docs: Comprehensively update CLAUDE.md with detailed codebase documentation

- Add complete directory structure breakdown with file purposes
- Expand core components with key classes and methods
- Document all configuration sections in detail
- Add prompt system architecture and template details
- Include comprehensive development workflow guide
- Add testing strategy with unit and integration test info
- Document all utility modules and their functions
- Add troubleshooting guide with common issues and solutions
- Include library usage examples (run_evolution, evolve_function)
- Document evolution trace, cascade evaluation, and template stochasticity
- Add code style guidelines and conventions for AI assistants
- Expand with 17+ example categories and descriptions

Author: claude