New Key Derivation Design Proposal

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A few months ago, @cpacia proposed a new key derivation design which perports to improve over the existing design. This issue is to track the proposal and it's discussion going forward. The design is captured in https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WF0RH8CPGZBoSXpghMqsJotAXjkqhbB7hNvBufJOKhc/

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What made me want to post this as an issue for public discussion (besides looking for outside input on this design) was this Keybase article (https://keybase.io/blog/chat-apps-softer-than-tofu) so I could later re-review via this lens to see if we could incorporate these points into any redesign we happen to consider for our key handling.