/J NSg/I/C/Ddem NPl/V3+ NSg/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J R/C/P NPr/I/J/R/Dq C/P J J+ + . |
169 | 169 | > the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general . In |
170 | 170 | # D NSg/VB P NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VP/J P NSg/VB NSg NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB/J . NPr/J/R/P |
171 | 171 | > 1945 , IBM founded the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia |
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180 | 180 | # J/P D NSg/VB+ . R . D NSg/VB/J NSg NSg/P NPr VB/C NPr+ |
181 | 181 | > University was instrumental in the emergence of a new scientific discipline , |
182 | 182 | # NSg+ VPt NSg/J NPr/J/R/P D Nᴹ P D/P NSg/J J NSg/VB+ . |
183 | | -> with Columbia offering one of the first academic - credit courses in computer |
184 | | -# P NPr+ N🅪Sg/Vg/J NSg/I/VB/J P D NSg/VB/J NSg/J . NSg/VB+ NPl/V3 NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+ |
| 183 | +> with Columbia offering one of the first academic - credit courses in computer |
| 184 | +# P NPr+ N🅪Sg/Vg/J NSg/I/J P D NSg/VB/J NSg/J . NSg/VB+ NPl/V3 NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+ |
185 | 185 | > science in 1946 . Computer science began to be established as a distinct academic |
186 | 186 | # N🅪Sg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P # . NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VPt P NSg/VXB VP/J NSg/R D/P VB/J NSg/J |
187 | 187 | > discipline in the 1950s and early 1960s . The world's first computer science |
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238 | 238 | # NPr/VB/JC+ ? N🅪Sg/Vg/J/C D NSg/VB/J NSg+ NPr/J/R/P ? . D+ NSg/VB/J+ VL3 VP/J R NPr/J/R/P D |
239 | 239 | > Scandinavian countries . An alternative term , also proposed by Naur , is data |
240 | 240 | # NSg/J NPl+ . D/P+ NSg/J+ NSg/VB/J+ . R/C VP/J NSg/J/P ? . VL3 N🅪Pl+ |
241 | | -> science ; this is now used for a multi - disciplinary field of data analysis , |
242 | | -# N🅪Sg/VB+ . I/Ddem+ VL3 NSg/VB/J/R/C VP/J R/C/P D/P NSg . NSg/J NSg/VB P N🅪Pl+ N🅪Sg+ . |
| 241 | +> science ; this is now used for a multi - disciplinary field of data analysis , |
| 242 | +# N🅪Sg/VB+ . I/Ddem+ VL3 NSg/J/R/C VP/J R/C/P D/P NSg . NSg/J NSg/VB P N🅪Pl+ N🅪Sg+ . |
243 | 243 | > including statistics and databases . |
244 | 244 | # Nᴹ/Vg/J NPl/V3 VB/C NPl/V3+ . |
245 | 245 | > |
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276 | 276 | # |
277 | 277 | > A folkloric quotation , often attributed to — but almost certainly not first |
278 | 278 | # D/P J NSg . R VP/J P . NSg/C/P R R NSg/R/C NSg/VB/J |
279 | | -> formulated by — Edsger Dijkstra , states that " computer science is no more about |
280 | | -# VP/J NSg/J/P . ? NSg . NPrPl/V3+ NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 NPr/Dq/P NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq J/P |
| 279 | +> formulated by — Edsger Dijkstra , states that " computer science is no more about |
| 280 | +# VP/J NSg/J/P . ? NSg . NPrPl/V3+ NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 NPr/Dq/P NPr/I/J/R/Dq J/P |
281 | 281 | > computers than astronomy is about telescopes . " [ note 3 ] The design and deployment |
282 | 282 | # NPl/V3+ C/P Nᴹ+ VL3 J/P NPl/V3 . . . NSg/VB+ # . D N🅪Sg/VB VB/C NSg |
283 | 283 | > of computers and computer systems is generally considered the province of |
|
490 | 490 | # NPl/V3 ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg+ P NSg/J VB/C NSg/J NSg . NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3 P |
491 | 491 | > understand the nature of computation and , as a consequence of this |
492 | 492 | # VB D N🅪Sg/VB P NSg VB/C . NSg/R D/P NSg/VB P I/Ddem |
493 | | -> understanding , provide more efficient methodologies . |
494 | | -# N🅪Sg/Vg/J+ . VB NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq NSg/J NPl . |
| 493 | +> understanding , provide more efficient methodologies . |
| 494 | +# N🅪Sg/Vg/J+ . VB NPr/I/J/R/Dq NSg/J NPl . |
495 | 495 | > |
496 | 496 | # |
497 | 497 | > Theory of computation |
|
518 | 518 | # J NPl+ . |
519 | 519 | > |
520 | 520 | # |
521 | | -> The famous P = NP ? problem , one of the Millennium Prize Problems , is an open |
522 | | -# D+ VB/J+ NPr/VB/J/P+ . NPr . NSg/J+ . NSg/I/VB/J P D+ NSg+ NSg/VB/J+ NPl+ . VL3 D/P NSg/VB/J |
| 521 | +> The famous P = NP ? problem , one of the Millennium Prize Problems , is an open |
| 522 | +# D+ VB/J+ NPr/VB/J/P+ . NPr . NSg/J+ . NSg/I/J P D+ NSg+ NSg/VB/J+ NPl+ . VL3 D/P NSg/VB/J |
523 | 523 | > problem in the theory of computation . |
524 | 524 | # NSg/J NPr/J/R/P D N🅪Sg P NSg . |
525 | 525 | > |
|
536 | 536 | # NSg/J NPl/V3 J/P NSg/VB/J+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+ NPl+ NSg/I NSg/R Nᴹ/Vg/J N🅪Pl+ VB/C |
537 | 537 | > on reliably storing and communicating data . Coding theory is the study of the |
538 | 538 | # J/P R Nᴹ/Vg/J VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J N🅪Pl+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J+ N🅪Sg+ VL3 D NSg/VB P D |
539 | | -> properties of codes ( systems for converting information from one form to |
540 | | -# NPl/V3 P NPl/V3+ . NPl+ R/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J Nᴹ+ P NSg/I/VB/J N🅪Sg/VB+ P |
| 539 | +> properties of codes ( systems for converting information from one form to |
| 540 | +# NPl/V3 P NPl/V3+ . NPl+ R/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J Nᴹ+ P NSg/I/J N🅪Sg/VB+ P |
541 | 541 | > another ) and their fitness for a specific application . Codes are used for data |
542 | 542 | # I/D . VB/C D$+ Nᴹ R/C/P D/P+ NSg/J+ NSg+ . NPl/V3+ VB VP/J R/C/P N🅪Pl+ |
543 | | -> compression , cryptography , error detection and correction , and more recently |
544 | | -# NSg+ . Nᴹ . NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg VB/C NSg+ . VB/C NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq R |
| 543 | +> compression , cryptography , error detection and correction , and more recently |
| 544 | +# NSg+ . Nᴹ . NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg VB/C NSg+ . VB/C NPr/I/J/R/Dq R |
545 | 545 | > also for network coding . Codes are studied for the purpose of designing |
546 | 546 | # R/C R/C/P NSg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . NPl/V3+ VB VP/J R/C/P D N🅪Sg/VB P Nᴹ/Vg/J |
547 | 547 | > efficient and reliable data transmission methods . |
|
650 | 650 | # NPl NPr/J/R/P NSg/J N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ N🅪Sg+ . P NPl/V3+ . NSg/I+ |
651 | 651 | > is the lower bound on the complexity of fast Fourier transform algorithms ? is |
652 | 652 | # VL3 D NSg/VB/JC NSg/VP/J J/P D NSg P NSg/VB/J/R NPr NSg/VB NPl+ . VL3 |
653 | | -> one of the unsolved problems in theoretical computer science . |
654 | | -# NSg/I/VB/J P D VP/J NPl NPr/J/R/P J+ NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB+ . |
| 653 | +> one of the unsolved problems in theoretical computer science . |
| 654 | +# NSg/I/J P D VP/J NPl NPr/J/R/P J+ NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB+ . |
655 | 655 | > |
656 | 656 | # |
657 | 657 | > Computational science , finance and engineering |
|
711 | 711 | > application of engineering practices to software . Software engineering deals |
712 | 712 | # NSg P Nᴹ/Vg/J+ NPl/V3+ P Nᴹ . Nᴹ+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+ NPl/V3+ |
713 | 713 | > with the organizing and analyzing of software — it does not just deal with the |
714 | | -# P D Nᴹ/Vg/J VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J P Nᴹ+ . NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3 NSg/R/C VB/J NSg/VB/J P D+ |
| 714 | +# P D Nᴹ/Vg/J VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J P Nᴹ+ . NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3 NSg/R/C J NSg/VB/J P D+ |
715 | 715 | > creation or manufacture of new software , but its internal arrangement and |
716 | 716 | # NSg+ NPr/C NSg/VB P NSg/J+ Nᴹ+ . NSg/C/P ISg/D$+ J NSg VB/C |
717 | 717 | > maintenance . For example software testing , systems engineering , technical debt |
|
914 | 914 | # |
915 | 915 | > |
916 | 916 | # |
917 | | -> move left one location ; |
918 | | -# NSg/VB NPr/VB/J NSg/I/VB/J+ N🅪Sg+ . |
| 917 | +> move left one location ; |
| 918 | +# NSg/VB NPr/VB/J NSg/I/J+ N🅪Sg+ . |
919 | 919 | > |
920 | 920 | # |
921 | | -> move right one location ; |
922 | | -# NSg/VB NPr/VB/J+ NSg/I/VB/J+ N🅪Sg+ . |
| 921 | +> move right one location ; |
| 922 | +# NSg/VB NPr/VB/J+ NSg/I/J+ N🅪Sg+ . |
923 | 923 | > |
924 | 924 | # |
925 | 925 | > read symbol at current location ; |
|
940 | 940 | # |
941 | 941 | > Corrado Böhm and Giuseppe Jacopini's insight : there are only three ways of |
942 | 942 | # ? ? VB/C NSg ? N🅪Sg+ . R+ VB J/R/C NSg NPl P |
943 | | -> combining these actions ( into more complex ones ) that are needed in order for |
944 | | -# Nᴹ/Vg/J I/Ddem NPl/V3+ . P NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq NSg/VB/J NPl/V3+ . NSg/I/C/Ddem+ VB VP/J NPr/J/R/P N🅪Sg/VB+ R/C/P |
| 943 | +> combining these actions ( into more complex ones ) that are needed in order for |
| 944 | +# Nᴹ/Vg/J I/Ddem NPl/V3+ . P NPr/I/J/R/Dq NSg/VB/J NPl+ . NSg/I/C/Ddem+ VB VP/J NPr/J/R/P N🅪Sg/VB+ R/C/P |
945 | 945 | > a computer to do " anything " . |
946 | 946 | # D/P NSg/VB+ P NSg/VXB . NSg/I/VB+ . . |
947 | 947 | > |
948 | 948 | # |
949 | 949 | > Only three rules are needed to combine any set of basic instructions into more |
950 | | -# J/R/C NSg+ NPl/V3+ VB VP/J P NSg/VB I/R/Dq NPr/VBP/J P NPr/J+ NPl+ P NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq |
951 | | -> complex ones : |
952 | | -# NSg/VB/J+ NPl/V3+ . |
| 950 | +# J/R/C NSg+ NPl/V3+ VB VP/J P NSg/VB I/R/Dq NPr/VBP/J P NPr/J+ NPl+ P NPr/I/J/R/Dq |
| 951 | +> complex ones : |
| 952 | +# NSg/VB/J+ NPl+ . |
953 | 953 | > |
954 | 954 | # |
955 | 955 | > |
|
968 | 968 | # N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/VB/C/P NSg/I . VB/C . NSg/I VL3 D NPr🅪Sg/VB . NSg/VXB I/Ddem+ . D NSg NPl/V3 P |
969 | 969 | > Boehm's and Jacopini's insight can be further simplified with the use of |
970 | 970 | # ? VB/C ? N🅪Sg+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VB/JC VP/J P D N🅪Sg/VB+ P |
971 | | -> goto ( which means it is more elementary than structured programming ) . |
972 | | -# ? . I/C+ NPl/V3 NPr/ISg+ VL3 NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq NSg/J C/P VP/J Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . . |
| 971 | +> goto ( which means it is more elementary than structured programming ) . |
| 972 | +# ? . I/C+ NPl/V3 NPr/ISg+ VL3 NPr/I/J/R/Dq NSg/J C/P VP/J Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . . |
973 | 973 | > |
974 | 974 | # |
975 | 975 | > |
|
1026 | 1026 | # D N🅪Pl+ NPrPl/V3 P D NSg/VB+ P I/C+ IPl+ VB VP/J . NSg |
1027 | 1027 | > object - oriented computer programs are made out of objects that interact with |
1028 | 1028 | # NSg/VB+ . VP/J NSg/VB+ NPl/V3+ VB VB NSg/VB/J/R/P P NPl/V3+ NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NSg/VB P |
1029 | | -> one another . |
1030 | | -# NSg/I/VB/J I/D . |
| 1029 | +> one another . |
| 1030 | +# NSg/I/J I/D . |
1031 | 1031 | > |
1032 | 1032 | # |
1033 | 1033 | > Service - oriented programming , a programming paradigm that uses " services " as |
|
1039 | 1039 | > |
1040 | 1040 | # |
1041 | 1041 | > Many languages offer support for multiple paradigms , making the distinction more |
1042 | | -# NSg/I/J/Dq+ NPl/V3+ NSg/VB/JC N🅪Sg/VB R/C/P NSg/J/Dq+ NPl+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J D+ N🅪Sg+ NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq |
| 1042 | +# NSg/I/J/Dq+ NPl/V3+ NSg/VB/JC N🅪Sg/VB R/C/P NSg/J/Dq+ NPl+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J D+ N🅪Sg+ NPr/I/J/R/Dq |
1043 | 1043 | > a matter of style than of technical capabilities . |
1044 | 1044 | # D/P N🅪Sg/VB P NSg/VB+ C/P P NSg/J+ NPl+ . |
1045 | 1045 | > |
|
1056 | 1056 | # NSg/J+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C NSg/VB/J . NSg/VB/J/P NPr/J/R/P NSg/I/J/R/Dq NSg/VB/J NSg/J+ NPrPl/V3+ . NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB+ . |
1057 | 1057 | > the prestige of conference papers is greater than that of journal publications . |
1058 | 1058 | # D Nᴹ/VB/J P NSg/VB+ NPl/V3+ VL3 JC C/P NSg/I/C/Ddem P NSg/VB/J+ NPl+ . |
1059 | | -> One proposed explanation for this is the quick development of this relatively |
1060 | | -# NSg/I/VB/J VP/J N🅪Sg+ R/C/P I/Ddem+ VL3 D NSg/VB/J N🅪Sg P I/Ddem R |
| 1059 | +> One proposed explanation for this is the quick development of this relatively |
| 1060 | +# NSg/I/J VP/J N🅪Sg+ R/C/P I/Ddem+ VL3 D NSg/VB/J N🅪Sg P I/Ddem R |
1061 | 1061 | > new field requires rapid review and distribution of results , a task better |
1062 | 1062 | # NSg/J NSg/VB+ NPl/V3 NSg/J NSg/VB VB/C NSg P NPl/V3+ . D/P+ NSg/VB+ NSg/VXB/JC |
1063 | 1063 | > handled by conferences than by journals . |
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