IMPLEMENTATIONS.md

Implementations

This document summarizes all features implemented in UFS2-Tool.

Overview

UFS2-Tool is a complete implementation of FreeBSD's newfs(8), makefs(8), tunefs(8), growfs(8), fsck_ufs(8), and du(1) commands written in C#, targeting .NET 8.0. It creates, manages, and checks UFS1/UFS2 filesystems on Windows, supporting both image files and raw disk devices. Filesystem images created by this tool are compatible with FreeBSD's mount and fsck_ffs. A cross-platform GUI application (Avalonia UI) is included with PS5 batch processing and automatic language detection from OS locale (26 languages).

Project Structure

Path	Description
UFS2-Tool.sln	Visual Studio solution file
UFS2Tool.csproj	Main project (console application, .NET 8.0)
UFS2Tool.Tests/	xUnit test project
UFS2Tool.GUI/	Cross-platform GUI application (Avalonia UI)
Program.cs	CLI entry point and argument parsing
Ufs2ImageCreator.cs	Filesystem creation (newfs/makefs implementation)
Ufs2Image.cs	Filesystem reading and inspection
Ufs2Superblock.cs	Superblock structure (binary serialization)
Ufs2Inode.cs	UFS2 inode structure (256 bytes)
Ufs1Inode.cs	UFS1 inode structure (128 bytes)
Ufs2DirectoryEntry.cs	Directory entry structure
Ufs2Constants.cs	UFS filesystem constants
DriveIO.cs	Windows raw device I/O (Win32 P/Invoke)
Ufs2DokanOperations.cs	Dokan virtual filesystem for mounting UFS images
AlignedStream.cs	Sector-aligned buffered write wrapper
app.manifest	Windows application manifest (admin elevation)

Commands

newfs — Create a new UFS1/UFS2 filesystem

Full implementation of FreeBSD's newfs(8) command for creating UFS1 and UFS2 filesystems on image files or raw Windows devices. Supports all standard flags except -T (disktype), -k (held-for-metadata-blocks), and -r (reserved).

Boolean flags:

Flag	Description
-E	Erase (zero) device before creating filesystem
-J	Enable gjournal provider
-N	Dry run — display parameters without creating filesystem
-U	Enable soft updates
-j	Enable soft updates journaling (implies -U)
-l	Enable multilabel MAC support
-n	Do not create .snap directory
-t	Enable TRIM/DISCARD flag in superblock

Options with values:

Option	Description
-D directory	Populate image from directory contents with auto-sizing (dir_size × 1.2 + 10 MB)
-L volname	Volume label (max 32 characters)
-O format	Filesystem format: 1 (UFS1) or 2 (UFS2, default)
-S sector-size	Sector size in bytes (default: 512)
-a maxcontig	Maximum contiguous blocks
-b block-size	Block size, 4096–65536, power of 2 (default: 32768)
-c blocks-per-cg	Blocks per cylinder group
-d max-extent	Maximum extent size
-e maxbpg	Maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group
-f frag-size	Fragment size, ≥512, power of 2 (default: 4096)
-g avgfilesize	Expected average file size (default: 16384)
-h avgfpdir	Expected average files per directory (default: 64)
-i bytes/inode	Inode density (bytes per inode)
-m free-space	Minimum free space percentage (default: 8)
-o optimization	Optimization preference: time or space (default: time)
-p partition	Partition label (informational)
-s size	Filesystem size in 512-byte sectors

makefs — Create filesystem image from directory tree

FreeBSD makefs(8) compatible interface for creating filesystem images from directory trees without requiring special devices or privileges.

General options:

Option	Description
-Z	Zero-fill free space
-B endian	Byte order
-b free-blocks	Free blocks to leave
-f free-files	Free file entries to leave
-M minimum-size	Minimum image size
-m maximum-size	Maximum image size
-S sector-size	Sector size
-s image-size	Fixed image size
-T timestamp	Timestamp for filesystem
-t fs-type	Filesystem type (ffs)

FFS-specific options (-o key=value,...):

Option	Description
version	UFS version: 1 (FFS/UFS1) or 2 (UFS2)
bsize	Block size
fsize	Fragment size
label	Volume label (max 32 characters)
softupdates	Enable/disable soft updates (0 or 1)
density	Bytes per inode
minfree	Minimum free space percentage
optimization	time or space
avgfilesize	Expected average file size
avgfpdir	Expected files per directory
maxbpg	Maximum blocks per file in cylinder group
extent	Maximum extent size
maxbpcg	Maximum total blocks in cylinder group

Size suffixes: b (×512), k (×1024), m (×1M), g (×1G), t (×1T), w (×4), and products with x (e.g., 512x1024).

tunefs — Tune existing filesystem parameters

Full implementation of FreeBSD's tunefs(8) command for modifying layout parameters on an existing UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image. Reads the superblock, applies requested changes, and writes it back.

Options:

Option	Description
-A	Write the updated superblock to all backup superblock locations
-a enable|disable	Enable or disable POSIX.1e ACL support
-e maxbpg	Set maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group
-f avgfilesize	Set expected average file size
-J enable|disable	Enable or disable gjournal
-j enable|disable	Enable or disable soft updates journaling (enabling also enables soft updates)
-k metaspace	Set space (in frags) to hold for metadata blocks
-L volname	Set volume label (alphanumerics, dashes, underscores; max 31 chars)
-l enable|disable	Enable or disable multilabel MAC support
-m minfree	Set minimum percentage of free space (0–99)
-N enable|disable	Enable or disable NFSv4 ACL support
-n enable|disable	Enable or disable soft updates
-o space|time	Set optimization preference
-p	Print current tuneable values and exit (read-only)
-s avgfpdir	Set expected number of files per directory
-t enable|disable	Enable or disable TRIM/DISCARD support

Behavior notes:

• POSIX.1e ACLs (-a) and NFSv4 ACLs (-N) are mutually exclusive, matching FreeBSD behavior.
• Enabling soft updates journaling (-j enable) also sets the soft updates flag.
• Optimization warnings are issued when minfree and optimization preference are mismatched (minfree ≥ 8% with space optimization, or minfree < 8% with time optimization).
• Volume label validation matches FreeBSD: only alphanumerics, dashes, and underscores allowed.
• Metadata space (-k) is rounded down to a block boundary and capped at half the cylinder group size.

info — Show filesystem information

Reads and displays detailed filesystem metadata from an existing UFS1/UFS2 image, including format, block/fragment sizes, cylinder groups, free resources, volume name, flags, and optimization settings.

growfs — Expand an existing filesystem

Full implementation of FreeBSD's growfs(8) command for expanding UFS1/UFS2 filesystem images. Grows an existing filesystem to use additional space by adding new cylinder groups and extending the last cylinder group.

Options:

Option	Description
-N	Test mode — print parameters without modifying the filesystem
-y	Assume yes to all prompts
-s size	New filesystem size. Without suffix: 512-byte sectors. Suffixes: b (bytes), k (KB), m (MB), g (GB), t (TB). Defaults to image file size

Implementation details:

• Extends the last (joining) cylinder group if it was not previously full.
• Initializes new cylinder groups with proper CG headers, fragment/inode bitmaps, and cluster summaries.
• Writes inode tables for new CGs with randomized di_gen values per FreeBSD convention.
• Relocates the CG summary area (fs_csaddr) to a new cylinder group when the summary grows.
• Updates all superblock fields (fs_size, fs_dsize, fs_ncg, fs_cssize, free counts).
• Writes backup superblocks to all cylinder groups.
• Supports both UFS1 and UFS2 filesystem formats.
• Dry-run mode (-N) prints parameters without modifying the filesystem.

ls — List directory contents

Lists directory entries from a UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image, with optional path argument to list subdirectories. Supports traversal through direct and indirect block pointers.

fsck_ufs — Filesystem consistency check

Full implementation of FreeBSD's fsck_ffs(8)/fsck_ufs(8) command for checking UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image consistency. Also available as fsck_ffs. Performs the five standard phases of filesystem checking as defined by FreeBSD.

Options:

Option	Description
-b block	Use the specified block number as an alternate superblock
-d	Enable debugging messages
-f	Force check even if filesystem is marked clean
-n	Assume no to all questions; read-only mode
-p	Preen mode: only fix safe inconsistencies
-y	Assume yes to all questions

Five-phase checking:

1. Phase 1 — Check Blocks and Sizes: Reads all inodes and validates direct/indirect block pointers are within range, detects duplicate block claims, verifies directory sizes are multiples of DIRBLKSIZ, and identifies allocated inodes with zero link counts.
2. Phase 2 — Check Pathnames: Walks the directory tree from root, validates that directory entries point to allocated inodes with valid inode numbers, verifies . and .. entries are present and correct.
3. Phase 3 — Check Connectivity: Identifies orphaned inodes (allocated but unreferenced from any directory). In preen mode, reports candidates for reconnection to lost+found.
4. Phase 4 — Check Reference Counts: Compares observed link counts (from directory traversal) against stored link counts in each inode.
5. Phase 5 — Check Cylinder Groups: Validates CG magic numbers and indices, verifies inode bitmap consistency, and checks that superblock free block/inode/directory counts match CG totals.

Implementation details:

• Supports both UFS1 and UFS2 filesystem formats.
• Checks superblock validity (magic number, block/fragment sizes, CG parameters).
• Uses sparse block ownership tracking for memory efficiency on large images.
• Combined flag parsing supports FreeBSD-style combined flags (e.g., -pf, -nyd).
• Clean filesystem detection: skips checks when FS_UNCLEAN and FS_NEEDSFSCK flags are not set (unless -f is specified).
• Exit codes follow FreeBSD convention: 0 on success, 8 on general error.

extract — Extract files from a filesystem image

Extracts files from a UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image to the local filesystem.

replace — Replace files in a filesystem image

Replaces a file or directory in a UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image with content from the local filesystem. If the target is a file, its content is replaced with the source file. If the target is a directory, matching files in the source directory replace their counterparts in the target directory recursively.

Synopsis:

ufs2tool replace <image-path> <fs-path> <source-path>

Features:

• Replace a single file with same-size, smaller, or larger content
• Replace matching files in a directory tree recursively
• Supports both UFS1 and UFS2 filesystem formats
• Allocates additional blocks from free space when the replacement file is larger
• Updates inode metadata (size, timestamps, block counts)
• Validates filesystem consistency after replacement

add — Add files to a filesystem image

Adds a file or directory to a UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image from the local filesystem. If the source is a file, it is added at the specified path. If the source is a directory, it is created at the specified path and its contents are added recursively.

Synopsis:

ufs2tool add <image-path> <fs-path> <source-path>

Features:

• Add a single file to any directory in the filesystem
• Add a directory with all contents recursively
• Inode allocation from cylinder group free inode bitmap
• Block allocation and data writing with direct, single-indirect, and double-indirect block support
• Directory entry creation with proper DIRBLKSIZ boundary handling and slack space reuse
• Supports both UFS1 and UFS2 filesystem formats
• Updates all filesystem metadata (inode bitmaps, fragment bitmaps, CG counters, superblock)
• Parent directory link count updates for subdirectory creation

delete — Delete files from a filesystem image

Deletes a file or directory from a UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image. If the target is a directory, all contents are deleted recursively before the directory itself is removed.

Synopsis:

ufs2tool delete <image-path> <fs-path>

Features:

• Delete a single file, freeing all data blocks and inode
• Delete a directory and all contents recursively
• Block deallocation with fragment bitmap and cluster bitmap updates
• Inode deallocation with inode bitmap updates
• Directory entry removal with proper record length merging
• Supports both UFS1 and UFS2 filesystem formats
• Updates all filesystem metadata (CG counters, superblock free counts)
• Parent directory link count updates for subdirectory deletion

rename — Rename files or directories

Renames a file or directory inside a UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image. The entry stays in the same parent directory; only its name is changed.

Synopsis:

ufs2tool rename <image-path> <fs-path> <new-name>

Features:

• Rename a single file or directory by path
• Preserves file content and inode metadata
• Directory contents are preserved after rename
• Updates inode change time (ctime)
• Supports both UFS1 and UFS2 filesystem formats
• Also available through the Dokan mount interface (MoveFile)

Examples:

ufs2tool rename myimage.img /path/to/old.txt newname.txt
ufs2tool rename myimage.img /path/to/olddir newdir

chmod — Change file permissions

Changes the permission mode of a file or directory inside a UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image, or applies permissions to the entire image recursively.

Synopsis:

ufs2tool chmod [-R] <image-path> <mode> [fs-path | dir-mode]

Features:

• Change permissions of a single file or directory by path
• Recursively change permissions of all files and directories in the entire image (-R)
• Separate file and directory mode support for recursive operation
• Automatic directory execute bit derivation from file mode when not specified
• Preserves file type bits (regular file, directory, symlink)
• Updates inode change time (ctime) on permission changes
• Supports both UFS1 and UFS2 filesystem formats
• Octal mode parsing (e.g., 755, 644, 0777)

Options:

Option	Description
-R	Apply recursively to entire image

Examples:

ufs2tool chmod myimage.img 755 /path/to/dir
ufs2tool chmod myimage.img 644 /path/to/file.txt
ufs2tool chmod -R myimage.img 644
ufs2tool chmod -R myimage.img 644 755

stat — Show detailed file information

Displays detailed inode information for a file, directory, or symbolic link inside a UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image. Similar to the Unix stat(1) command.

Synopsis:

ufs2tool stat <image-path> <fs-path>

Output includes:

• File path and type (Regular File, Directory, Symbolic Link, etc.)
• Inode number
• Permissions in both octal and symbolic format (e.g., 0755/drwxr-xr-x)
• Hard link count
• Owner UID and GID
• File size in bytes
• Block count (512-byte blocks)
• Block size
• Timestamps: access, modify, change, and birth times
• Direct and indirect block pointer usage

Examples:

ufs2tool stat myimage.img /
ufs2tool stat myimage.img /path/to/file.txt
ufs2tool stat myimage.img /path/to/dir

find — Search for files by name pattern

Searches recursively for files and directories matching a name pattern within a UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image. Similar to the Unix find(1) command with -name matching.

Synopsis:

ufs2tool find <image-path> <name-pattern> [-type f|d|l] [-path start-path]

Options:

Option	Description
-type f	Match regular files only
-type d	Match directories only
-type l	Match symbolic links only
-path start-path	Start searching from the specified directory (default: /)

Pattern wildcards:

• * matches any sequence of characters
• ? matches any single character
• Matching is case-insensitive

Features:

• Recursive search through the entire directory tree
• Glob-style name pattern matching with * and ? wildcards
• Optional type filtering (files, directories, symlinks)
• Optional starting path to narrow the search scope
• Displays file type, size, and full path for each match
• Supports both UFS1 and UFS2 filesystem formats

Examples:

ufs2tool find myimage.img "*.txt"
ufs2tool find myimage.img "game*" -type f
ufs2tool find myimage.img "*" -type d
ufs2tool find myimage.img "*.cfg" -path /etc

du — Show disk usage

Display disk usage for files and directories in a UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image, similar to FreeBSD's du(1).

Synopsis:

ufs2tool du [-h] [-s] [-d depth] <image-path> [fs-path]

Options:

Option	Description
-h	Human-readable sizes (e.g., 1K, 234M, 2G)
-s	Summary only (total for the specified path)
-d depth	Maximum directory depth to report

Features:

• Recursive disk usage calculation through the entire directory tree
• Accumulated block counts for directories (includes all descendant files)
• Maximum depth limiting to control output granularity
• Summary-only mode for quick total usage
• Human-readable size formatting
• Supports both UFS1 and UFS2 filesystem formats
• Output format matches FreeBSD du(1) convention (512-byte block counts)

Examples:

ufs2tool du myimage.img
ufs2tool du -h myimage.img
ufs2tool du -s myimage.img
ufs2tool du myimage.img /subdir
ufs2tool du -d 1 myimage.img

devinfo — Show device information

Displays Windows device information including total size and sector size for physical drives and volumes. Requires Administrator privileges.

mount_udf — Mount UFS image as Windows drive

Mounts a UFS1/UFS2 filesystem image as a Windows drive letter using the Dokan user-mode filesystem driver. Modeled after FreeBSD's mount_udf(8) and mount(8) commands.

Synopsis:

ufs2tool mount_udf [-o options] [-v] <image-path> <drive-letter>

Features:

• Mounts UFS1 and UFS2 images as a Windows drive letter (e.g., X:)
• Browse files and directories through Windows Explorer
• Read file contents and copy files to the local filesystem
• Supports both UFS1 and UFS2 filesystem formats
• Reports volume label, filesystem type, and free space to Windows
• Thread-safe: handles concurrent file access from Windows
• Read-write support: modify existing files on the mounted filesystem

Options:

Option	Description
-o ro	Mount read-only (default)
-o rw	Mount read-write (modify existing files)
-v	Verbose output with Dokan debug logging

Prerequisites:

• Requires the Dokan driver to be installed on Windows
• Requires Administrator privileges

Limitations:

• Symlinks are presented as regular files containing the link target

umount_udf — Unmount a UFS drive

Unmounts a previously mounted UFS filesystem drive. Alternatively, pressing Ctrl+C in the mount_udf terminal also cleanly unmounts.

Synopsis:

ufs2tool umount_udf <drive-letter>

Core Library (UFS2Tool)

Filesystem Creation (Ufs2ImageCreator)

• Full newfs(8) implementation for UFS1 and UFS2 formats
• Configurable block size, fragment size, sector size, and inode density
• Automatic cylinder group layout computation
• Superblock initialization with proper field offsets matching FreeBSD's struct fs (1376 bytes)
• Cylinder group descriptor writing with block/fragment/inode bitmaps and cluster summaries
• Root directory creation with . and .. entries
• Optional .snap directory creation
• Recursive directory population from host filesystem (including hidden files)
• File data writing with direct, single-indirect, double-indirect, and triple-indirect block support
• Block and fragment allocation with bitmap tracking
• Free space and inode summary (cs_summary) tracking across cylinder groups
• Support for writing to both image files and raw Windows devices
• Dry run mode (-N) for parameter display without writing

Filesystem Reading and Writing (Ufs2Image)

• Superblock parsing and validation for both UFS1 and UFS2 formats
• Inode reading by inode number with automatic cylinder group resolution
• Inode writing back to disk for both UFS1 and UFS2 formats
• UFS1-to-UFS2 inode conversion (and reverse) for unified API access
• Directory entry listing through direct and indirect blocks
• File content reading through direct, single-indirect, double-indirect, and triple-indirect blocks
• File content replacement with in-place block overwriting
• Block allocation from cylinder group free space for larger replacement files
• File and directory addition with inode allocation, block allocation, and directory entry creation
• File and directory deletion with recursive content removal, block deallocation, and inode freeing
• Permission modification (chmod) for individual files/directories and recursive whole-image operations
• Detailed file/directory/symlink information display (stat) with permissions, timestamps, and block usage
• Recursive file search (find) with glob pattern matching and type filtering
• Disk usage calculation (du) with depth limiting, summary mode, and accumulated block counts
• Filesystem summary information display

Superblock (Ufs2Superblock)

• Complete superblock structure matching FreeBSD's struct fs
• Binary serialization and deserialization (read/write)
• Support for both UFS1 (0x00011954) and UFS2 (0x19540119) magic numbers
• All standard fields: block/fragment sizes, cylinder group parameters, free resource counts, timestamps, volume name, flags, and optimization settings

Inodes

• UFS2 Inode (Ufs2Inode): 256-byte structure with 64-bit block pointers, 64-bit timestamps, and extended attributes (flags, generation, directory depth, external size)
• UFS1 Inode (Ufs1Inode): 128-byte structure with 32-bit block pointers and 32-bit timestamps
• File type detection (directory, regular file, symbolic link)
• Binary serialization and deserialization for both formats

Directory Entries (Ufs2DirectoryEntry)

• FreeBSD struct direct compatible directory entry format
• 4-byte aligned record lengths matching FreeBSD's DIRECTSIZ macro
• Directory block size boundary (DIRBLKSIZ = 512 bytes) enforcement
• File type constants: unknown, FIFO, character device, directory, block device, regular file, symbolic link, socket, whiteout

Constants (Ufs2Constants)

• All FreeBSD UFS magic numbers and offsets
• Default filesystem parameters matching FreeBSD defaults
• Filesystem flags: soft updates, journaling, gjournal, multilabel MAC, TRIM, ACLs
• Inode mode flags and permission constants
• Directory entry constants and file type values

Device I/O (DriveIO)

• Windows-specific raw device access via Win32 P/Invoke
• Physical drive (\\.\PhysicalDriveN) and volume (\\.\X:) support
• Device geometry detection (total size, sector size) via IOCTL_DISK_GET_DRIVE_GEOMETRY_EX
• Volume locking and dismounting via FSCTL_LOCK_VOLUME and FSCTL_DISMOUNT_VOLUME
• SafeFileHandle-based device handle management

Aligned Stream (AlignedStream)

• Sector-aligned buffered write wrapper for raw device I/O
• Automatic zero-padding for writes not aligned to sector boundaries
• Position alignment enforcement

Dokan Virtual Filesystem (Ufs2DokanOperations)

• Implements IDokanOperations interface to present UFS image as a Windows drive
• Thread-safe access to Ufs2Image via locking
• Maps UFS directory entries to Windows FileInformation structures
• Converts Unix timestamps to Windows DateTime
• Reports filesystem metadata (volume label, free space, filesystem type)
• Handles path normalization between Windows backslash and UFS forward slash conventions
• Read-write support: modify existing file contents through standard Windows file operations
• File attributes reflect mount mode (read-only vs. read-write)
• Delete files and directories in read-write mode
• Set file timestamps in read-write mode
• Pattern-based file search (FindFilesWithPattern)
• File security descriptor queries (returns NotImplemented for Unix-based permissions)

GUI Application (UFS2Tool.GUI)

Cross-platform desktop GUI built with Avalonia UI providing a graphical interface for all major UFS2Tool operations.

Tabs

Tab	Description
Create Filesystem	Create UFS1/UFS2 images with configurable parameters (format, block/fragment size, sector size, volume name, flags)
Filesystem Operations	List, extract, add, delete, replace, rename files, chmod, stat, find, and du operations
Content Browser	Browse filesystem contents visually with tree navigation
Maintenance	TuneFS, GrowFS, and FsckUFS operations
Write Filesystem	Write UFS images to USB drives and physical devices with progress tracking and optional post-write verification
Device & Mount	Mount/unmount UFS images as Windows drives via Dokan
PS5	PS5-compatible filesystem creation with single-folder and batch processing modes
Settings	Language selection with automatic detection from OS locale

PS5 Batch Processing (PS5QuickCreateViewModel)

• Single mode: Create one PS5-compatible .ffpkg image from a directory using either makefs or newfs
• Batch mode: Process multiple input directories in sequence, generating one image per folder
• Automatic output filename derivation from source folder name
• Output path collision detection with automatic suffix deduplication (_2, _3, etc.)
• Parent directory auto-creation for custom output paths
• Per-item status tracking (Processing, Done, Failed) displayed in the DataGrid
• Progress counter showing current/total items during batch execution
• Batch manipulation buttons (Add, Browse, Remove, Clear) disabled during processing to prevent concurrent modification
• Duplicate folder detection when adding folders via the Browse dialog
• Input validation: checks all items have input directories that exist before starting

Localization (LocalizationManager)

• 26 supported languages: English, Français, Español, Deutsch, 中文 (简体), 中文 (繁體), 日本語, العربية, Русский, हिन्दी, 한국어, Türkçe, Italiano, Português, Português (Brasil), Svenska, Suomi, Polski, Tiếng Việt, Română, Українська, Čeština, ไทย, Nederlands, Bahasa Indonesia, Magyar
• Automatic language detection from OS locale (CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture)
• Locale-to-language mapping using ISO 639-1 two-letter codes and specific culture names (e.g., pt-BR, zh-TW, zh-Hant, zh-Hans)
• Fallback to English for unrecognized locales
• Dynamic language switching at runtime via the Settings tab
• All UI strings (tab headers, labels, buttons, error messages, hints) are localized

Test Suite

The project includes a comprehensive test suite (UFS2Tool.Tests) with the following test classes:

Test Class	Purpose
NewfsComplianceTests	Validates superblock fields and directory structure compliance with FreeBSD specifications
NewfsDOptionTests	Tests directory population (-D option) including file content verification
CylinderGroupTests	Validates cylinder group layout, bitmaps, and metadata
BitmapAndLinkCountTests	Tests block allocation bitmaps and inode link count tracking
LargeComplexTreeTests	Validates large file and deep directory tree creation with indirect blocks
TuneFsTests	Tests tunefs command: flag toggling, value changes, mutual exclusions, backup superblock writes, and print mode
GrowFsTests	Tests growfs command: filesystem expansion, new CG creation, and CG summary relocation
ExtractTests	Tests file extraction from UFS1/UFS2 filesystem images
ReplaceTests	Tests file and directory replacement in UFS1/UFS2 filesystem images
AddDeleteTests	Tests adding and deleting files and directories in UFS1/UFS2 filesystem images, including recursive operations, binary content preservation, and fsck validation
RenameTests	Tests rename functionality: single files and directories in UFS1/UFS2 filesystems, content preservation, subdirectory renames, read-only protection, and input validation
ChmodTests	Tests chmod functionality: single file/directory permission changes, recursive whole-image chmod, file type bit preservation, read-only rejection, and fsck validation for both UFS1 and UFS2
StatTests	Tests stat functionality: root directory, regular file, and subdirectory stat for both UFS1 and UFS2, permission display after chmod, and nonexistent path error handling
FindTests	Tests find functionality: exact name matching, wildcard patterns (*, ?), type filtering (files, directories), subdirectory searching, deep tree traversal, case-insensitive matching, no-match handling, and UFS1 support
DuTests	Tests du functionality: root directory and subdirectory disk usage, single file usage, summary-only mode, max depth limiting, empty filesystem handling, block accumulation, nonexistent path errors, and UFS1 support
ProgressOutputTests	Tests progress output formatting: single file addition messages, recursive directory addition messages, and null output stream handling
FsckUfsTests	Tests fsck_ufs command: clean filesystem detection, CG magic/count validation, superblock count mismatches, populated filesystem checking, multi-CG images, and post-growfs/tunefs consistency