dissertation.bib

@article{wakefield_quantifying_2009,
  title = {Quantifying habitat use and preferences of pelagic seabirds using individual movement data: a review},
  volume = {391},
  shorttitle = {Quantifying habitat use and preferences of pelagic seabirds using individual movement data},
  url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v391/p165-182/},
  doi = {10.3354/meps08203},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT: Colonial seabirds are relatively easy to observe, count, measure and manipulate, and consequently have long been used as models for testing ecological hypotheses. A combination of animal tracking and satellite imagery has the potential to greatly inform such efforts, by allowing seabird{\textendash}environment interactions to be observed remotely. We review how this can be achieved by applying innovative statistical techniques to quantify habitat use and preferences. Seabird movements are now observable at scales of meters using GPS loggers, and up to several years using light-based geolocation, while satellite remote sensing systems, at resolutions of km, are capable of characterizing the millions of km2 of habitat that are accessible to seabirds. Physical forcing and biological processes result in a hierarchical, patchy distribution of prey. Hence, analyses of seabird movements should be conducted at appropriate scales. Variation in habitat accessibility should also be considered: this declines with distance from the colony during the breeding season, when seabirds are central place foragers, and may be limited in the nonbreeding period by migration corridors that are defined by wind patterns. Intraspecific competition can further modify spatial usage, leading to spatial segregation of birds foraging from different colonies. We recommend that spatial usage be modeled as a function of habitat preference, accessibility and, potentially, competition. At the population level, this is currently best achieved using an empirical approach (e.g. using mixed-effects generalized additive models). At the individual level, more mechanistic models (e.g. state{\textendash}space models) are more appropriate and have the advantage of modeling location errors explicitly.},
  timestamp = {2010-03-09 15:50:47},
  urldate = {2010-03-09},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  author = {Wakefield, Ewan D. and Phillips, Richard A. and Matthiopoulos, Jason},
  month = sep,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {165--182},
  file = {Wakefield2009.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7K55I7M4/Wakefield2009.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{laist_collisions_2001,
  title = {{COLLISIONS} {BETWEEN} {SHIPS} {AND} {WHALES}},
  volume = {17},
  issn = {0824-0469},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00980.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00980.x},
  timestamp = {2010-09-01 19:31:10},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2010-09-01},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  author = {Laist, David W. and Knowlton, Amy R. and Mead, James G. and Collet, Anne S. and Podesta, Michela},
  month = jan,
  year = {2001},
  pages = {35--75},
  file = {Laist2001.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/U5X6GHQW/Laist2001.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tremblay_analytical_2009,
  title = {Analytical approaches to investigating seabird{\textendash}environment interactions: a review},
  volume = {391},
  shorttitle = {Analytical approaches to investigating seabird{\textendash}environment interactions},
  url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v391/p153-163/},
  doi = {10.3354/meps08146},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT: A goal of seabird ecology is to relate the physiology, population dynamics, distribution and behaviour of seabirds with their biotic and abiotic environments. One of the most challenging aspects is to understand how seabirds interact with their environment when direct observations are not always possible or practical. In the present paper, we reviewed 218 published studies that examined associations between seabird distribution, behaviour and their environment, in order to assess current trends, weaknesses and the future directions of research. Based on the number of publications, it is evident that the field is growing rapidly and that methods for evaluating seabird distribution are becoming increasingly more sophisticated and are changing from Eulerian (grid-like) to Lagrangian (particle-like) data types. This has been accompanied by a reduction in the spatial and temporal scale of observation, where, in most cases, no behavioural information is inferred from Lagrangian data; instead they are often used as if they were Eulerian data. In parallel, environmental remote sensing is becoming more common; however, we did not record significant changes in the statistical approaches used to describe seabird distributions and used to link them with oceanographic variables. In particular, despite the spatially explicit nature of the data, spatial statistics have rarely been used. The vast majority of studies used environmental variables that described water masses (descriptive approach), whereas a few studies determined oceanographic features that enhance prey availability to seabirds (process-based approach). Future studies could enhance their ecological interpretation of seabird{\textendash}environment interactions by making greater use of ad hoc statistical approaches that facilitate appropriate pattern detection (e.g. area-restricted searching pattern for birds, mesoscale patterns for environment). Furthermore, appropriate hypothesis testing and modelling that accounts for the spatially explicit, multiscale and multivariate nature of the interaction between seabirds and their habitats is recommended. Although quantitative methods currently exist (but are rarely used), further application could greatly improve our understanding of the processes linking seabird distribution to their environment.},
  timestamp = {2010-03-09 15:41:32},
  urldate = {2010-03-09},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  author = {Tremblay, Yann and Bertrand, Sophie and Henry, R. William and Kappes, Michelle A. and Costa, Daniel P. and Shaffer, Scott A.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {153--163}
}

@article{best_updated_2015,
  title = {Updated marine mammal distribution and abundance estimates in coastal British Columbia},
  abstract = {Information relating to the distribution and abundance of species is critical for effective conservation and management. For many species, including cetacean species of conservation concern, abundance estimates are lacking, out of date and/or highly uncertain. Systematic, line-transect marine mammal surveys were conducted in British Columbia's (BC) coastal waters over multiple years and seasons (summer 2004, 2005, 2008, and spring/autumn 2007). In total, 10,057km of transects were surveyed in an 83,547km2 study area. Abundance estimates were calculated using two different methods: Conventional Distance Sampling (CDS) and Density Surface Modelling (DSM). CDS generates a single density estimate for each stratum, whereas DSM explicitly models spatial variation and offers potential for greater precision by incorporating environmental predictors. Although DSM yields a more relevant product for the purposes of marine spatial planning, CDS has proven to be useful in cases where there are fewer observations available for seasonal and inter-annual comparison, particularly for the scarcely observed elephant seal. The summer abundance estimates (with lower and upper 95\% confidence intervals; all DSM method unless otherwise stated), assuming certain trackline detection (underestimates true population size) were: harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 8,091 (4,885-13,401); Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) 5,303 (4,638-6,064); Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) 22,160 (16,522-29,721); humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) 1,092 (993-1,200); fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 329 (274-395); killer whale (all ecotypes; Orcinus orca), 371 (222-621); common minke whale (B. acutorostrata) 522 (295-927); harbour seal (total in water and on the shoreline; Phoca vitulina) 24,916 (19,666-31,569); Steller sea lion (total; Eumetopias jubatus) 4,037 (1,100-14,815); and northern elephant seal (CDS method; Mirounga angustirostris) 65 (35-121). Abundance estimates are provided on a stratum-specific basis with additional estimates provided for Steller sea lions and harbour seals that were `hauled out' and `in water'. This analysis updates previous estimates (Williams and Thomas, 2007) by including additional years of effort, providing greater spatial precision with the DSM method over CDS, novel reporting for spring and autumn seasons (rather than summer alone), and providing new abundance estimates for Steller sea lion and northern elephant seal. In addition to providing a baseline of marine mammal abundance and distribution, against which future changes can be compared, this information offers the opportunity to assess the risks posed to marine mammals by existing and emerging threats, such as fisheries bycatch, ship strikes, and increased oil spill and ocean noise issues associated with increases of container ship and oil tanker traffic in British Columbia's continental shelf waters.},
  timestamp = {2015-04-27 19:27:02},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  author = {Best, Benjamin D. and Fox, Caroline H. and Williams, Rob and Halpin, Patrick N. and {PAQUET}, Paul C.},
  year = {2015}
}

@article{winiarski_integrating_2014,
  title = {Integrating aerial and ship surveys of marine birds into a combined density surface model: A case study of wintering Common Loons},
  volume = {116},
  issn = {0010-5422},
  shorttitle = {Integrating aerial and ship surveys of marine birds into a combined density surface model},
  url = {http://aoucospubs.org/doi/abs/10.1650/CONDOR-13-085.1},
  doi = {10.1650/CONDOR-13-085.1},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT Biologists now use a variety of survey platforms to assess the spatial distribution and abundance of marine birds, yet few attempts have been made to integrate data from multiple survey platforms to improve model accuracy or precision. We used density surface models (DSMs) to incorporate data from two survey platforms to predict the distribution and abundance of a diving marine bird, the Common Loon (Gavia immer). We conducted strip transect surveys from a multiengine, fixed-wing aircraft and line surveys from a 28 m ship during winter 2009{\textendash}2010 in a 3,800 km2 study area off the coast of Rhode Island, USA. We accounted for imperfect detection and availability bias due to Common Loon diving behavior. We incorporated spatially explicit environmental covariates (water depth and latitude) to provide predictions of the spatial distribution and abundance of wintering Common Loons. The combined-platform DSM estimated the highest Common Loon densities (\ensuremath{>}20 individuals km-2) in nearshore waters \ensuremath{<}35 m deep, with an average daily abundance of 5,538 (95\% CI = 4,726{\textendash}6,489) individuals in the study area. The combined-platform model offered substantial improvement in the precision of abundance estimates from the ship-platform model, and modest improvement in the precision of the aerial-platform model. The combined model had relatively low predictive power, which previous research indicates is primarily a consequence of the dynamic marine environment. We show that the DSM approach presents a flexible framework for developing spatially explicit models of a marine bird from different survey protocols. ,  RESUMEN Los bi{\'o}logos utilizan actualmente una variedad de plataformas de muestreo para evaluar la distribuci{\'o}n espacial y abundancia de aves marinas, sin embargo, existen pocos intentos para integrar datos de m{\'u}ltiples plataformas de muestreo para mejorar la exactitud o precisi{\'o}n del modelo. Utilizamos modelos de densidad de superficie (DSM) para incorporar los datos de two plataformas de muestreo para predecir la distribuci{\'o}n y abundancia de un ave marina buceadora, Gavia immer. Monitoreamos en transectos sectoriales con una aeronave de ala fija multimotor y muestreos lineales en un barco de 28 m, durante el invierno de 2009{\textendash}2010, en un {\'a}rea de estudio de 3.800 km2, a las afueras de la costa de Rhode Island. Consideramos la detecci{\'o}n imperfecta, el sesgo de disponibilidad debido al comportamiento de buceo de Gavia immer, e incorporamos covariables ambientales espacialmente expl{\'\i}citas (profundidad del agua y latitud) para proveer predicciones de distribuci{\'o}n espacial y abundancia de invernaci{\'o}n de Gavia immer. La plataforma combinada de DSM estim{\'o} las densidades m{\'a}s altas de Gavia immer (\ensuremath{>}20 individuos km-2) en las aguas cercanas a la costa \ensuremath{<}35 m de profundidad, con una abundancia promedio diaria de 5,538 (95 \% IC = 4,726{\textendash}6,489 ) individuos en el {\'a}rea de estudio. El modelo combinado de plataformas ofreci{\'o} una mejora sustancial en la precisi{\'o}n de las estimaciones de abundancia que el modelo de plataforma desde el barco, y una modesta mejora en la precisi{\'o}n del modelo de plataforma a{\'e}rea. El modelo combinado produjo relativamente bajo poder predictivo; investigaciones anteriores indican que esto es consecuencia, principalmente del ambiente marino din{\'a}mico. Demostramos que la propuesta DSM presenta un marco flexible para desarrollar modelos espacialmente expl{\'\i}citos de un ave marina con diferentes protocolos de monitoreo. Palabras clave: estimaciones de abundancia, Gavia immer, modelo combinado de densidad de superficie, modelos espacialmente, modelos de abundancia espacialmente expl{\'\i}citos},
  timestamp = {2015-07-16 19:50:07},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-07-16},
  journal = {The Condor},
  author = {Winiarski, Kristopher J. and Burt, M. Louise and Rexstad, Eric and Miller, David L. and Trocki, Carol L. and Paton, Peter W. C. and {McWilliams}, Scott R.},
  month = feb,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {149--161},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2F397QD7/CONDOR-13-085.html:text/html}
}

@article{lubchenco_proposed_2010,
  title = {Proposed U.S. Policy for Ocean, Coast, and Great Lakes Stewardship},
  volume = {328},
  url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1485.short},
  timestamp = {2010-12-29 02:48:27},
  number = {5985},
  journal = {Science},
  author = {Lubchenco, Jane and Sutley, Nancy},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {1485--1486}
}

@article{ardron_marine_2008,
  title = {Marine spatial planning in the high seas},
  volume = {32},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCD-4SN8VCM-1/2/70b019dd97e45f4c8d965209209bb754},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.018},
  abstract = {Although high seas resources are being exploited, reciprocal legal obligations to protect its environment have not been met. Marine spatial planning (MSP) is clearly a practical way forward, particularly for the high seas, where non-spatial monitoring is difficult, and where data gaps obstruct conventional management approaches. To ensure the effective application of MSP in the high seas, however, some institutional reforms are necessary. This paper outlines the main hurdles, summarizes existing high seas spatial protections, presents an example of a high seas marine protected area that resulted through MSP, identifies three institutional priorities, and suggests three immediate steps.},
  timestamp = {2012-11-08 02:04:20},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2010-03-04},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Ardron, Jeff and Gjerde, Kristina and Pullen, Sian and Tilot, Virginie},
  month = sep,
  year = {2008},
  keywords = {Ecosystem approach,high seas,Marine protected area (MPA),Marine spatial planning},
  pages = {832--839}
}

@article{douvere_importance_2008,
  title = {The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management},
  volume = {32},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCD-4SV12VB-1/2/069acf9b7b0645c075e974eadfb135f4},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.021},
  abstract = {During the past 10 years, the evolution of marine spatial planning (MSP) and ocean zoning has become a crucial step in making ecosystem-based, sea use management a reality. The idea was initially stimulated by international and national interest in developing marine protected areas, e.g., the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. More recent attention has been placed on managing the multiple use of marine space, especially in areas where conflicts among users and the environment are already clear, e.g., in the North Sea. Even more recent concern has focused on the need to conserve nature, especially ecologically and biologically sensitive areas, in the context of multi-use planning of ocean space. Despite academic discussions and the fact that some countries already have started implementation, the scope of MSP has not been clearly defined. Terms such as integrated management, marine spatial management, and ocean zoning are all used inconsistently. This is one of the reasons why its importance is not more seriously reflected at the levels of policy and decision-making in most countries. This article attempts to deal with this problem. It describes why MSP is an essential step to achieve ecosystem-based sea use management, how it can be defined and what its core objectives are. The article concludes with an analysis of the use and achievements of MSP worldwide, with particular focus on new approaches in Europe.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 04:14:17},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2009-01-31},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Douvere, Fanny},
  month = sep,
  year = {2008},
  keywords = {Ecosystem-based management,Marine spatial planning,Sea use management},
  pages = {762--771},
  file = {Douvere2008.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8MWTPKKW/Douvere2008.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{halpern_managing_2008,
  title = {Managing for cumulative impacts in ecosystem-based management through ocean zoning},
  volume = {51},
  issn = {0964-5691},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VG5-4PT7WY6-2/2/5884f707d1f6a8745c1f0aab05dd010c},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2007.08.002},
  abstract = {Multiple activities affect the marine environment in concert, yet current management primarily considers activities in isolation. A shift towards a more comprehensive management of these activities, as with recent emphasis on ecosystem-based approaches to management, requires a means for evaluating their interactive and cumulative impacts. Here we develop a framework for this evaluation, focusing on five core concepts: (1) activities have interactive and cumulative impacts, (2) management decisions require consideration of, and tradeoffs among, all ecosystem services, (3) not all stressors are equal or have impacts that increase linearly, (4) management must account for the different scales of activities and impacts, and (5) some externalities cannot be controlled locally but must be accounted for in marine spatial planning. Comprehensive ocean zoning provides a powerful tool with which these key concepts are collectively addressed.},
  timestamp = {2010-11-05 14:51:37},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2010-11-05},
  journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
  author = {Halpern, Benjamin S. and {McLeod}, Karen L. and Rosenberg, Andrew A. and Crowder, Larry B.},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {203--211}
}

@article{dahl_marine_2009,
  title = {Marine Spatial Planning, A Step-by-Step Approach toward Ecosystem-based Management},
  volume = {53},
  timestamp = {2010-12-29 03:17:43},
  journal = {{IOC} Manuals and Guides},
  author = {Dahl, R. and Ehler, C. and Douvere, F.},
  year = {2009},
  file = {Google Scholar Linked Page:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4DV4HE4U/Dahl et al. - 2009 - Marine Spatial Planning, A Step-by-Step Approach t.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dolman_comparative_2009,
  title = {Comparative review of marine mammal guidance implemented during naval exercises},
  volume = {58},
  issn = {0025-326X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-4V4M32P-2/2/dc74e58d312a6b1e4dd43615330dbf4f},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.11.013},
  abstract = {This article reviews the types and effectiveness of marine mammal mitigation measures used during some naval activities worldwide. The three main standard methods used to mitigate the potential impacts of naval sonar sound on marine mammals are (1) time/area planning (of exercises/active sonar use) to avoid marine mammals; (2) implementation of operational procedures (e.g. {[}`]soft start' - where sound levels are gradually increased over time); and (3) monitoring of animals for the purpose of maintaining an {[}`]exclusion zone' around the sound source. Suggestions towards a minimum worldwide mitigation standard are made.},
  timestamp = {2012-10-31 17:49:33},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2010-11-29},
  journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
  author = {Dolman, Sarah J. and Weir, Caroline R. and Jasny, Michael},
  month = apr,
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {Active sonar,Conservation,Marine mammal,Navy guidance,Noise pollution},
  pages = {465--477}
}

@article{crowder_resolving_2006,
  title = {Resolving Mismatches in U.S. Ocean Governance},
  volume = {313},
  shorttitle = {{SUSTAINABILITY}},
  url = {http://www.sciencemag.org},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1129706},
  timestamp = {2012-01-10 02:46:29},
  number = {5787},
  urldate = {2008-10-01},
  journal = {Science},
  author = {Crowder, L. B. and Osherenko, G. and Young, O. R. and Airame, S. and Norse, E. A. and Baron, N. and Day, J. C. and Douvere, F. and Ehler, C. N. and Halpern, B. S. and Langdon, S. J. and {McLeod}, K. L. and Ogden, J. C. and Peach, R. E. and Rosenberg, A. A. and Wilson, J. A.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2006},
  pages = {617--618},
  file = {Crowder et al. - 2006 - Resolving Mismatches in U.S. Ocean Governance.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/V24MXBAG/Crowder et al. - 2006 - Resolving Mismatches in U.S. Ocean Governance.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dolman_best_2010,
  title = {Towards best environmental practice for cetacean conservation in developing Scotland's marine renewable energy},
  volume = {34},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X10000527},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2010.02.009},
  abstract = {Marine renewable energy is seen as an important component of the UK's future energy strategy and contribution to reducing the greenhouse gas emissions responsible for climate change. The UK aims to generate a total of 33 GW (gigawatts) of offshore wind energy. Its implementation strategy includes the development of ten offshore wind farms within Scottish territorial waters. In addition, between 1000 MW (megawatts) and 2600 MW of marine renewable energy generating capacity could be achieved in Scotland using wave and tidal power devices. However, there are negative environmental impacts associated with marine renewable energy. Intense noise is produced during pile driving, drilling and dredging operations with potential consequences for cetaceans. There are also increases in vessel activities during exploration, maintenance and construction with association risks of disturbance and collisions. Some underwater devices will be large and may be positioned in arrays across the habitats that cetaceans frequent. The consequences of encounters between cetaceans and such devices are as yet unknown. It is recommended that the Scottish Government complete full and transparent Marine Spatial Planning, including consideration of cumulative impacts, before moving to license appropriate sites.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-01 15:00:04},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2014-08-01},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Dolman, Sarah and Simmonds, Mark},
  month = sep,
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {Cetaceans,Marine renewable energy,Scotland,Tidal,Wave,wind},
  pages = {1021--1027},
  file = {Dolman and Simmonds - 2010 - Towards best environmental practice for cetacean c.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7ZTZPX8P/Dolman and Simmonds - 2010 - Towards best environmental practice for cetacean c.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ARSS6EST/S0308597X10000527.html:text/html}
}

@article{gopal_modeling_2015,
  title = {Modeling Coastal and Marine Environmental Risks in Belize: the Marine Integrated Decision Analysis System ({MIDAS})},
  volume = {43},
  issn = {0892-0753},
  shorttitle = {Modeling Coastal and Marine Environmental Risks in Belize},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2015.1030292},
  doi = {10.1080/08920753.2015.1030292},
  abstract = {The livelihood of coastal communities is directly linked to the health of intertidal and marine ecosystems. Coastal zones and marine areas are rapidly changing and highly vulnerable to impacts from climate change, accelerating human development, and over-fishing. Quality of life and the benefits of coastal development can be greatly enhanced, and costs minimized, by projecting and comparing alternative policy outcomes before management decisions are made. This article describes the Marine Integrated Decision Analysis System (MIDAS), an interactive decision support tool designed to assist the users and managers of Belize's system of marine management areas (MMAs) in understanding the interactions among various ecological, socioeconomic, and governance conditions in a spatially explicit manner. MIDAS can simulate and visualize the likely effects of alternative management strategies and therefore provides an important tool for evaluating potential scenarios. We developed two MIDAS modules to address specific threats in Belize {\textendash}spatial risk resulting from mangrove deforestation in coastal areas and the potential effect of an oil spill off the coast of Belize. Workshops conducted in Belize indicate that diverse user groups such as fishers, tourism operators, and public environmental agencies can successfully utilize MIDAS to understand MMA outcomes, and environmental risks.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 16:43:05},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Coastal Management},
  author = {Gopal, Sucharita and Kaufman, Les and Pasquarella, Valerie and Ribera, Marta and Holden, Chris and Shank, Burton and Joshua, Pitts},
  month = may,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {217--237},
  file = {Gopal et al - 2015 - Modeling Coastal and Marine Environmental Risks in Belize.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CF3KIEDP/Gopal et al - 2015 - Modeling Coastal and Marine Environmental Risks in Belize.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/A44G4MBB/08920753.2015.html:text/html}
}

@article{coleman_decision_2011,
  title = {Decision guide: selecting decision support tools for marine spatial planning},
  shorttitle = {Decision guide},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 16:45:46},
  journal = {Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, {CA}. Available from: h ttp://www. centerforoceansolutions. org/content/decision-guide-selectingdecision-support-tools-marine-spatial-planning {[}Accessed 9 July 2012]},
  author = {Coleman, H. and Foley, M. and Prahler, E. and Armsby, M. and Shillinger, G.},
  year = {2011},
  file = {Coleman et al - 2011 - Decision guide.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8365DBIC/Coleman et al - 2011 - Decision guide.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{fyhr_review_2013,
  title = {A {REVIEW} {OF} {OCEAN} {ZONING} {TOOLS} {AND} {SPECIES} {DISTRIBUTION} {MODELLING} {METHODS} {FOR} {MARINE} {SPATIAL} {PLANNING}},
  url = {http://aquabiota.se.preview.citynetwork.se/wp-content/uploads/Fyhr-et-al.-2013-Review-of-OZ-and-SDM.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:10:50},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  author = {{FYHR}, {FRIDA} and {NILSSON}, {\textbackslash}{AASA} and {SANDMAN}, {ANTONIA} {NYSTR}{\"O}M},
  year = {2013},
  file = {FYHR et al - 2013 - A REVIEW OF OCEAN ZONING TOOLS AND SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELLING METHODS FOR.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WN2PP2P8/FYHR et al - 2013 - A REVIEW OF OCEAN ZONING TOOLS AND SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELLING METHODS FOR.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{altman_ecosystem_2014,
  title = {An Ecosystem Accounting Framework for Marine Ecosystem-Based Management},
  volume = {16},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joe_Roman/publication/262674557_An_ecosystem_accounting_framework_for_marine_ecosystem-based_management/links/00b49538ddd8634cda000000.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:15:41},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {The Sea. Marine Ecosystem-Based Management},
  author = {Altman, {IRIT} and Boumans, {ROEL} and Roman, J. and Gopal, {SUCHI} and Kaufman, L.},
  year = {2014},
  file = {Altman et al - 2014 - An Ecosystem Accounting Framework for Marine Ecosystem-Based Management.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/F97B7PXP/Altman et al - 2014 - An Ecosystem Accounting Framework for Marine Ecosystem-Based Management.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bergstrom_evaluating_2013,
  title = {Evaluating eutrophication management scenarios in the Baltic Sea using species distribution modelling},
  volume = {50},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2013 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology {\textcopyright} 2013 British Ecological Society},
  issn = {1365-2664},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.12083/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/1365-2664.12083},
  abstract = {*
Eutrophication is severely affecting species distributions and ecosystem functioning in coastal areas. Targets for eutrophication reduction have been set in the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) using Secchi depth, a measure of water transparency, as the main status indicator. Despite the high economic costs involved, the potential effects of this political decision on key species and habitats have not been assessed.

*
In a case study including species central to coastal ecosystem functioning, we modelled the effects of changing Secchi depth on the distribution of bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus and eelgrass Zostera marina vegetation as well as recruitment areas of the main predatory fish species, perch Perca fluviatilis and pikeperch Sander lucioperca. Specifically, we explored the effects of changing Secchi depth on species distributions under a set of scenarios based on the BSAP, using three fundamentally different modelling techniques: maximum entropy, generalized additive and random forest modelling.

*
Improved Secchi depth (reduced eutrophication) was predicted to cause a substantial increase in the distribution of bladderwrack, while the distribution of eelgrass remained largely unaffected. For the fish, a large increase in perch recruitment areas was predicted and a concurrent decrease in recruitment areas of pikeperch. These changes are likely to have effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services.

*
The three modelling methods exposed differences in the quantitative predictions for species with a weaker coupling to Secchi depth. Qualitatively, however, the results were consistent for all species.

*
Synthesis and applications. We show how ecological effects of environmental policies can be evaluated in an explicit spatial context using species distribution modelling. The model-specific responses to changes in eutrophication status emphasize the importance of using ensemble modelling for exploring how species distributions may respond to alternative management regimes. A pronounced difference in response between species suggests that eutrophication mitigation will have consequences for ecosystem functioning, and thus ecosystem goods and services, by inducing changes in the simple food webs of the Baltic Sea. These model predictions form a basis for spatially explicit cost-benefit estimates under different scenarios, providing valuable information for both decision-makers and the wider society.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:18:12},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  author = {Bergstr{\"o}m, Ulf and Sundblad, G{\"o}ran and Downie, Anna-Leena and Snickars, Martin and Bostr{\"o}m, Christoffer and Lindegarth, Mats},
  month = jun,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Baltic Sea Action Plan,ensemble modelling,GAM,Maxent,Random forest,Scenario analysis,Secchi depth,Species distribution models},
  pages = {680--690},
  file = {Bergström et al - 2013 - Evaluating eutrophication management scenarios in the Baltic Sea using species.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FC4AFDVI/Bergström et al - 2013 - Evaluating eutrophication management scenarios in the Baltic Sea using species.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FG7AGAUT/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{marshall_species_2014,
  title = {Species distribution modelling to support marine conservation planning: The next steps},
  volume = {45},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {Species distribution modelling to support marine conservation planning},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X13002005},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2013.09.003},
  abstract = {Species distribution models (SDMs) offer great potential for inclusion into the toolbox of today's marine environmental manager, especially with regard to marine conservation and planning. The application of SDMs in the marine environment over recent years has been varied but there are still relatively few examples in comparison with terrestrial application, and this is especially true in deep-sea marine ecosystems. This short article builds upon two recent review articles concerning the application of species distribution modelling studies in the marine realm, offering additional practical considerations for discussion. Recommendations for progressing the improved application of SDMs to support marine conservation planning are given, including combining model outputs with other data layers, metadata standards and model error. SDMs have both an urgent and long term contribution to make to marine conservation planning globally, and it is hoped that this article, in combination with developing research on marine SDMs, will contribute to some much needed discussion and inform best practice and new research to enable these models to be of greater use to marine managers.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:57:10},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Marshall, C. E. and Glegg, G. A. and Howell, K. L.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Biological traits,indicator species,Marine ecosystem,metadata,Model error,Species distribution model},
  pages = {330--332},
  file = {Marshall et al - 2014 - Species distribution modelling to support marine conservation planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HP3X65G7/Marshall et al - 2014 - Species distribution modelling to support marine conservation planning.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{miller_frequent_2014,
  title = {Frequent locations of oceanic fronts as an indicator of pelagic diversity: Application to marine protected areas and renewables},
  volume = {45},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {Frequent locations of oceanic fronts as an indicator of pelagic diversity},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X13002066},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2013.09.009},
  abstract = {Frequent locations of thermal fronts in UK shelf seas were identified using an archive of 30,000 satellite images acquired between 1999 and 2008, and applied as a proxy for pelagic diversity in the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Networks of MPAs are required for conservation of critical marine habitats within Europe, and there are similar initiatives worldwide. Many pelagic biodiversity hotspots are related to fronts, for example cetaceans and basking sharks around the Isle of Man, Hebrides and Cornwall, and hence remote sensing can address this policy need in regions with insufficient species distribution data. This is the first study of UK Continental Shelf front locations to use a 10-year archive of full-resolution (1.1 km) AVHRR data, revealing new aspects of their spatial and seasonal variability. Frontal locations determined at sea or predicted by ocean models agreed closely with the new frequent front maps, which also identified many additional frontal zones. These front maps were among the most widely used datasets in the recommendation of UK MPAs, and would be applicable to other geographic regions and to other policy drivers such as facilitating the deployment of offshore renewable energy devices with minimal environmental impact.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:57:46},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Miller, Peter I. and Christodoulou, Stelios},
  month = mar,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Fronts,Marine protected areas,Offshore renewable energy,Pelagic biodiversity,Remote sensing,Sea-surface temperature},
  pages = {318--329},
  file = {Miller_Christodoulou - 2014 - Frequent locations of oceanic fronts as an indicator of pelagic diversity.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/U76WRZQT/Miller_Christodoulou - 2014 - Frequent locations of oceanic fronts as an indicator of pelagic diversity.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{uran_why_2003,
  title = {Why are spatial decision support systems not used? Some experiences from the Netherlands},
  volume = {27},
  issn = {0198-9715},
  shorttitle = {Why are spatial decision support systems not used?},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0198971502000649},
  doi = {10.1016/S0198-9715(02)00064-9},
  abstract = {Spacial decision support systems (SDSS) are popular tools in decision-making processes. Despite their popularity there are many systema that are never or hardly used. The present study searches for explanations or reasons for success or failure of such tools by comparing five representative examples of SDSS for coastal zone and water management. The findings of the comparison show, amongst others, that SDSS only provide limited or no support for analysing and evaluating the output generated by SDSS. Also, no or poor support for spatial evaluation is offered which might be one of the reasons why some SDSS are not used.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:19:03},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Computers, Environment and Urban Systems},
  author = {Uran, Oddrun and Janssen, Ron},
  month = sep,
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {Coastal zone management,Spatial analysis,spatial decision support systems,Spatial evaluation},
  pages = {511--526},
  file = {Uran_Janssen - 2003 - Why are spatial decision support systems not used.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ZV3VCQEF/Uran_Janssen - 2003 - Why are spatial decision support systems not used.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wright_theory_2012,
  title = {Theory and application in a post-{GISystems} world},
  volume = {26},
  issn = {1365-8816},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2012.713957},
  doi = {10.1080/13658816.2012.713957},
  abstract = {This perspectives paper uses the seminal article of Goodchild (1992) as a lens through which to review and reflect upon several longstanding issues that have influenced the field of geographic information science in the past and will continue to be important at least into the next decade. Under the category of theory, the continuing issue of `tool versus science' now has implications for the defining of geographic information systems (GISs) as a profession. In turn, a brief perspective is offered on how GIS has contributed to `methodological versus substantive' questions in science, leading to the understanding of how the Earth works versus how the Earth should look. Both understandings of the Earth are particularly germane to the emergence of tools and applications such as marine and coastal GIS, virtual globes, spatial cyber infrastructure, and the ethics of GIS. And in the realm of marine and coastal GIS, the example of multidimensional data structuring and scaling is used to highlight an underlying lesson of Goodchild (1992) in that theory and application are in no way mutually exclusive, and it may often be application that advances theory, rather than vice versa. Indeed, it may be this reversal that is ushering in a `post-GISystems' world, where GIS is subsumed into a broader framework known simply as `the web,' divorced from the desktop, but providing a new paradigm for GIS (aligned with the `fourth paradigm' of Hey et al. 2009). As so much data and information will be collected spatially in a way not possible before (e.g., the `big data' of global observational science), GIS will need to be both system and science to support the turn toward more place-based research across increasing scientific domains. GIS is needed also by society at large to guide the understanding of the longstanding fundamentals of geolocation, scale, proximity, distance decay, the neighborhood, the region, the territory, and more.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:30:10},
  number = {12},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science},
  author = {Wright, Dawn J.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {2197--2209},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3JRVNXT4/13658816.2012.html:text/html;Wright - 2012 - Theory and application in a post-GISystems world.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NKBSAR6N/Wright - 2012 - Theory and application in a post-GISystems world.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{janssen_decision_2015,
  title = {Decision support tools for collaborative marine spatial planning: identifying potential sites for tidal energy devices around the Mull of Kintyre, Scotland},
  volume = {58},
  issn = {0964-0568},
  shorttitle = {Decision support tools for collaborative marine spatial planning},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.887561},
  doi = {10.1080/09640568.2014.887561},
  abstract = {The expansion of offshore renewable energy production, such as wind, wave and tidal energy, is likely to lead to conflict between different users of the sea. Two types of spatial decision support tools were developed to support stakeholder workshops. A value mapping tool combines regional attributes with local knowledge. A negotiation support tool uses these value maps to support stakeholders in finding acceptable locations for tidal energy devices. Interactive value mapping proved useful to address deficiencies in data and to create credibility for these maps. The negotiation tool helped stakeholders in balancing objectives of the various stakeholders.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:47:55},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Planning and Management},
  author = {Janssen, Ron and Arciniegas, Gustavo and Alexander, Karen A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {719--737},
  file = {Janssen et al - 2015 - Decision support tools for collaborative marine spatial planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/796NZWSI/Janssen et al - 2015 - Decision support tools for collaborative marine spatial planning.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NMC68WKW/09640568.2014.html:text/html}
}

@article{lieske_coping_2015,
  title = {Coping with climate change: The role of spatial decision support tools in facilitating community adaptation},
  volume = {68},
  issn = {1364-8152},
  shorttitle = {Coping with climate change},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815215000547},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.02.005},
  abstract = {Climate change challenges communities to visualize spatial patterns of risk, assess their vulnerability to those risks, and prepare adaptation plans to lower vulnerability. This paper outlines the design and implementation of a prototype web-based spatial decision support system (SDSS), referred to as the Community Adaptation Viewer (CAV), to assist adaptation planning. Thin-client, Javascript enabled web-SDSS software was constructed to allow interaction with urban infrastructure, and support ``on-the-fly'' assessment of social and economic vulnerability. Facilitated, decision-making workshops were conducted with small groups of stakeholders to evaluate the effectiveness of the prototype. The test case illustrates that high levels of information integration are practical to achieve, and that the SDSS can significantly enhance the ability of communities to conduct elaborate, geographically-specific climate change adaptation planning. Given the long time frame required to fulfil some adaptation plans, it is crucial that communities begin to develop and invest in adaptation strategies as soon as possible.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:59:14},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software},
  author = {Lieske, David J.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Adaptation,climate change,Flood risk,Spatial decision support,Web-based software},
  pages = {98--109},
  file = {Lieske - 2015 - Coping with climate change.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/USZS4PAW/Lieske - 2015 - Coping with climate change.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{patel_midas_2011,
  title = {{MIDAS}: A Spatial Decision Support System for Monitoring Marine Management Areas},
  volume = {34},
  issn = {0160-0176, 1552-6925},
  shorttitle = {{MIDAS}},
  url = {http://irx.sagepub.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/content/34/2/191},
  doi = {10.1177/0160017610389329},
  abstract = {This article describes the design and implementation of Marine Integrated Decision Analysis System (MIDAS), a spatial decision support system (SDSS). MIDAS allows users to select values for a set of governance, ecological and socioeconomic variables. Outcomes resulting from interactions between these variables are then modeled to demonstrate the effectiveness of management in marine managed areas (MMAs) in Belize, Panama, and other areas. MIDAS is written in Java SDK and Runtime Environment (JRE; version 6 update 5) that enables portability across computer platforms. The article describes the utility of MIDAS in three contexts: (1) to assist managers, policy makers, and various stakeholders in understanding the critical determining factors (CDFs) for MMA success, (2) to enhance multistakeholder analysis and promote consensus, and (3) to provide a free and intuitive interface with a capability to incorporate user valuations of factors affecting marine management and to generate reports and maps concerning risk. MIDAS has been tested and validated by a variety of users in three workshops.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:13:15},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {International Regional Science Review},
  author = {Patel, Hrishikesh and Gopal, Sucharita and Kaufman, Les and Carleton, Matt and Holden, Chris and Pasquarella, Valerie and Ribera, Marta and Shank, Burton},
  month = apr,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Environment,geographic information science,multiobjective and multicriteria analysis,natural resources,spatial decision support systems},
  pages = {191--214},
  file = {Patel et al - 2011 - MIDAS.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Q34QPXQ2/Patel et al - 2011 - MIDAS.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/635QSN5M/191.html:text/html}
}

@article{arciniegas_effectiveness_2013,
  series = {Thematic Issue on the Future of Integrated Modeling Science and Technology},
  title = {Effectiveness of collaborative map-based decision support tools: Results of an experiment},
  volume = {39},
  issn = {1364-8152},
  shorttitle = {Effectiveness of collaborative map-based decision support tools},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815212000801},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.02.021},
  abstract = {This article reports on the results of an empirical analysis of the effectiveness of a set of collaborative spatial decision support tools developed to support a land use allocation problem in a peat-meadow polder in the Netherlands. The tools feature spatial multicriteria analysis as the means to make spatially explicit trade-offs between stakeholder objectives in three different ways: as colors on multiple printed maps, qualitatively on a single digital map and quantitatively on a single digital map. An interactive mapping device is used as the interface between spatial information and participants. A series of controlled experiments was conducted with 30 participants, who were asked to use the tools and perform specific individual and group allocation tasks. Data on the responses of the participants were collected through questionnaires, observer notes, video film and multicriteria scores. The analysis focused on three aspects of effectiveness: usefulness of the tools; clarity of tool information; and impact on decisions. The findings of this analysis are discussed within the context of the information offered by the tools, individual and collaborative work of participants and the spatial and numerical quality of the resulting land use plans. From the experiments, it is clear that the cognitive effort related to the volume and format of information is a critical issue in spatial decision support. This holds true for both the level of detail per item of information and the amount of information to be supplied to the participants. Although the quantitative tool provided the most information, the participants did not consider this tool the most useful and it did not produce the best results.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:16:04},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software},
  author = {Arciniegas, Gustavo and Janssen, Ron and Rietveld, Piet},
  month = jan,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Collaborative decision support,GIS,Land use planning,MCA,Support information,Tool effectiveness},
  pages = {159--175},
  file = {Arciniegas et al - 2013 - Effectiveness of collaborative map-based decision support tools.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BGZ6VJ3A/Arciniegas et al - 2013 - Effectiveness of collaborative map-based decision support tools.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{eikelboom_interactive_2013,
  series = {Integrated land-use and regional resource management {\textendash} A cross-disciplinary dialogue on future perspectives for a sustainable development of regional resources},
  title = {Interactive spatial tools for the design of regional adaptation strategies},
  volume = {127, Supplement},
  issn = {0301-4797},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479712004781},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.09.019},
  abstract = {Regional adaptation strategies are plans that consist of feasible measures to shift a region towards a system that is flexible and robust for future climate changes. They apply to regional impacts of climate change and are imbedded in broader planning. Multiple adaptation frameworks and guidelines exist that describe the development stages of regional adaptation strategies. Spatial information plays a key role in the design of adaptation measures as both the effects of climate change as well as many adaptation measures have spatial impacts. Interactive spatial support tools such as drawing, simulation and evaluation tools can assist the development process. This paper presents how to connect tasks derived from the actual development stages to spatial support tools in an interactive multi-stakeholder context. This link helps to decide what spatial tools are suited to support which stages in the development process of regional adaptation strategies. The practical implication of the link is illustrated for three case study workshops in the Netherlands. The regional planning workshops combine expertise from both scientists and stakeholders with an interactive mapping device. This approach triggered participants to share their expertise and stimulated integration of knowledge.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:16:54},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  author = {Eikelboom, T. and Janssen, R.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Adaptation strategies,climate change,Interactive spatial support tools,Regional planning},
  pages = {S6--S14},
  file = {Eikelboom_Janssen - 2013 - Interactive spatial tools for the design of regional adaptation strategies.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/QWHPRTM3/Eikelboom_Janssen - 2013 - Interactive spatial tools for the design of regional adaptation strategies.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bagstad_comparative_2013,
  title = {A comparative assessment of decision-support tools for ecosystem services quantification and valuation},
  volume = {5},
  issn = {2212-0416},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221204161300051X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.07.004},
  abstract = {To enter widespread use, ecosystem service assessments need to be quantifiable, replicable, credible, flexible, and affordable. With recent growth in the field of ecosystem services, a variety of decision-support tools has emerged to support more systematic ecosystem services assessment. Despite the growing complexity of the tool landscape, thorough reviews of tools for identifying, assessing, modeling and in some cases monetarily valuing ecosystem services have generally been lacking. In this study, we describe 17 ecosystem services tools and rate their performance against eight evaluative criteria that gauge their readiness for widespread application in public- and private-sector decision making. We describe each of the tools\ensuremath{'} intended uses, services modeled, analytical approaches, data requirements, and outputs, as well time requirements to run seven tools in a first comparative concurrent application of multiple tools to a common location {\textendash} the San Pedro River watershed in southeast Arizona, USA, and northern Sonora, Mexico. Based on this work, we offer conclusions about these tools\ensuremath{'} current `readiness' for widespread application within both public- and private-sector decision making processes. Finally, we describe potential pathways forward to reduce the resource requirements for running ecosystem services models, which are essential to facilitate their more widespread use in environmental decision making.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:17:37},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ecosystem Services},
  author = {Bagstad, Kenneth J. and Semmens, Darius J. and Waage, Sissel and Winthrop, Robert},
  month = sep,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Comparative tools assessment,Decision support,Ecosystem services,modeling,Valuation},
  pages = {27--39},
  file = {Bagstad et al - 2013 - A comparative assessment of decision-support tools for ecosystem services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BHDTQ2M8/Bagstad et al - 2013 - A comparative assessment of decision-support tools for ecosystem services.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{merrifield_marinemap_2013,
  series = {Special Issue on California's Marine Protected Area Network Planning Process},
  title = {{MarineMap}: A web-based platform for collaborative marine protected area planning},
  volume = {74},
  issn = {0964-5691},
  shorttitle = {{MarineMap}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569112002050},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.06.011},
  abstract = {The creation of a spatial decision support system that enabled stakeholder participation in designing marine protected areas (MPAs) was a necessary component of the planning process for California's Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) Initiative. Implementation of the MLPA required stakeholders to understand and use a complicated set of spatial and scientific guidelines for MPA design that relied heavily on geographic information. Tools for the delivery and visualization of geographic information have changed radically in the seven years of planning during the MLPA Initiative. We collaborated to create a state-of-the-art spatial decision support system called MarineMap to facilitate the design and evaluation of MPA proposals. MarineMap provided an intuitive user experience that simplified complicated spatial concepts, delivered critical information immediately to allow users to iterate through scenarios rapidly. This tool provided transparency in the process, and moved spatial analysis away from the domain of GIS experts to a broader group of stakeholders. We think the lessons from this experience can contribute to the further development of tools and approaches for coastal and marine spatial planning more broadly.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:18:01},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
  author = {Merrifield, Matthew S. and {McClintock}, Will and Burt, Chad and Fox, Evan and Serpa, Paulo and Steinback, Charles and Gleason, Mary},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {67--76},
  file = {Merrifield et al - 2013 - MarineMap.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/KDCX2P56/Merrifield et al - 2013 - MarineMap.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{_decision_2015,
  title = {Decision support system},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-{ShareAlike} License},
  url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decision_support_system\&oldid=665885674},
  abstract = {A Decision Support System (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help people make decisions about problems that may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance - i.e. Unstructured and Semi-Structured decision problems. Decision support systems can be either fully computerized, human-powered or a combination of both.
While academics have perceived DSS as a tool to support decision making process, DSS users see DSS as a tool to facilitate organizational processes. Some authors have extended the definition of DSS to include any system that might support decision making. Sprague (1980) defines DSS by its characteristics:
DSS tends to be aimed at the less well structured, underspecified problem that upper level managers typically face;
DSS attempts to combine the use of models or analytic techniques with traditional data access and retrieval functions;
DSS specifically focuses on features which make them easy to use by noncomputer people in an interactive mode; and
DSS emphasizes flexibility and adaptability to accommodate changes in the environment and the decision making approach of the user.
DSSs include knowledge-based systems. A properly designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from a combination of raw data, documents, and personal knowledge, or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions.
Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present includes:
inventories of information assets (including legacy and relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts),
comparative sales figures between one period and the next,
projected revenue figures based on product sales assumptions.
DSSs are often contrasted with more automated decision-making systems known as Decision Management Systems},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:31:30},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia},
  month = jun,
  year = {2015},
  note = {Page Version ID: 665885674},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/C629R9KM/index.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_spatial_2013,
  title = {Spatial decision support system},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-{ShareAlike} License},
  url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spatial_decision_support_system\&oldid=579969284},
  abstract = {A spatial decision support system (SDSS) is an interactive, computer-based system designed to assist in decision making while solving a semi-structured spatial problem. It is designed to assist the spatial planner with guidance in making land use decisions. A system which models decisions could be used to help identify the most effective decision path.
An SDSS is sometimes referred to as a policy support system, and comprises a decision support system (DSS) and a geographic information system (GIS). This entails use of a database management system (DMS), which holds and handles the geographical data; a library of potential models that can be used to forecast the possible outcomes of decisions; and an interface to aid the users interaction with the computer system and to assist in analysis of outcomes.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:32:04},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia},
  month = nov,
  year = {2013},
  note = {Page Version ID: 579969284},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7WDXWC9G/index.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_land_2015,
  title = {Land Allocation Decision Support System},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-{ShareAlike} License},
  url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_Allocation_Decision_Support_System\&oldid=655788162},
  abstract = {LADSS or Land Allocation Decision Support System, is an agricultural land-use planning tool developed at The Macaulay Institute. More recently the term LADSS is used to refer to the research of the team behind the original planning tool.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:32:28},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia},
  month = apr,
  year = {2015},
  note = {Page Version ID: 655788162},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/AIVC7MVR/index.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_decision_2015a,
  title = {Decision-making software},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-{ShareAlike} License},
  url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decision-making_software\&oldid=666203940},
  abstract = {Decision-making software (DMS) is used to help individuals and organizations with their decision-making processes, typically resulting in ranking, sorting or choosing from among alternatives.
An early example of DMS was described in 1973. Prior to the advent of the World Wide Web, most DMS was spreadsheet-based, with the first web-based DMS appearing in the mid-1990s. Nowadays, at least 20 DMS products (mostly web-based) are available.
Though DMS exists for the various stages of structuring and solving decision problems {\textendash} from brain-storming problems to representing decision-maker preferences and reaching decisions {\textendash} most DMS focuses on choosing from among a group of alternatives characterized on multiple criteria or attributes.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:32:34},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia},
  month = jun,
  year = {2015},
  note = {Page Version ID: 666203940},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/AIEG424W/index.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_decision_2015b,
  title = {Decision theory},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-{ShareAlike} License},
  url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decision_theory\&oldid=664048145},
  abstract = {Decision theory or theory of choice in economics, psychology, philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and statistics is concerned with identifying the values, uncertainties and other issues relevant in a given decision, its rationality, and the resulting optimal decision. It is closely related to the field of game theory; decision theory is concerned with the choices of individual agents whereas game theory is concerned with interactions of agents whose decisions affect each other.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:33:20},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia},
  month = may,
  year = {2015},
  note = {Page Version ID: 664048145},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MWARMWX6/index.html:text/html}
}

@article{segura_decision_2014,
  title = {Decision support systems for forest management: A comparative analysis and assessment},
  volume = {101},
  issn = {0168-1699},
  shorttitle = {Decision support systems for forest management},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168169913003025},
  doi = {10.1016/j.compag.2013.12.005},
  abstract = {Decision Support Systems (DSS) are essential tools for forest management practitioners to help take account of the many environmental, economic, administrative, legal and social aspects in forest management. The most appropriate techniques to solve a particular instance usually depend on the characteristics of the decision problem. Thus, the objective of this article is to evaluate the models and methods that have been used in developing DSS for forest management, taking into account all important features to categorize the forest problems. It is interesting to know the appropriate methods to answer specific problems, as well as the strengths and drawbacks of each method. We have also pointed out new approaches to deal with the newest trends and issues. The problem nature has been related to the temporal scale, spatial context, spatial scale, number of objectives and decision makers or stakeholders and goods and services involved. Some of these problem dimensions are inter-related, and we also found a significant relationship between various methods and problem dimensions, all of which have been analysed using contingency tables.

The results showed that 63\% of forest DSS use simulation modeling methods and these are particularly related to the spatial context and spatial scale and the number of people involved in taking a decision. The analysis showed how closely Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is linked to problem types involving the consideration of the number of objectives, also with the goods and services. On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between optimization and statistical methods and problem dimensions, although they have been applied to approximately 60\% and 16\% of problems solved by DSS for forest management, respectively. Metaheuristics and spatial statistical methods are promising new approaches to deal with certain problem formulations and data sources. Nine out of ten DSS used an associated information system (Database and/or Geographic Information System {\textendash} GIS), but the availability and quality of data continue to be an important constraining issue, and one that could cause considerable difficulty in implementing DSS in practice. Finally, the majority of DSS do not include environmental and social values and focus largely on market economic values. The results suggest a strong need to improve the capabilities of DSS in this regard, developing and applying MCDM models and incorporating them in the design of DSS for forest management in coming years.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:39:09},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Computers and Electronics in Agriculture},
  author = {Segura, Marina and Ray, Duncan and Maroto, Concepci{\'o}n},
  month = feb,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Decision support systems,Forest management,Group decision making,Multiple criteria decision making,Optimization,Simulation},
  pages = {55--67},
  file = {Segura et al - 2014 - Decision support systems for forest management.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/VR63UF3G/Segura et al - 2014 - Decision support systems for forest management.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{li_ontology_2012,
  title = {An Ontology-Driven Framework and Web Portal for Spatial Decision Support1},
  volume = {16},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
  issn = {1467-9671},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9671.2012.01325.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9671.2012.01325.x},
  abstract = {Numerous systems and tools have been developed for spatial decision support (SDS), but they generally suffer from a lack of re-usability, inconsistent terminology, and weak conceptualization. We introduce a collaborative effort by the SDS Consortium to build a SDS knowledge portal. We present the formal representation of knowledge about SDS, the various ontologies captured and made accessible by the portal, and the processes used to create them. We describe the portal in action, and the ways in which users can search, browse, and make use of its content. Finally, we discuss the lessons learned from this effort, and future development directions. Our work demonstrates how ontologies and semantic technologies can support the documentation and retrieval of dynamic knowledge in GIScience by offering flexible schemata instead of fixed data structures.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:40:09},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Transactions in {GIS}},
  author = {Li, Naicong and Raskin, Robert and Goodchild, Michael and Janowicz, Krzysztof},
  month = jun,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {313--329},
  file = {Li et al - 2012 - An Ontology-Driven Framework and Web Portal for Spatial Decision Support1.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/UC4H2KXU/Li et al - 2012 - An Ontology-Driven Framework and Web Portal for Spatial Decision Support1.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CB7C9DNX/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_spatial_a,
  title = {Spatial Decision Support Knowledge Portal},
  url = {http://www.spatial.redlands.edu/sds/},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:42:11},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  file = {Spatial Decision Support Knowledge Portal:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4A4A4H46/sds.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_land_,
  title = {Land Allocation Decision Support System},
  url = {http://www.macaulay.ac.uk/LADSS/dss_home.html},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:43:38},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  file = {Land Allocation Decision Support System:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MDMCPX9X/dss_home.html:text/html}
}

@article{crossland_spatial_1995,
  series = {Exploring the Next Generation of Decision Support},
  title = {Spatial decision support systems: An overview of technology and a test of efficacy},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {0167-9236},
  shorttitle = {Spatial decision support systems},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016792369400018N},
  doi = {10.1016/0167-9236(94)00018-N},
  abstract = {A laboratory experiment was used to investigate the effects on decision-maker performance of using geographic information system (GIS) technology as a spatial decision support system (SDSS). GIS are increasingly being used for decision-making, yet research about their contributions to the performance of decision-makers has been lacking. This study makes a contribution to that apparent void. Volunteer subjects completed a site location task that required decisions to be made based upon spatially referenced information. Performance was operationalized as elapsed time and accuracy. The task environment was manipulated in two dimensions. In one dimension, task complexity was varied on two levels. In the other dimension, some subjects were provided a geographic information system as a decision aid; the rest were not. Significant differences were found between task solutions developed by SDSS users and those developed by non-SDSS users. SDSS users experienced shorter solution times and fewer errors for both levels of task complexity. The study builds upon and extends image theory as a basis for explaining efficiency differences resulting from different graphical displays of spatial information.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:57:37},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Decision Support Systems},
  author = {Crossland, M. D. and Wynne, B. E. and Perkins, W. C.},
  month = jul,
  year = {1995},
  keywords = {Geographic Information System,GIS,SDSS,Spatial DSS},
  pages = {219--235},
  file = {Crossland et al - 1995 - Spatial decision support systems.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FVVRKEXQ/Crossland et al - 1995 - Spatial decision support systems.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inproceedings{li_design_2014,
  title = {A design of spatial decision support system to enhance decision progress in agricultural actions},
  doi = {10.1109/Agro-Geoinformatics.2014.6910613},
  abstract = {Agricultural actions usually involve a decision process collaborating different decision makers and officers. Different decision process may encounter different difficulties depending on the type of actions. In order to make efficient progress in actions, a support system for decision making should be constructed to include not only supporting information for the decision, but also tools for decision management. For such decision support and management system, enhancement in task communication, data summarizing and subtask management should be the focus of the development. In this study, we used MAKOCI (Multi-Agent Knowledge Oriented CyberInfrastructure) as a geospatial platform to convey customized decision knowledge, working procedures, and data processing capability, where ontology and multi-agent are implemented to facilitate modularized application design. A case study on detection and responses of agricultural heavy-metal contamination is given in this study to exemplify the functions of the decision support system designed. By the proposed design, the spatial decision support system facilitates hierarchical task definition and cross-government communications, in addition to supporting spatial and non-spatial decisional information. The decision progress can consequently be enhanced by monitoring, communication and management of actions among partaking users of the system.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:46:36},
  booktitle = {Third International Conference on Agro-geoinformatics (Agro-geoinformatics 2014)},
  author = {Li, Meng-Ying and Sun, Chih-Hong and Lien, Min-Fang and Chang, Tsun-Kuo},
  month = aug,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {agricultural actions,agricultural heavy-metal contamination,agriculture,Analytical models,collaboration,Contamination,cross-government communications,customized decision knowledge,Data models,data processing capability,data summarization,DECISION MAKING,decision management system,decision progress enhancement,Decision support systems,geospatial platform,hierarchical task definition,MAKOCI platform,modularized application design,multiagent knowledge oriented cyberinfrastructure platform,multi-agent systems,nonspatial decisional information,ontologies (artificial intelligence),ontology,OWL,spatial decisional information,spatial decision support system design,subtask management,task communication,working procedures},
  pages = {1--5},
  file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/T25TA7BX/login.html:text/html}
}

@article{walker_decision_2002,
  title = {Decision support, learning and rural resource management},
  volume = {73},
  issn = {0308-521X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X01001032},
  doi = {10.1016/S0308-521X(01)00103-2},
  abstract = {Decision support technologies and paradigms have their origins in management and information sciences but have been widely proposed as providing a basis for improving management for sustainability rural resource management. As such, they provide a means of helping managers to deal with increased information, increasingly complex decisions and to professionalise their activities. However, decision support has, in practice, had limited impact in many rural resource management contexts. Failures can be attributed to non-delivery, non-adoption and to unexpected negative impacts where they are adopted. This paper proposes a response to these challenges by reappraising the role of decision support and proposing a generic framework for the implementation of decision support as a broader initiative than the development of a decision support output, and one that aims to foster learning and co-learning.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 19:02:45},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Agricultural Systems},
  author = {Walker, Daniel H},
  month = jul,
  year = {2002},
  pages = {113--127}
}

@phdthesis{jones_application_2014,
  title = {Application of a spatial decision support system to National Park management},
  url = {http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/26024/},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:51:47},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  school = {Murdoch University},
  author = {Jones, Kylie},
  year = {2014},
  file = {Jones - 2014 - Application of a spatial decision support system to National Park management.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/TKNBWIFM/Jones - 2014 - Application of a spatial decision support system to National Park management.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9FZVABGP/26024.html:text/html}
}

@article{stelzenmuller_practical_2013,
  title = {Practical tools to support marine spatial planning: A review and some prototype tools},
  volume = {38},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {Practical tools to support marine spatial planning},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X12001364},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.038},
  abstract = {Marine planners use spatial data to assess planning options. They need analytical approaches, methods, applications and practical software tools to enable assessment of the relationships between human uses and ecosystem components. Here the results of a two-stage process, aimed at developing practical and GIS-based tools for direct use by planners, are presented. First, some available tools for use in the early stages of plan development were reviewed; for example, to identify interaction between activities to reduce potential conflicts or assist in zone delineation, methods to facilitate a risk assessment of the cumulative effect of human pressures and tools offering decision support. Second, a stakeholder workshop was organised to identify routine marine planning tasks and the technical tools required to support those tasks. From the 39 practical tools reviewed, mostly published in peer-reviewed literature between 1998 and 2009, the majority have been applied in the marine environment in Europe, USA and Australia. It was observed that many of the tools are designed to be used by scientists, programmers or strategic planners with only a few that could be used by case officers (regulators). Together with the results of the stakeholder workshop a suite of prototype tools were developed that offer utility to marine planners. Thus the developed tools provide a solid basis for future development as they are a result of a transparent and participatory process.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:25:56},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Stelzenm{\"u}ller, Vanessa and Lee, Janette and South, Andy and Foden, Jo and Rogers, Stuart I.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {GIS,Impact,Marine planning,Pressure,Tools},
  pages = {214--227}
}

@article{ruiz-frau_spatially_2013,
  title = {Spatially explicit economic assessment of cultural ecosystem services: Non-extractive recreational uses of the coastal environment related to marine biodiversity},
  volume = {38},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {Spatially explicit economic assessment of cultural ecosystem services},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X12001212},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.023},
  abstract = {The adoption of comprehensive marine spatial plans (MSP) requires that all aspects of value associated with marine biodiversity are considered in their development. Therefore, a holistic approach to MSP needs to include the ecological, social and economic aspects related to the range of goods and services provided by marine biodiversity. In temperate coastal areas however, extractive uses of marine biodiversity (i.e., fisheries) tend to receive more consideration than other non-extractive uses such as certain forms of recreation. This is primarily due to its economic and social importance and a lack of information on non-extractive uses of marine biodiversity. This study presents an assessment of the economic importance and spatial distribution of non-extractive uses of marine biodiversity (diving, kayaking, wildlife watching from boats and seabird watching) in the coastal temperate area of Wales and its application to MSP. The assessment of the economic importance and spatial distribution of these uses was ascertained through questionnaires with relevant users. Results indicated that the economic importance of non-extractive recreational uses of marine biodiversity in Wales is comparable to that of commercial fisheries for the same region. Spatially there was a significant degree of overlap among areas used by the different recreational groups studied here and the distribution of uses could be linked to different aspects of marine biodiversity, such as the presence of particular habitats in the case of divers. The integration of spatially explicit socioeconomic data for a range of different uses of marine biodiversity enables policy makers to gain useful insight into the potential consequences of implementing a spatial management regime, as certain uses can be sometimes overlooked but are still essential if we are to consider the impact of spatial planning on all economically relevant activities. Such data provide a balanced overview of the value of marine biodiversity to different sectors of society and contributes to the process of developing comprehensive marine spatial plans.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:31:53},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Ruiz-Frau, A. and Hinz, H. and Edwards-Jones, G. and Kaiser, M. J.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Mapping,marine biodiversity,Marine spatial planning,Recreation,Valuation},
  pages = {90--98},
  file = {Ruiz-Frau et al - 2013 - Spatially explicit economic assessment of cultural ecosystem services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ZB2BHNEW/Ruiz-Frau et al - 2013 - Spatially explicit economic assessment of cultural ecosystem services.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{davies_spatial_2014,
  series = {Science in support of governance of wave and tidal energy developments},
  title = {Spatial planning for sustainable marine renewable energy developments in Scotland},
  volume = {99},
  issn = {0964-5691},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569114001616},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.05.013},
  abstract = {Scottish Government targets for renewable energy developments are ambitious. The creation of new marine industries requires a structured approach that links marine spatial planning with Strategic Environmental Assessment and Sustainability Appraisal. Marine Scotland Science has worked with The Crown Estate spatial decision support tool MaRS to plan for wave, tidal and wind power in Scottish waters. This multi-factorial spatial modelling system has been used to visualise and balance the relative opportunities and constraints on development arising from a wide range of environmental, industrial and socio-economic factors. Areas of search for development sites have been identified, explored through Regional Locational Guidance and adopted in development plans.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:48:41},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
  author = {Davies, Ian M. and Watret, Robert and Gubbins, Matt},
  month = oct,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {72--81},
  file = {Davies et al - 2014 - Spatial planning for sustainable marine renewable energy developments in.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/52GG7ZCG/Davies et al - 2014 - Spatial planning for sustainable marine renewable energy developments in.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/J8VXA56I/S0964569114001616.html:text/html}
}

@article{leeney_environmental_2014,
  series = {Science in support of governance of wave and tidal energy developments},
  title = {Environmental Impact Assessments for wave energy developments {\textendash} Learning from existing activities and informing future research priorities},
  volume = {99},
  issn = {0964-5691},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569114001732},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.05.025},
  abstract = {Plans for Marine Renewable Energy Installations (MREI) are developing worldwide, yet many questions still remain about the impacts such developments may have on marine ecosystems and on coastal and oceanographic processes. This uncertainty, combined with a lengthy and complex Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) phase prior to consent, has slowed the growth of the marine renewables sector. Information on completed and ongoing EIAs at MREI sites across Europe was summarised and compared amongst sites and with completed, comprehensive EIAs for Horns Rev offshore wind farm and the SeaGen tidal turbine site at Strangford Lough. This allowed for the identification of commonalities and differences in monitoring activities, and of data gaps in the wave energy EIA process. Studies on the socio-economic impacts of MREIs were lacking, as were monitoring of fish, fish habitats, electromagnetic fields and their impacts on marine wildlife. Even amongst sites monitoring similar topics, methodologies varied greatly. Science cannot inform the management of marine renewables whilst there are inconsistencies in baseline and impact monitoring, as this study has documented. A streamlined EIA process and collaborations between researchers and developers are required to move the industry forward.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:49:39},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
  author = {Leeney, Ruth H. and Greaves, Deborah and Conley, Daniel and O'Hagan, Anne Marie},
  month = oct,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {14--22},
  file = {Leeney et al - 2014 - Environmental Impact Assessments for wave energy developments – Learning from.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4AZS4EV8/Leeney et al - 2014 - Environmental Impact Assessments for wave energy developments – Learning from.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{copping_international_2014,
  series = {Science in support of governance of wave and tidal energy developments},
  title = {An international assessment of the environmental effects of marine energy development},
  volume = {99},
  issn = {0964-5691},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569114000969},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.04.002},
  abstract = {Power generated from marine energy devices, including those that harvest power from the waves and tides, has the potential to help meet the low-carbon energy needs of many coastal nations. However, these devices, and their related mooring lines, anchoring and buoyancy systems, and power export cables are still under development, resulting in a lack of understanding of potential environmental effects of these technologies. Locations suitable for marine energy development typically consist of rough waters, strong tidal currents, large waves, and inhospitable conditions for oceanographic measurements. Coupled with novel interactions between marine animals (particularly marine mammals and fish) and marine energy devices, these high-energy environments create a challenge for accurately observing, measuring, and analyzing environmental effects. Under the auspices of the International Ocean Energy Systems (OES), a collaborative project (Annex IV) was devised to identify and facilitate sharing of existing information on potential effects of tidal turbines and wave energy converters, and to inform permitting (consenting) processes that will enable deployment of these devices. In this paper, we explore the application of a variety of scientific fields to the examination of the environmental impacts of marine renewable energy devices, through three focused analyses. These analyses were conducted as part of the Annex IV initiative and are explored in greater length in the final report for the Annex IV effort; they focus on high-priority areas of concern for marine energy development that have appeared across several nations: 1) the interaction of marine animals with turbine blades; 2) effects of underwater sound from marine energy devices on marine animals; and 3) effects on the physical systems due to energy removal and flow changes from the operation of marine energy devices. These analyses synthesize the current state of scientific understanding, informed by field monitoring, laboratory studies, and modeling efforts, and identify key data gaps that limit the information regulators and researchers can apply to future device deployments.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:53:27},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
  author = {Copping, Andrea and Battey, Hoyt and Brown-Saracino, Jocelyn and Massaua, Meghan and Smith, Courtney},
  month = oct,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {3--13},
  file = {Copping et al - 2014 - An international assessment of the environmental effects of marine energy.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/B73TJKM4/Copping et al - 2014 - An international assessment of the environmental effects of marine energy.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wright_strengthening_2014,
  series = {Science in support of governance of wave and tidal energy developments},
  title = {Strengthening the role of science in marine governance through environmental impact assessment: a case study of the marine renewable energy industry},
  volume = {99},
  issn = {0964-5691},
  shorttitle = {Strengthening the role of science in marine governance through environmental impact assessment},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569114002099},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.07.004},
  abstract = {This paper explores the role of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in advancing the `Blue Economy'. The ability of EIA frameworks to act as the interface between science and regulation and advance scientific knowledge is assessed. This paper examines how regulators and regulatory frameworks can best use available science, as well as facilitate the generation and sharing of new scientific knowledge on environmental impacts, using the emerging Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) industry as a case study. Some reforms to traditional EIA frameworks are considered. In particular this paper represents the first contribution to the literature on the `Deploy and Monitor' and `Rochdale Envelope' approaches to EIA. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is also considered in the MRE context. It is argued that some simple reforms to EIA processes, as well as well-planned SEA, can augment the role of science, and contribute to a supportive regulatory environment that facilitates innovation whilst also protecting the environment.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:53:56},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
  author = {Wright, Glen},
  month = oct,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {23--30},
  file = {Wright - 2014 - Strengthening the role of science in marine governance through environmental.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7TGNWFRK/Wright - 2014 - Strengthening the role of science in marine governance through environmental.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kyriazi_integration_2013,
  title = {The integration of nature conservation into the marine spatial planning process},
  volume = {38},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X12001273},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.029},
  abstract = {The understanding of the role of nature conservation (NC) is used to illustrate how an integrated and sustainable approach to decision-making could be developed for planning and managing activities in the marine environment. The need for NC to be integrated in the marine spatial planning (MSP) decision-making process is highlighted in various initiatives around the world. However none of these initiatives describes a commonly applicable framework to achieve this goal. The plethora of interpretations regarding the meaning, role and position of NC in planning, makes such an attempt more complex. A good starting point in order to develop such a process is to answer the question: how NC can contribute to the achievement of sustainability in the context of MSP? In the present study the different ways that NC has been interpreted over time are explored and several definitions are analyzed, concluding that there is currently no common approach to NC in MSP initiatives. Therefore it is indicated that NC should be treated as a means to achieve good environmental status of the ecosystem, based on its spatial, economic and conflict resolution dimensions, characteristics that are common among all marine uses. Consequently, it is proposed that NC at sea should be put in a central position during the MSP processes. A schematic presentation of the concept is provided in this paper.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:08:34},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Kyriazi, Zacharoula and Maes, Frank and Rabaut, Marijn and Vincx, Magda and Degraer, Steven},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Human and natural systems interactions,Interactions,Marine spatial planning process,Multi-sectoral,Nature conservation integration},
  pages = {133--139},
  file = {Kyriazi et al - 2013 - The integration of nature conservation into the marine spatial planning process.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4K6RGUVE/Kyriazi et al - 2013 - The integration of nature conservation into the marine spatial planning process.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{collie_marine_2013,
  title = {Marine spatial planning in practice},
  volume = {117},
  issn = {0272-7714},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771412004441},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecss.2012.11.010},
  abstract = {Multiple competing uses of continental-shelf environments have led to a proliferation of marine spatial planning initiatives, together with expert guidance on marine spatial planning. This study provides an empirical review of marine spatial plans, their attributes, and the extent to which the expert guidance is actually being followed. We performed a structured review of 16 existing marine spatial plans and created an idealized marine spatial plan from the steps included in recent expert papers. A cluster analysis of the yes/no answers to 28 questions was used to ordinate the 16 marine spatial plans and to compare them with the idealized plan. All the plans that have been implemented have a high-level government mandate and the authority to implement spatial planning vested in existing institutions. Almost all the plans used data with clear criteria for data inclusion. Stakeholders were included in almost all the plans; they did not participate in all stages of the planning process but their roles were generally clearly defined. Decision-support tools were applied inconsistently across plans and were seldom used dynamically over time. Most spatial planning processes did not select specific outcomes, such as preferred use scenarios. Success is defined inconsistently across plans; in half the cases there are no metrics of success with reference benchmarks. Although monitoring is included in the majority of plans, only in some cases do monitoring results feed back into management decisions. The process of marine spatial planning had advanced in that some of the more recent plans were developed more quickly and contain more desirable attributes than earlier plans. Even so, existing marine spatial plans are heterogeneous{\textemdash}there are essential ingredients, but no single recipe for success.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:09:50},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science},
  author = {Collie, Jeremy S. and (Vic) Adamowicz, W. L. and Beck, Michael W. and Craig, Bethany and Essington, Timothy E. and Fluharty, David and Rice, Jake and Sanchirico, James N.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {decision-support tools,Ecosystem management,Marine spatial planning,performance assessment,policies,Tradeoffs},
  pages = {1--11},
  file = {Collie et al - 2013 - Marine spatial planning in practice.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/R23I9SG2/Collie et al - 2013 - Marine spatial planning in practice.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{zanuttigh_theseus_2014,
  series = {Coasts@Risks: {THESEUS}, a new wave in coastal protection},
  title = {{THESEUS} decision support system for coastal risk management},
  volume = {87},
  issn = {0378-3839},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378383913001968},
  doi = {10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.11.013},
  abstract = {While planning coastal risk management strategies, coastal managers need to assess risk across a range of spatial and temporal scales. GIS-based tools are one efficient way to support them in the decision making process through a scenarios analysis starting from social, economic and environmental information integrated into a common platform. However, this integration process requires a significant effort from a team of scientists in terms of a) identifying the appropriate scales and data resolution for analysing social, environmental and economic issues; b) selecting and linking an appropriate set of tools to build a coupled model; c) representing key emerging (and hence challenging) research issues, such as risk perception and social resilience in the model; d) developing multi-criteria analysis to integrate social, environmental, economic impacts; and e) accounting for the expectations of the stakeholders and therefore optimizing the opportunity for them to interact with the tool development and with the final tool itself.

In this spirit, this paper presents an open-source Spatial Decision Support System developed within the THESEUS Project to help decision makers to scopeg optimal strategies to minimise coastal risks. The exploratory tool allows the users to perform an integrated coastal risk assessment, to analyse the effects of different combinations of engineering, social, economic and ecologically based mitigation options, across short (2020s), medium (2050s) and long-term (2080s) scenarios, taking into account physical and non-physical drivers, such as climate change, subsidence, population and economic growth.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:51:58},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Coastal Engineering},
  author = {Zanuttigh, Barbara and Simcic, Dario and Bagli, Stefano and Bozzeda, Fabio and Pietrantoni, Luca and Zagonari, Fabio and Hoggart, Simon and Nicholls, Robert J.},
  month = may,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Decision support system,Ecology,Economy,GIS,risk assessment,Risk mitigation,Scenario analysis,Society},
  pages = {218--239},
  file = {Zanuttigh et al - 2014 - THESEUS decision support system for coastal risk management.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/U4A5FDUK/Zanuttigh et al - 2014 - THESEUS decision support system for coastal risk management.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vandermolen_predicting_2014,
  title = {Predicting the large-scale consequences of offshore wind turbine array development on a North Sea ecosystem},
  volume = {85},
  issn = {0278-4343},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278434314002003},
  doi = {10.1016/j.csr.2014.05.018},
  abstract = {Three models were applied to obtain a first assessment of some of the potential impacts of large-scale operational wind turbine arrays on the marine ecosystem in a well-mixed area in a shelf sea: a biogeochemical model, a wave propagation model and an acoustic energy flux model. The results of the models are discussed separately and together to elucidate the combined effects. Overall, all three models suggested relatively weak environmental changes for the mechanisms included in this study, however these are only a subset of all the potential impacts, and a number of assumptions had to be made. Further work is required to address these assumptions and additional mechanisms. All three models suggested most of the changes within the wind turbine array, and small changes up to several tens of km outside the array. Within the array, the acoustic model indicated the most concentrated, spatially repetitive changes to the environment, followed by the SWAN wave model, and the biogeochemical model being the most diffuse. Because of the different spatial scales of the response of the three models, the combined results suggested a spectrum of combinations of environmental changes within the wind turbine array that marine organisms might respond to. The SWAN wave model and the acoustic model suggested a reduction in changes with increasing distance between turbines. The SWAN wave model suggested that the biogeochemical model, because of the inability of its simple wave model to simulate wave propagation, over-estimated the biogeochemical changes by a factor of 2 or more. The biogeochemical model suggested that the benthic system was more sensitive to the environmental changes than the pelagic system.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:51:52},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Continental Shelf Research},
  author = {van der Molen, Johan and Smith, Helen C. M. and Lepper, Paul and Limpenny, Sian and Rees, Jon},
  month = aug,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Marine ecosystem,Model,noise,Wave,Wind farm},
  pages = {60--72},
  file = {van der Molen et al - 2014 - Predicting the large-scale consequences of offshore wind turbine array.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FACU8FFW/van der Molen et al - 2014 - Predicting the large-scale consequences of offshore wind turbine array.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tabassum-abbasi_wind_2014,
  title = {Wind energy: Increasing deployment, rising environmental concerns},
  volume = {31},
  issn = {1364-0321},
  shorttitle = {Wind energy},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032113007685},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.019},
  abstract = {Of all the renewable energy sources (RESs)\rule{1em}{1pt}except direct solar heat and light\rule{1em}{1pt}wind energy is believed to have the least adverse environmental impacts. It is also one of the RES which has become economically affordable much before several other RESs have. As a result, next to biomass (and excluding large hydro), wind energy is the RES being most extensively tapped by the world at present. Despite carrying the drawback of intermittency, wind energy has found favor due to its perceived twin virtues of relatively lesser production cost and environment-friendliness.

But with increasing use of turbines for harnessing wind energy, the adverse environmental impacts of this RES are increasingly coming to light. The present paper summarizes the current understanding of these impacts and assesses the challenges they are posing. One among the major hurdles has been the NYMBI (not in my backyard) syndrome due to which there is increasing emphasis on installing windfarms several kilometers offshore. But such moves have serious implications for marine life which is already under great stress due to impacts of overfishing, marine pollution, global warming, ozone hole and ocean acidification. Evidence is also emerging that the adverse impacts of wind power plants on wildlife, especially birds and bats, are likely to be much greater than is reflected in the hitherto reported figures of individuals killed per turbine. Likewise recent findings on the impact of noise and flicker generated by the wind turbines indicate that these can have traumatic impacts on individuals who have certain predispositions. But the greatest of emerging concerns is the likely impact of large wind farms on the weather, and possibly the climate. The prospects of wind energy are discussed in the backdrop of these and other rising environmental concerns.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:52:23},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  author = {{Tabassum-Abbasi} and Premalatha, M. and Abbasi, Tasneem and Abbasi, S. A.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {avifauna,environmental impact,Global Warming,Wildlife,Wind energy,wind turbines},
  pages = {270--288},
  file = {Tabassum-Abbasi et al - 2014 - Wind energy.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NFHV547A/Tabassum-Abbasi et al - 2014 - Wind energy.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{saidur_environmental_2011,
  title = {Environmental impact of wind energy},
  volume = {15},
  issn = {1364-0321},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032111000669},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.024},
  abstract = {Since the beginning of industrialization, energy consumption has increased far more rapidly than the number of people on the planet. It is known that the consumption of energy is amazingly high and the fossil based resources may not be able to provide energy for the whole world as these resources will be used up in the near future. Hence, renewable energy expected to play an important role in handling the demand of the energy required along with environmental pollution prevention.

The impacts of the wind energy on the environment are important to be studied before any wind firm construction or a decision is made. Although many countries showing great interest towards renewable or green energy generation, negative perception of wind energy is increasingly evident that may prevent the installation of the wind energy in some countries. This paper compiled latest literatures in terms of thesis (MS and PhD), journal articles, conference proceedings, reports, books, and web materials about the environmental impacts of wind energy. This paper also includes the comparative study of wind energy, problems, solutions and suggestion as a result of the implementation of wind turbine. Positive and negative impacts of wind energy have been broadly explained as well. It has been found that this source of energy will reduce environmental pollution and water consumption. However, it has noise pollution, visual interference and negative impacts on wildlife.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:52:46},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  author = {Saidur, R. and Rahim, N. A. and Islam, M. R. and Solangi, K. H.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Conventional energy,Environmental aspect,Wind energy},
  pages = {2423--2430},
  file = {Saidur et al - 2011 - Environmental impact of wind energy.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/VJ5PDETC/Saidur et al - 2011 - Environmental impact of wind energy.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ashley_potential_2014,
  title = {The potential of offshore windfarms to act as marine protected areas {\textendash} A systematic review of current evidence},
  volume = {45},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X13001991},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2013.09.002},
  abstract = {As offshore windfarm (OWF) construction in the UK is progressing rapidly, monitoring of the economic and ecological effects of these developments is urgently needed. This is to enable both spatial planning and where necessary mitigation in an increasingly crowded marine environment. One approach to mitigation is co-location of OWFs and marine protected areas (MPAs). This systematic review has the objective to inform this co-location proposal and identify areas requiring further research. A limited number of studies addressing marine renewable energy structures and related artificial structures in coastal waters were found. The results of these studies display a change in species assemblages at artificial structures in comparison to naturally occurring habitats. An increase in hard substrata associated species, especially benthic bivalves, crustaceans and reef associated fish and a decrease in algae abundance were the dominant trends. Assemblages associated with complex concrete structures revealed greater similarity to natural hard substrata compared to those around steel structures. To consider marine renewable energy sites, especially large scale OWFs as MPAs, the dissimilar nature of assemblages on the structures themselves to natural communities should be considered. However positive effects were recorded on the abundance of commercially important crustacean species. This suggests potential for incorporation of OWFs as no fishing, or restricted activity zones within a wider MPA to aid fisheries augmentation. The limited available evidence highlights a requirement for significant further research involving long term monitoring at a variety of sites to better inform management options.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:55:58},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Ashley, M. C. and Mangi, S. C. and Rodwell, L. D.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Co-location,Fish,fishing,Marine planning,marine protected area,Marine renewable energy},
  pages = {301--309},
  file = {Ashley et al - 2014 - The potential of offshore windfarms to act as marine protected areas – A.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/R368V7SJ/Ashley et al - 2014 - The potential of offshore windfarms to act as marine protected areas – A.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{alexander_interactive_2012,
  title = {Interactive Marine Spatial Planning: Siting Tidal Energy Arrays around the Mull of Kintyre},
  volume = {7},
  shorttitle = {Interactive Marine Spatial Planning},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030031},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0030031},
  abstract = {The rapid development of the offshore renewable energy sector has led to an increased requirement for Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) and, increasingly, this is carried out in the context of the `ecosystem approach' (EA) to management. We demonstrate a novel method to facilitate implementation of the EA. Using a real-time interactive mapping device (touch-table) and stakeholder workshops we gathered data and facilitated negotiation of spatial trade-offs at a potential site for tidal renewable energy off the Mull of Kintyre (Scotland). Conflicts between the interests of tidal energy developers and commercial and recreational users of the area were identified, and use preferences and concerns of stakeholders were highlighted. Social, cultural and spatial issues associated with conversion of common pool to private resource were also revealed. The method identified important gaps in existing spatial data and helped to fill these through interactive user inputs. The workshops developed a degree of consensus between conflicting users on the best areas for potential development suggesting that this approach should be adopted during MSP.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:13:53},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Alexander, Karen A. and Janssen, Ron and Arciniegas, Gustavo and O'Higgins, Timothy G. and Eikelboom, Tessa and Wilding, Thomas A.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {e30031},
  file = {Alexander et al - 2012 - Interactive Marine Spatial Planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/I84JXNWJ/Alexander et al - 2012 - Interactive Marine Spatial Planning.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{schillings_decision_2012,
  series = {Special Section: Fuel Poverty Comes of Age: Commemorating 21 Years of Research and Policy},
  title = {A decision support system for assessing offshore wind energy potential in the North Sea},
  volume = {49},
  issn = {0301-4215},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512005666},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.056},
  abstract = {Offshore wind energy (OWE) in the North Sea has the potential to meet large share of Europe's future electricity demand. To deploy offshore wind parks in a rational way, the overall OWE potential has to be realistically determined. This has to be done on an international, cross-border level and by taking into account the existing man-made and nature-related uses of the North Sea. As spatial conflicts will arise between existing uses and the new OWE uses, a Decision Support System (DSS) based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed. Based on data of existing sea uses and calculation rules for spatial prioritisation analysis, the DSS helps in identifying areas that are (1) generally suitable for offshore wind power, (2) strictly excluded or (3) negotiable with respect to other existing sea uses. The combination of this conflict analysis together with cost assumptions for offshore wind farms and their expected electricity yield leads to identification of favourable areas for OWE deployment in the North Sea. This approach helps to reduce the conflict between offshore wind deployment and existing sea uses in the North Sea for future planning. The results can assist decision makers in developing transnational roadmaps for OWE.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:23:22},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  author = {Schillings, Christoph and Wanderer, Thomas and Cameron, Lachlan and van der Wal, Jan Tjalling and Jacquemin, Jerome and Veum, Karina},
  month = oct,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {Decision support system,North Sea,Offshore wind energy},
  pages = {541--551},
  file = {Schillings et al - 2012 - A decision support system for assessing offshore wind energy potential in the.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/36TZMCKZ/Schillings et al - 2012 - A decision support system for assessing offshore wind energy potential in the.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{janssen_decision_2015a,
  title = {Decision support tools for collaborative marine spatial planning: identifying potential sites for tidal energy devices around the Mull of Kintyre, Scotland},
  volume = {58},
  issn = {0964-0568},
  shorttitle = {Decision support tools for collaborative marine spatial planning},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.887561},
  doi = {10.1080/09640568.2014.887561},
  abstract = {The expansion of offshore renewable energy production, such as wind, wave and tidal energy, is likely to lead to conflict between different users of the sea. Two types of spatial decision support tools were developed to support stakeholder workshops. A value mapping tool combines regional attributes with local knowledge. A negotiation support tool uses these value maps to support stakeholders in finding acceptable locations for tidal energy devices. Interactive value mapping proved useful to address deficiencies in data and to create credibility for these maps. The negotiation tool helped stakeholders in balancing objectives of the various stakeholders.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:12:04},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Planning and Management},
  author = {Janssen, Ron and Arciniegas, Gustavo and Alexander, Karen A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {719--737},
  file = {Janssen et al - 2015 - Decision support tools for collaborative marine spatial planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/J2X5S4JQ/Janssen et al - 2015 - Decision support tools for collaborative marine spatial planning.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/AERQU3EC/09640568.2014.html:text/html}
}

@article{kim_catching_2012,
  title = {Catching the Right Wave: Evaluating Wave Energy Resources and Potential Compatibility with Existing Marine and Coastal Uses},
  volume = {7},
  shorttitle = {Catching the Right Wave},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047598},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0047598},
  abstract = {Many hope that ocean waves will be a source for clean, safe, reliable and affordable energy, yet wave energy conversion facilities may affect marine ecosystems through a variety of mechanisms, including competition with other human uses. We developed a decision-support tool to assist siting wave energy facilities, which allows the user to balance the need for profitability of the facilities with the need to minimize conflicts with other ocean uses. Our wave energy model quantifies harvestable wave energy and evaluates the net present value (NPV) of a wave energy facility based on a capital investment analysis. The model has a flexible framework and can be easily applied to wave energy projects at local, regional, and global scales. We applied the model and compatibility analysis on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada to provide information for ongoing marine spatial planning, including potential wave energy projects. In particular, we conducted a spatial overlap analysis with a variety of existing uses and ecological characteristics, and a quantitative compatibility analysis with commercial fisheries data. We found that wave power and harvestable wave energy gradually increase offshore as wave conditions intensify. However, areas with high economic potential for wave energy facilities were closer to cable landing points because of the cost of bringing energy ashore and thus in nearshore areas that support a number of different human uses. We show that the maximum combined economic benefit from wave energy and other uses is likely to be realized if wave energy facilities are sited in areas that maximize wave energy NPV and minimize conflict with existing ocean uses. Our tools will help decision-makers explore alternative locations for wave energy facilities by mapping expected wave energy NPV and helping to identify sites that provide maximal returns yet avoid spatial competition with existing ocean uses.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:05:08},
  number = {11},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Kim, Choong-Ki and Toft, Jodie E. and Papenfus, Michael and Verutes, Gregory and Guerry, Anne D. and Ruckelshaus, Marry H. and Arkema, Katie K. and Guannel, Gregory and Wood, Spencer A. and Bernhardt, Joanna R. and Tallis, Heather and Plummer, Mark L. and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Pinsky, Malin L. and Beck, Michael W. and Chan, Francis and Chan, Kai M. A. and Levin, Phil S. and Polasky, Stephen},
  month = nov,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {e47598},
  file = {Kim et al - 2012 - Catching the Right Wave.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WHA528QF/Kim et al - 2012 - Catching the Right Wave.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{campbell_mapping_2014,
  title = {Mapping fisheries for marine spatial planning: Gear-specific vessel monitoring system ({VMS}), marine conservation and offshore renewable energy},
  volume = {45},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {Mapping fisheries for marine spatial planning},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X13002121},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2013.09.015},
  abstract = {Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data from 2005 to 2008 in ICES Divisions VIIe-h were used to assess the distribution and intensity of fishing activity in and around the western English Channel, one of the most intensively used marine areas on the planet. The distribution of the UK fleet of large (\&gt;15 m length) fishing vessels was analysed and clear gear-specific temporal and spatial differences in activity were found. Mobile demersal gears had the highest intensity and widest distribution of activity in the study area, and so might be expected to have the most widespread ecosystem-level impacts. The potential effects of two proposed fisheries closures; a planned wave energy testing facility (Wave Hub) and a candidate offshore Marine Protected Area (Haig Fras) are described. Maps indicate that mobile demersal gear fleets would be little affected if they were excluded from these proposed closures, but if the static gear fleets were excluded this would likely result in displacement of certain vessels, increasing fishing pressure on other rocky grounds and other fishers. Predictions concerning the effects of fisheries displacement can be improved through the use of high-resolution gear-specific activity data. This study shows that VMS can provide an invaluable source of such data, provided that gear information is made available to fisheries managers and scientists.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:54:44},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Campbell, Maria S. and Stehfest, Kilian M. and Votier, Stephen C. and Hall-Spencer, Jason M.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Displacement,Gear type,marine protected area,Marine renewable energy,Marine spatial planning,vessel monitoring system},
  pages = {293--300},
  file = {Campbell et al - 2014 - Mapping fisheries for marine spatial planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5H4CU5FH/Campbell et al - 2014 - Mapping fisheries for marine spatial planning.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hattam_social_2014,
  title = {Social impacts of a temperate fisheries closure: understanding stakeholders' views},
  volume = {45},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {Social impacts of a temperate fisheries closure},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X13002029},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2013.09.005},
  abstract = {The social dimensions of marine protected areas (MPAs) play an important role in MPA success, yet these social dimensions are little understood. We explore the social impacts arising from the establishment of an MPA using Lyme Bay (south west England) as a case study. Through a series of small group semi-structured interviews the social impacts experienced by fishermen (mobile and static gear), recreational users (divers and sea anglers) and recreation service providers (charter boat and dive businesses) were explored. The social impacts expressed varied according to activity in which the stakeholder group engaged. Negative themes included lengthening fishing trips, tension and conflict, fishermen identity, equity and uncertainty in the long-term. Positive themes included improved experiences for both commercial fishermen and recreational users, and expectations for long-term benefits. These impacts need to be understood because they influence stakeholder behaviour. Failure to interpret stakeholder responses may lead to poor decision-making and worsening stakeholder relations. These findings have implications for the success of the MPA in Lyme Bay, but also for the future network of marine conservation zones around the UK. Any assessment of MPA impacts must therefore identify social as well as economic and environmental change.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 17:56:25},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Hattam, C. E. and Mangi, S. C. and Gall, S. C. and Rodwell, L. D.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Conflict,Equity,Identity,Long-term benefits,marine protected area,Social impact assessment},
  pages = {269--278},
  file = {Hattam et al - 2014 - Social impacts of a temperate fisheries closure.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/R3BC7JVU/Hattam et al - 2014 - Social impacts of a temperate fisheries closure.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ghermandi_global_2013,
  series = {Sustainable Urbanisation: A resilient future},
  title = {A global map of coastal recreation values: Results from a spatially explicit meta-analysis},
  volume = {86},
  issn = {0921-8009},
  shorttitle = {A global map of coastal recreation values},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800912004284},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.11.006},
  abstract = {This paper examines the welfare dimension of the recreational services of coastal ecosystems. First, we construct a global database of primary valuation studies that focus on recreational benefits of coastal ecosystems. Second, the profile of each of the 253 individual observations is enriched with characteristics of the built coastal environment (accessibility, anthropogenic pressure, human development level), natural coastal environment (presence of protected area, ecosystem type, marine biodiversity), geo-climatic factors (temperature, precipitation), and sociopolitical context. We then propose a meta-analytical framework that is built upon a Geographic Information System (GIS) and allow for the exploration of the spatial dimension of the valued ecosystems, including the role of spatial heterogeneity of the selected meta-regression variables as well as the spatial profile of the transferred values. The empirical outcome results in the first global map of the values of coastal recreation, which may play a crucial role in identifying and ranking coastal area conservation priorities from a socio-economic perspective.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:03:01},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ecological Economics},
  author = {Ghermandi, Andrea and Nunes, Paulo A. L. D.},
  month = feb,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Built coastal environment,Ecosystem service valuation,GIS,Meta-analytical value transfer,Natural coastal environment,Spatial economic valuation},
  pages = {1--15},
  file = {Ghermandi_Nunes - 2013 - A global map of coastal recreation values.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/XCJXM3NM/Ghermandi_Nunes - 2013 - A global map of coastal recreation values.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{guillet_systemic_2012,
  title = {Systemic Spatial Decision Support Systems: An integrated, computer-aided tool for biodiversity conservation},
  volume = {146},
  issn = {1126-3504},
  shorttitle = {Systemic Spatial Decision Support Systems},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2012.740087},
  doi = {10.1080/11263504.2012.740087},
  abstract = {In the last decades, biodiversity is facing many threats related to the expansion and development of human populations. With the aim of mainstreaming conservation together with sustainable development, several conflicting necessities related to the economic, social, environmental and institutional objectives of the society have to be balanced within complex decision-making contexts. Conventional approaches hardly cope with these demands, and therefore conceptual models are required for understanding ecosystems form and functions and how human activities impact on them. International organisations committed to conservation and development initiatives have recognised the importance and effectiveness of an integrated, participative and adaptive approach to ecosystem management. In this perspective, computerised tools to facilitate an overall view and support informed and aware decisions are required. The Systemic Spatial Decision Support System, here presented, is a comprehensive tool for a holistic, multi-scale, spatially explicit and tailor-made approach to such complex decisional environments. The core methodology builds upon several years of experience in international conservation and development projects supported by the Italian Development Cooperation, and is complemented by an ad hoc, easily customisable software shell. Its characteristics provide an ideal framework for an effective administration of biodiversity conservation initiatives, as well as for training and consolidating expert knowledge.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:24:50},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology},
  author = {Guillet, A. and Malatesta, L. and Falcetta, M. and Attorre, F.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {814--826},
  file = {Guillet et al - 2012 - Systemic Spatial Decision Support Systems.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/RNVXSM97/Guillet et al - 2012 - Systemic Spatial Decision Support Systems.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BPZU3CBX/11263504.2012.html:text/html}
}

@article{comer_incorporating_2015,
  title = {Incorporating geodiversity into conservation decisions},
  volume = {29},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2015 Society for Conservation Biology},
  issn = {1523-1739},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/cobi.12508/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/cobi.12508},
  abstract = {In a rapidly changing climate, conservation practitioners could better use geodiversity in a broad range of conservation decisions. We explored selected avenues through which this integration might improve decision making and organized them within the adaptive management cycle of assessment, planning, implementation, and monitoring. Geodiversity is seldom referenced in predominant environmental law and policy. With most natural resource agencies mandated to conserve certain categories of species, agency personnel are challenged to find ways to practically implement new directives aimed at coping with climate change while retaining their species-centered mandate. Ecoregions and ecological classifications provide clear mechanisms to consider geodiversity in plans or decisions, the inclusion of which will help foster the resilience of conservation to climate change. Methods for biodiversity assessment, such as gap analysis, climate change vulnerability analysis, and ecological process modeling, can readily accommodate inclusion of a geophysical component. We adapted others' approaches for characterizing landscapes along a continuum of climate change vulnerability for the biota they support from resistant, to resilient, to susceptible, and to sensitive and then summarized options for integrating geodiversity into planning in each landscape type. In landscapes that are relatively resistant to climate change, options exist to fully represent geodiversity while ensuring that dynamic ecological processes can change over time. In more susceptible landscapes, strategies aiming to maintain or restore ecosystem resilience and connectivity are paramount. Implementing actions on the ground requires understanding of geophysical constraints on species and an increasingly nimble approach to establishing management and restoration goals. Because decisions that are implemented today will be revisited and amended into the future, increasingly sophisticated forms of monitoring and adaptation will be required to ensure that conservation efforts fully consider the value of geodiversity for supporting biodiversity in the face of a changing climate.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:49:28},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Comer, Patrick J. and Pressey, Robert L. and Hunter, Malcolm L. and Schloss, Carrie A. and Buttrick, Steven C. and Heller, Nicole E. and Tirpak, John M. and Faith, Daniel P. and Cross, Molly S. and Shaffer, Mark L.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {abiotic diversity,adaptive management,Conservation planning,conservation policy,diversidad abi{\'o}tica,diversidad ecol{\'o}gica,Ecological diversity,manejo adaptativo,planeaci{\'o}n de la conservaci{\'o}n,pol{\'\i}tica de conservaci{\'o}n},
  pages = {692--701},
  file = {Comer et al - 2015 - Incorporating geodiversity into conservation decisions.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NJK64HNG/Comer et al - 2015 - Incorporating geodiversity into conservation decisions.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GBXR575M/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{kane_communicating_2014,
  series = {Coasts@Risks: {THESEUS}, a new wave in coastal protection},
  title = {Communicating risk through a {DSS}: A coastal risk centred empirical analysis},
  volume = {87},
  issn = {0378-3839},
  shorttitle = {Communicating risk through a {DSS}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378383914000167},
  doi = {10.1016/j.coastaleng.2014.01.007},
  abstract = {Risk communication has recently evolved from the design of unidirectional (from scientists to the public) information flow toward a more integrative deliberative procedures (involving scientists, policymakers, stakeholders and the general public) aimed at reconciling diverging social constructs of risk. Furthermore, risk communication is seen now as an activity that is transverse to the risk governance process as a whole. Risk communication is therefore part of the preassessment, appraisal, characterization/evaluation and management phases of risk governance. At the same time the development of risk management Decision Support Systems are increasingly geared at facilitating decision making while taking into account and streamlining all the phases of the risk governance process. These recent trends lead to a redefinition of the role of risk communication in the context of the development of DSS.

This paper explores these issues by analysing how risk communication can be integrated into THESEUS's DSS. A first step of this analysis consists of applying grounded theory to analyse stakeholders' perception in three of THESEUS's application settings. We then compare this theorization to the grounded theorization of the foundational model of THESEUS's DSS. The result of this comparison points to diverging, yet not incompatible, paradigmatic views on the nature of coastal risks. These divergences are further analysed through semi-structured interviews with key informants involved in the development of the DSS.

Building on these results we develop a communication scheme that should allow a progressive convergence of paradigmatic views occurring through the use of the DSS; we are thus proposing that the DSS in itself be a locus where risk communication as a deliberative practice occurs. In order to achieve this we propose that the cognitive pathways followed by DSS users be proactively designed and involves integrative exchanges between designers, users and policy makers.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:54:22},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Coastal Engineering},
  author = {Kane, Idrissa Oumar and Vanderlinden, Jean-Paul and Baztan, Juan and Touili, Nabil and Claus, Simon},
  month = may,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Decision support system,perception,Resilience,Risk communication,Social representation,Vulnerability},
  pages = {240--248},
  file = {Kane et al - 2014 - Communicating risk through a DSS.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WX57FX3Q/Kane et al - 2014 - Communicating risk through a DSS.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{penning-rowsell_innovation_2014,
  series = {Coasts@Risks: {THESEUS}, a new wave in coastal protection},
  title = {Innovation in coastal risk management: An exploratory analysis of risk governance issues at eight {THESEUS} study sites},
  volume = {87},
  issn = {0378-3839},
  shorttitle = {Innovation in coastal risk management},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378383913002111},
  doi = {10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.12.005},
  abstract = {The nature of coastal risk management is changing, away from an engineering-dominated approach seeking to defend against the sea, to one where risks are managed using a portfolio of measures usually incorporating an acceptance of a finite standards of protection. Inherent in the modern approach is the use of new techniques and approaches, and the process of innovation is important to their adoption across Europe. This paper is based on the hypothesis that governance issues can constrain that process of innovation or enhance it, and that the focus of these governance issues concerns institutional arrangements, legal capabilities, funding regimes and stakeholder engagement. Over a period of three years, two questionnaire surveys have been undertaken of the `Stakeholders' and the `Site Champions' involved in THESEUS research sites, including in-depth interviews, seeking information on these matters across the wide range of circumstances in these different geographical locations. Our tentative conclusion is that technical issues concerned with risk assessment and risk reduction choices are not central to the process of innovation with regard to the practice of risk management, but that institutional culture, traditions and capabilities are of greater significance. This resonates with the literature on governance and innovation, which stresses the importance of the social context in which governance arrangements can be improved and in which innovation flourishes.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:55:00},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Coastal Engineering},
  author = {Penning-Rowsell, Edmund C. and de Vries, Wout S. and Parker, Dennis J. and Zanuttigh, Barbara and Simmonds, David and Trifonova, Ekaterina and Hissel, Fran{\c c}ois and Monbaliu, Jaak and Lendzion, Jacek and Ohle, Nino and Diaz, Pedro and Bouma, Tjeerd},
  month = may,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Innovative coastal risk management,Risk governance,THESEUS EU study sites},
  pages = {210--217},
  file = {Penning-Rowsell et al - 2014 - Innovation in coastal risk management.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/C9X7VMUT/Penning-Rowsell et al - 2014 - Innovation in coastal risk management.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{klein_ecosystem_2015,
  series = {Best Practices for Mapping Ecosystem Services},
  title = {Ecosystem services visualization and communication: A demand analysis approach for designing information and conceptualizing decision support systems},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {2212-0416},
  shorttitle = {Ecosystem services visualization and communication},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212041615000248},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.02.006},
  abstract = {The concept of ecosystem services (ES) is broadly established in research and in communities of interest. The European Commission (EU) has embraced these conceptual approaches in order to provide policy makers with decision-supportive information concerning the supply of and demand for ES. It is, however, not yet clear how ES information should be represented to fulfill decision-supportive functions or even to process the data in such a manner that it is understandable. Knowledge about the ideal representation and communication of ES information integrated into decision support systems (DSSs) is particularly key for guiding users through such systems. In order to determine the correct representation type for a given situation and intended use, we developed a demand analysis, distributed through an online survey, to identify user demands for ES information. A principal component analysis depicts that requirements were highly heterogeneous among respondents of this study. Five components describing the representation type can, however, be identified, depending on the situation of application and the intended use of the ES information by the respondents: (1) 3D landscape visualizations are preferred for analyzing and exploring ES-related information; (2) texts and abstracts are preferred for communication and discussion support; (3) thematic 2D map representations are preferred to support scenario development in public applications; (4) abstract 3D landscape visualizations facilitate estimations in group applications; and (5) charts and tables, in combination with thematic 2D map representations, support analyses. However, while certain representation types are function- and/or situation-specific, no representation type can be used as a panacea. A demand analysis, as presented in this paper, can contribute to the definition of how ES information is to be integrated into DSSs and how it needs to be designed to be (decision-) supportive.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:56:07},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ecosystem Services},
  author = {Klein, T. M. and Celio, E. and Gr{\^e}t-Regamey, A.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {3D landscape visualization,Decision support system,Demand analysis,Ecosystem services,Environmental information communication},
  pages = {173--183},
  file = {Klein et al - 2015 - Ecosystem services visualization and communication.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/T3M59NC6/Klein et al - 2015 - Ecosystem services visualization and communication.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lieske_framework_2012,
  title = {Towards a Framework for Designing Spatial and Non-Spatial Visualizations for Communicating Climate Change Risks},
  volume = {66},
  issn = {1195-1036},
  url = {http://pubs.cig-acsg.ca/doi/abs/10.5623/cig2012-006},
  doi = {10.5623/cig2012-006},
  abstract = {Hazards related to climate change (e.g., intensified storms, coastal flooding associated with sea level rise) are globally pervasive yet geographically-specific problems that demand societal response. Unfortunately, studies have shown that people are often unaware of (or inaccurately perceive) the true risk, thereby limiting their motivation to take steps to lower their vulnerability. Visualization of the anticipated impacts (either spatially or non-spatially) has an important role to play in risk communication, potentially avoiding peoples' cognitive biases, helping to focus their attention, and allowing them to personally evaluate the evidence. In this paper, key findings of the risk perception literature are presented and a conceptual framework provided to help guide: (1) the identification of important information requirements (anticipating the influence of psychological effects); (2) the selection and design of visualizations; and (3) the assessment of the effectiveness of visualizations for enhancing perception of risk and inspiring a public willingness to adapt. A case study involving coastal flooding in South-East New Brunswick is referred to throughout.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:00:19},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {{GEOMATICA}},
  author = {Lieske, David J.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {27--36},
  file = {Lieske - 2012 - Towards a Framework for Designing Spatial and Non-Spatial Visualizations for.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/XK9FUXD4/Lieske - 2012 - Towards a Framework for Designing Spatial and Non-Spatial Visualizations for.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/KIPDVJCX/cig2012-006.html:text/html}
}

@article{lieske_coping_2015a,
  title = {Coping with climate change: The role of spatial decision support tools in facilitating community adaptation},
  volume = {68},
  issn = {1364-8152},
  shorttitle = {Coping with climate change},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815215000547},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.02.005},
  abstract = {Climate change challenges communities to visualize spatial patterns of risk, assess their vulnerability to those risks, and prepare adaptation plans to lower vulnerability. This paper outlines the design and implementation of a prototype web-based spatial decision support system (SDSS), referred to as the Community Adaptation Viewer (CAV), to assist adaptation planning. Thin-client, Javascript enabled web-SDSS software was constructed to allow interaction with urban infrastructure, and support ``on-the-fly'' assessment of social and economic vulnerability. Facilitated, decision-making workshops were conducted with small groups of stakeholders to evaluate the effectiveness of the prototype. The test case illustrates that high levels of information integration are practical to achieve, and that the SDSS can significantly enhance the ability of communities to conduct elaborate, geographically-specific climate change adaptation planning. Given the long time frame required to fulfil some adaptation plans, it is crucial that communities begin to develop and invest in adaptation strategies as soon as possible.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:00:51},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software},
  author = {Lieske, David J.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Adaptation,climate change,Flood risk,Spatial decision support,Web-based software},
  pages = {98--109},
  file = {Lieske - 2015 - Coping with climate change.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/UNR9NSJR/Lieske - 2015 - Coping with climate change.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gleason_designing_2013,
  series = {Special Issue on California's Marine Protected Area Network Planning Process},
  title = {Designing a network of marine protected areas in California: Achievements, costs, lessons learned, and challenges ahead},
  volume = {74},
  issn = {0964-5691},
  shorttitle = {Designing a network of marine protected areas in California},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096456911200230X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.08.013},
  abstract = {The State of California recently planned and is implementing a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) in state waters as mandated by the Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA). A public{\textendash}private partnership (the MLPA Initiative) completed four regional public MPA planning processes characterized by robust stakeholder contributions and the incorporation of best readily available science. Prior to enactment of the MLPA in 1999, less than 3\% of California state waters were in MPAs, and most of those MPAs were small and lacked clear objectives. By 2013, approximately 16\% of state waters will be in 124 MPAs that represent and replicate most marine and estuarine habitats and are designed to be ecologically-connected. The redesigned statewide network of MPAs improves marine ecosystem protection in California, advanced the science and practice of designing MPA networks, and increased the awareness and capacity of stakeholders, scientists and decision-makers for marine spatial planning. The public planning effort took almost seven years and significant financial investment (approximately \$19.5 million in private charitable foundation funds and \$18.5 million in public funds). Not all stakeholders were pleased with the outcomes and the planning processes faced many challenges. While the design of the MPA network aimed to meet science and feasibility guidelines, final decisions on MPAs in each region reflected tradeoffs needed to garner public acceptance and support for implementation. The MLPA Initiative offers some key lessons about implementing policy through a public planning process. While California is developing mechanisms for assessing effectiveness of the MPA network in coming years, including establishing a MPA Monitoring Enterprise and a process for periodic review and adaptive management of MPAs, significant challenges remain for effective implementation.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:20:18},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
  author = {Gleason, Mary and Fox, Evan and Ashcraft, Susan and Vasques, Jason and Whiteman, Elizabeth and Serpa, Paulo and Saarman, Emily and Caldwell, Meg and Frimodig, Adam and Miller-Henson, Melissa and Kirlin, John and Ota, Becky and Pope, Elizabeth and Weber, Mike and Wiseman, Ken},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {90--101},
  file = {Gleason et al - 2013 - Designing a network of marine protected areas in California.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/RJQKDS2B/Gleason et al - 2013 - Designing a network of marine protected areas in California.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{white_comparison_2013,
  series = {Special Issue on California's Marine Protected Area Network Planning Process},
  title = {A comparison of approaches used for economic analysis in marine protected area network planning in California},
  volume = {74},
  issn = {0964-5691},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569112001597},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.06.006},
  abstract = {In addition to fostering biodiversity goals, marine protected area (MPA) implementation has economic consequences for both commercial and recreational fisheries. During the implementation of the State of California (USA) Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA), which mandates the creation of an MPA network in California's state waters, the stakeholders and policymakers utilized a pair of economic analyses that addressed these considerations. One was a comparative, static assessment of short-term, ``worst case'' potential socioeconomic impacts to important fisheries based on surveys of local fishermen. This analysis made no assumptions about fishery management outside of MPAs, assumed no spillover of fish from MPAs into fished areas or reallocation of fishing effort, and estimated the maximum potential dollar-value economic impacts over a short time scale. The other was a dynamic, bioeconomic assessment of the changes in spatial distribution of biomass and catch, based on published biological parameter values, oceanographic models of larval connectivity, and a range of possible levels of fishing. This analysis explicitly accounted for fish population dynamics, spillover, fisher movement, and fishery management outside of the MPAs, but was limited to long-term, equilibrium-based results because of a lack of baseline abundance data. Both evaluation methods were novel in their spatial resolution and their use directly in an MPA design process, rather than after implementation. The two methods produced broadly similar (at a regional spatial scale) evaluations of the likely effects of proposed MPAs on fisheries, at least when the bioeconomic model assumed fishery management was conservative. Our experience with these analyses in the MLPA Initiative process led to several suggestions for future MPA design efforts: (i) since the change in fish biomass inside MPAs partly depends on fisheries management outside of them, it is useful to integrate or coordinate conventional fishery management and MPA planning efforts; (ii) integrate modeling assessments early into MPA design, as part of a post-implementation adaptive management approach; and (iii) integrate empirical fishery data into bioeconomic models in order to improve representations of human behavior and short-term forecasts of changes in fished populations.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:20:46},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
  author = {White, J. Wilson and Scholz, Astrid J. and Rassweiler, Andrew and Steinback, Charles and Botsford, Louis W. and Kruse, Sarah and Costello, Christopher and Mitarai, Satoshi and Siegel, David A. and Drake, Patrick T. and Edwards, Christopher A.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {77--89},
  file = {White et al - 2013 - A comparison of approaches used for economic analysis in marine protected area.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/TZ2M6CV3/White et al - 2013 - A comparison of approaches used for economic analysis in marine protected area.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{saarman_role_2013,
  series = {Special Issue on California's Marine Protected Area Network Planning Process},
  title = {The role of science in supporting marine protected area network planning and design in California},
  volume = {74},
  issn = {0964-5691},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569112002384},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.08.021},
  abstract = {Marine protected areas (MPAs) can be an effective tool for marine conservation, especially if conservation goals are clearly identified and MPAs are designed in accordance with ecological principles to meet those goals. In California (USA), the Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) Initiative led four regional public planning processes to design a statewide network of MPAs. The MLPA planning processes were carefully structured to provide a clearly-defined and important role for science and scientists. Over 50 scientists contributed directly to this MPA planning effort as members of a Science Advisory Team or in other capacities. Stakeholders were charged with developing alternative MPA proposals in each region, while scientists served as advisors and evaluated MPA proposals against science-based guidelines. Four key conditions supported the successful integration of science into the MPA network planning effort. First, the MLPA legislation provided a strong legal mandate for the use of the best readily available science and policy-makers strongly supported scientific input and the use of science-based MPA design guidelines. Second, the structure of the public planning process clearly identified the role of scientists and enabled a transparent and participatory process that promoted the use of science. Third, simple science-based MPA design guidelines provided benchmarks for assessing the likely effectiveness of alternative MPA proposals at achieving MLPA goals. Finally, scientists were engaged extensively and were responsive to the evolving informational needs of each regional MPA planning process. The redesigned statewide network of MPAs generally reflects the successful integration of science and science-based MPA design guidelines into a public policy process.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:21:35},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
  author = {Saarman, Emily and Gleason, Mary and Ugoretz, John and Airam{\'e}, Satie and Carr, Mark and Fox, Evan and Frimodig, Adam and Mason, Tom and Vasques, Jason},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {45--56},
  file = {Saarman et al - 2013 - The role of science in supporting marine protected area network planning and.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/VR6W2FPF/Saarman et al - 2013 - The role of science in supporting marine protected area network planning and.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{fox_addressing_2013,
  series = {Special Issue on California's Marine Protected Area Network Planning Process},
  title = {Addressing policy issues in a stakeholder-based and science-driven marine protected area network planning process},
  volume = {74},
  issn = {0964-5691},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569112001676},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.07.007},
  abstract = {The California Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) Initiative (Initiative) was a public-private partnership focused on designing a statewide network of marine protected areas (MPAs) to increase coherence and effectiveness in protecting the state's marine life, habitats, and ecosystems through a public planning process. In pursuing this core charge, the Initiative had to consider a range of other (non-MPA) policy issues and develop approaches to ensure that MPA network planning continued unimpeded, while also facilitating the consideration of issues deemed outside of California's MPA planning process. This paper explores the strategies used to address policy issues that arose in MPA planning and provides examples from six specific topic areas: fisheries management, water quality, military use areas, marine bird and mammal protection, dredging and maintenance, and tribal gathering activities. Each of these topics helps illustrate a different strategy utilized, including engaging policy issues early, providing additional evaluations, engaging additional support, putting complimentary issues on a parallel track, utilizing flexibility in statutes, and ensuring frequent and direct stakeholder communication. Considering how multiple issues were addressed in a MPA planning process provides important insights for more integrated coastal and marine spatial planning.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:22:16},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
  author = {Fox, Evan and Hastings, Sean and Miller-Henson, Melissa and Monie, Dominique and Ugoretz, John and Frimodig, Adam and Shuman, Craig and Owens, Brian and Garwood, Rebecca and Connor, Darci and Serpa, Paulo and Gleason, Mary},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {34--44},
  file = {Fox et al - 2013 - Addressing policy issues in a stakeholder-based and science-driven marine.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/RJXF452B/Fox et al - 2013 - Addressing policy issues in a stakeholder-based and science-driven marine.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sayce_traditional_2013,
  series = {Special Issue on California's Marine Protected Area Network Planning Process},
  title = {Beyond traditional stakeholder engagement: Public participation roles in California's statewide marine protected area planning process},
  volume = {74},
  issn = {0964-5691},
  shorttitle = {Beyond traditional stakeholder engagement},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569112002062},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.06.012},
  abstract = {Public participation was one of the hallmarks of the California Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) Initiative, a planning process to support the redesign of California's system of marine protected areas (MPAs). The MLPA Initiative implemented innovative and unconventional public outreach and engagement strategies to assist local communities share relevant knowledge and data, and provide timely and targeted contributions to MPA planning discussions. This collaborative model helped broaden traditional forms of participation to ensure public input received and integrated into MPA planning legitimately reflected the interests and priorities of California's coastal communities. A number of considerations were critical to the success of this collaborative approach, including: understanding the needs and limitations of public audiences; working directly with communities to identify appropriate outreach and engagement strategies; prioritizing strategies that supported a multi-directional exchange of information; adapting strategies based on public feedback and internal lessons learned; and hiring professional public engagement specialists. Strategies evolved over time and increased the level and quality of public participation over this multi-stage planning process. Experiences gained from the MLPA Initiative can be used to encourage consideration of collaborative participation in other environmental planning and decision-making processes.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:22:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
  author = {Sayce, Kelly and Shuman, Craig and Connor, Darci and Reisewitz, Annie and Pope, Elizabeth and Miller-Henson, Melissa and Poncelet, Eric and Moni{\'e}, Dominique and Owens, Brian},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {57--66},
  file = {Sayce et al - 2013 - Beyond traditional stakeholder engagement.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BIEQAC8S/Sayce et al - 2013 - Beyond traditional stakeholder engagement.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@incollection{murphy_criterium_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {Criterium {DecisionPlus}},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_3},
  abstract = {Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) supports decision-making when multiple conflicting criteria must be considered. Whether a decision involves choosing a single alternative (e.g., where to site a water treatment plant) or the prioritization of many alternatives (e.g., on what subset of stream reaches should restoration be focused), MCDA provides a methodology to structure and analyze the decision process. An MCDA engine has been integrated in the EMDS since 2002. As part of the EMDS workflow, MCDA models created using the Criterium DecisionPlus (CDP) authoring tool can be run against map features in a study area, to generate analysis graphs, tables and maps showing the decision model outputs. This chapter introduces MCDA and discusses considerations both when designing MCDA models using CDP, and running them in the EMDS.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Murphy, Philip J.},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {AHP,CDP,Decisions,environmental management,evaluation,MCDA,Nature Conservation,Prioritization,SMART},
  pages = {35--60},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/JFCH5W4U/978-3-642-32000-2_3.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{saunders_netweaver_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {{NetWeaver}},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_2},
  abstract = {NetWeaver is one of the foundational technologies of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system. NetWeaver's graphical interface, real time evaluations, fuzzy-logic-based measures of uncertainty, and overall ease of use led to it being chosen as a major component of EMDS. By way of background on this stand-alone knowledge engineering tool, and in order to provide enhanced perspective on EMDS and its inner workings, we first present a description of the origins of NetWeaver, and how and why it was developed.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Saunders, Michael C. and Miller, Bruce J.},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Decision support,environmental management,Fuzzy logic,Nature Conservation,NetWeaver},
  pages = {23--33},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GWU6JB7D/978-3-642-32000-2_2.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{keane_evaluating_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {Evaluating Wildfire Hazard and Risk for Fire Management Applications},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_6},
  abstract = {At several spatial scales, fire managers need accurate and comprehensive assessments of wildfire hazard and risk. Assessments are needed to plan, prioritize, and implement management actions, which can range from pro-active prescribed burning to real-time fire suppression. They can be complex, taking many forms and using few to many variables. Past fire hazard and risk assessment projects often lacked a proper decision support platform (see ``An Overview of the Ecosystem Management Decision-Support System'') on which to objectively evaluate decision costs, benefits, and trade-offs. However, decision support systems (DSS), like the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System (EMDS), now make such analysis readily within reach. Future fire management decisions will no doubt make increasing use of DSSs in decision-making. This chapter summarizes various methods of computing fire hazard and risk. Then, we present two projects that use EMDS to prioritize resources for regional and national fire management application. Finally, we discuss additional fire hazard and risk modeling research needs.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Keane, Robert E. and Menakis, James P. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Reynolds, Keith M. and Dickinson, James D.},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {EMDS,environmental management,Forest fuels management,Nature Conservation,Spatial decision support,Wildfire hazard,Wildfire risk,Wildland fire},
  pages = {111--133},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GV2CSNJ3/978-3-642-32000-2_6.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{reynolds_overview_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {An Overview of the Ecosystem Management Decision-Support System},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_1},
  abstract = {By way of introduction, this chapter provides a general overview of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system, including a brief account of its development history, key factors that have motivated its development, and more central topics such as concepts, principles, and functionality. We conclude the chapter with discussions on applications involving multiple spatial scales, ways in which the technology can support the modern planning process, critical design factors behind the relative success of the system, and experiences drawn from design and use of the system.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F.},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Decision model,Ecosystem management decision support,EMDS,Environmental analysis,environmental management,Logic model,Nature Conservation,Planning,Spatial decision support},
  pages = {3--22},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NBHX3ZWZ/978-3-642-32000-2_1.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{bourgeron_integrated_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {The Integrated Restoration and Protection Strategy of {USDA} Forest Service Region 1: A Road Map to Improved Planning},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  shorttitle = {The Integrated Restoration and Protection Strategy of {USDA} Forest Service Region 1},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_5},
  abstract = {Core design components of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support system were used to develop and implement the integrated restoration and protection strategy of the Northern Region of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Scenarios that spatially optimized hazardous fuel reduction, protected developed recreation values, and improved watershed conditions are presented to illustrate how the evaluation and decision modeling capabilities of the decision support system can be used sequentially in both strategic and tactical planning.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Bourgeron, Patrick and Humphries, Hope and Fisher, Chip and Bollenbacher, Barry and Reynolds, Keith},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Departure analysis,EMDS,environmental management,Landscape analysis,Nature Conservation,Restoration planning,Spatial decision support,Vegetation pattern,vegetation structure},
  pages = {93--110},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Q8NKB6E5/978-3-642-32000-2_5.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{wainwright_measuring_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {Measuring Biological Sustainability via a Decision Support System: Experiences with Oregon Coast Coho Salmon},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  shorttitle = {Measuring Biological Sustainability via a Decision Support System},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_12},
  abstract = {Conservation of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) has become increasingly important as major populations have declined in abundance to the point of being listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The complex life-history of Pacific salmon species and the diversity of habitats they occupy require multifaceted recovery efforts, and the metrics needed to evaluate species status and progress toward recovery are necessarily complex. Formal decision support systems (DSS) are designed to assist decision-makers in integrating and evaluating many factors. We describe a knowledge-based DSS for evaluating the biological status of Oregon coast coho salmon (O. kisutch). We then compare our DSS to similar tools and consider its advantages and disadvantages. We show how the DSS can provide a transparent and logical framework linking multiple criteria across geographic scales for a unified assessment. Once constructed, the DSS can serve as an institutional knowledge base, codifying the pathways from data to criteria evaluation and supporting consistent future status evaluations with a path to incorporating new knowledge over time. The DSS was not trivial to implement, nor is it easy to explain to resource managers, and we offer suggestions to address these problems. The DSS was particularly helpful in providing a logical and reproducible way to quantify multiple risks and assess progress toward recovery across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Development of this DSS is an important step in the evolution of assessment tools for salmon conservation.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Wainwright, Thomas C. and Lawson, Peter W. and Reeves, Gordon H. and Weitkamp, Laurie A. and Stout, Heather A. and Mills, Justin S.},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Biological conservation,Coho salmon,Decision support,environmental management,Extinction risk,Nature Conservation,Recovery planning,Sustainability},
  pages = {277--298},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PGSE3QRP/978-3-642-32000-2_12.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{hessburg_landscape_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {Landscape Evaluation and Restoration Planning},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_7},
  abstract = {Contemporary land managers are beginning to understand that landscapes of the early 20th century exhibited complex patterns of compositional and structural conditions at several different scales, and that there was interplay between patterns and processes within and across scales. Further, they understand that restoring integrity of these conditions has broad implications for the future sustainability of native species, ecosystem services, and ecological processes. Many too are hungry for methods to restore more natural landscape patterns of habitats and more naturally functioning disturbance regimes; all in the context of a warming climate. Attention is turning to evaluating whole landscapes at local and regional scales, deciphering their changes and trajectories, and formulating scale-appropriate landscape prescriptions that will methodically restore ecological functionality and improve landscape resilience. Here, we review published landscape evaluation and planning applications designed in EMDS. We show the utility of EMDS for designing transparent local landscape evaluations, and we reveal approaches that have been used thus far. We begin by briefly reviewing six projects from a global sample, and then review in greater depth four projects we have developed with our collaborators. We discuss the goals and design of each project, its methods and utilities, what worked well, what could be improved and related research opportunities. It is our hope that this review will provide helpful insights into how spatial decision support technologies may be used to evaluate and plan for local and perhaps larger-scale landscape restoration projects.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Hessburg, Paul F. and Salter, R. Brion and Reynolds, Keith M. and Dickinson, James D. and Gaines, William L. and Harrod, Richy J.},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {climate change,Departure analysis,EMDS,environmental management,Future range of variability,historical range of variability,Landscape analysis,Nature Conservation,Reference variation,Restoration planning,Spatial decision support,Vegetation pattern,vegetation structure},
  pages = {135--174},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GJKTWRWA/978-3-642-32000-2_7.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{puente_planning_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {Planning for Urban Growth and Sustainable Industrial Development},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_11},
  abstract = {This chapter describes a planning application designed in EMDS to evaluate land areas for their suitability to industrial park siting. The search for sustainable development approaches to park siting and for improving future viability of existing parks necessitated a structured decision-making process, which took into account all the phases of development, and anticipated uses of the neighboring land and resources. This chapter analyzes key factors in siting, and proposes a multi-criteria decision tool that is useful to considering the viability of present and future industrial areas, and their integration with their surroundings. The inherently spatial characteristics of our planning problem necessitated the use of an application development tool like EMDS to assist us in planning. EMDS was an appropriate platform for developing this application and for assessing the relative suitability of different land areas to siting. Our application was developed for a 646.2 km2 district in the Cantabria region of northern Spain. We specified and integrated the sustainability criteria and the resulting maps clearly identified suitable zones for industrial park siting. The tool we developed is also extensible to evaluating existing industrial parks and opportunities for retrofitting.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Puente, M{\textordfeminine} Carmen Ruiz},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {EMDS,environmental management,Industrial park,Nature Conservation,Spatial decision support,Sustainable development,Urban planning},
  pages = {253--276},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/R22VJZK7/978-3-642-32000-2_11.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{white_forest_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {Forest Conservation Planning},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_9},
  abstract = {This chapter reviews the application of Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) to conservation planning in a large forest landscape. A significant challenge faced by conservation planners is explicitly defining and mapping values of interest. EMDS is a powerful decision support application development tool that can be used to facilitate explicit and consistent definition of subjective conservation values, which can then be used in a variety of spatial assessments. We describe a case study for the Sierra Checkerboard Initiative where we used EMDS to assess and map three conservation values across a largely forested 4,856 km2 landscape in the northern Sierra Nevada of California: biodiversity, mature forest connectivity, and passive recreation.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {White, Michael D. and Strittholt, James R.},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Biodiversity,Conservation planning,EMDS,environmental management,Forest connectivity,Forest conservation,Nature Conservation,Recreation,Spatial decision support},
  pages = {205--226},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DUTXN3DS/978-3-642-32000-2_9.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{gordon_use_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {Use of {EMDS} in Conservation and Management Planning for Watersheds},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_4},
  abstract = {Some of the earliest applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system were in the field of watershed assessment and planning. This chapter reviews nine cases in which EMDS has been applied to watershed management and three additional cases of the application of similar multi-criteria evaluation approaches that were at least partially inspired by EMDS. These cases are compared using the following major themes: participation, objectives, definition of watershed condition, temporal and spatial aspects, indicators and evaluation criteria, and model structuring. The cases show the model complexity and variability that is possible when trying to operationalize an ambiguous concept, such as watershed condition. EMDS has been quite successful in helping organizations structure the concept of watershed condition, but all efforts faced significant challenges with obtaining the desired data and setting evaluation criteria. Some possible areas for future software development are suggested, but many difficulties in building good models are more conceptual in nature, and thus, would likely be best addressed though improved information sharing among practitioners.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Gordon, Sean N.},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Conservation,environmental management,Fish populations,habitat,Nature Conservation,Planning,Population viability,Watershed analysis},
  pages = {63--91},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GF3JZUNG/978-3-642-32000-2_4.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{paplanus_emds_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {{EMDS} 5.0 and Beyond},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_13},
  abstract = {The EMDS Consortium plans, designs, and oversees software development and integration for the EMDS suite of tools. This chapter presents an overview of the Consortium's plans for the next version of EMDS. Our objective is to release an EMDS 5.0 that will support web-services and Microsoft's workflow foundation. The 5.0 release will include major updates to the NetWeaver{\textregistered} engine, the Priority Analyst{\textregistered} engine, and the EMDS core.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Paplanus, Steve and Miller, Bruce and Murphy, Philip J. and Reynolds, Keith and Saunders, Michael},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Architecture,Business logic,Criterium decisionplus,Data services,Engine services,environmental management,Nature Conservation,NetWeaver,VisiRule,Web services,Workflows},
  pages = {301--313},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IME4RBCG/978-3-642-32000-2_13.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{gordon_wildlife_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {Wildlife Habitat Management},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_10},
  abstract = {Wildlife biologists have been designing habitat models for over 50 years; however, the use of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support system (EMDS) in association with modeling is a relatively recent addition to the field. EMDS has proven its usefulness to habitat modeling and evaluation through successful application to a number of large landscape (\ensuremath{>}5000 km2) studies. While EMDS cannot be used to model wildlife populations directly, past efforts have incorporated population data, along with a variety of other indicators. Here, we provide an overview of previous modeling efforts, with an emphasis on the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). We then review applications of EMDS to wildlife modeling, before delving into a case study. In that study, the Washington State Department of Natural Resources (DNR) used EMDS to assess the impacts of alternative forest management strategies on dispersal habitat for spotted owls. We discuss how expert workshops were used to define three separate EMDS models to assess and score patches of foraging, roosting, and movement habitat across a large landscape. We used the habitat scores to develop a dispersal habitat model outside of EMDS, which incorporated graph theory concepts and a variable resistance landscape surface to assess the connectivity of owl dispersal habitat.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Gordon, Sean N. and {McPherson}, Heather and Dickson, Lowell and Halofsky, Joshua and Snyder, Chris and Brodie, Angus W.},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Dispersal habitat,EMDS,environmental management,Habitat management,Nature Conservation,Northern spotted owl,Spatial decision support,Wildlife habitat},
  pages = {227--251},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9W8DHCA3/978-3-642-32000-2_10.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{stoms_ecological_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {Ecological Research Reserve Planning},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_8},
  abstract = {Guidelines for assessing sites as potential reserves for scientific study tend to be very general. Translating these imprecise qualities into measurable ranking criteria in a large landscape can be particularly challenging. Here, we evaluate the usefulness of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system to assess suitability of sites to serve as a potential new reserve to support the research and teaching mission of the University of California Merced campus. The assessment was performed iteratively at three geographic scales, narrowing the spatial scope but increasing the detail of the criteria at each subsequent stage. The products of the assessment were the identification of a small number of high suitability parcels to be field inspected, and a flexible, transparent framework for assessing new areas in the future. Although the criteria might vary among reserve systems, our basic approach and use of EMDS could be readily adapted to other reserve systems in the U.S. and abroad.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Stoms, David M.},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Ecological reserve,EMDS,environmental management,Nature Conservation,Reserve planning,Spatial decision support},
  pages = {175--203},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/RJPC6NQB/978-3-642-32000-2_8.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{reynolds_synthesis_2014,
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {Synthesis and New Directions},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2_14},
  abstract = {Spatial decision support systems (SDSS) are (1) customized software applications that (2) apply analytical constructs to (3) spatial data layers, (4) for the purpose of informing specific decisions and decisions makers. What is special about them is how they enable transparent decision-making processes, effectiveness monitoring, adaptive management, and making better future decisions. Custom SDSS applications can be thought of as snapshots of the logic used to make a decision. As such, they are invaluable to grounding management and its edification through learning. An SDSS clearly reveals the logic and data that decision makers use to derive their best decision to solve a specific set of problems. But at best, it represents the hypothesis{\textemdash}`this is how we thought to solve these problems, given available information'. Subsequent decisions can be informed by the portions of a decision that worked/did not work, with little effort to reconstruct the evaluation, only to adapt it. EMDS is a SDSS development tool. It was conceived for application to the decision-making process of ecosystem management because these decisions are typically complex, multi-layered, and difficult to track, once made. EMDS uses spatial data layers, and there is no real limit to the number of dimensions it can consider in decision making. Here, we summarize how EMDS has been used to date and discuss new directions for expanding its utility. We also discuss how users and applications have influenced, and continue to influence, EMDS development, and new versions will no doubt reflect the evolution of decision making and technology.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:26:43},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  booktitle = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  author = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {adaptive management,Criterium decisionplus,Decision support,Ecosystem management,Environmental analysis,environmental management,Environmental planning,Nature Conservation,NetWeaver},
  pages = {315--332},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DAIW9QFG/978-3-642-32000-2_14.html:text/html}
}

@article{reynolds_making_,
  title = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:27:18},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  author = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WHIM43J2/978-3-642-32000-2.html:text/html}
}

@book{reynolds_making_2014,
  address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
  series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
  title = {Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions},
  isbn = {978-3-642-31999-0 978-3-642-32000-2},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-32000-2},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:27:52},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  editor = {Reynolds, Keith M. and Hessburg, Paul F. and Bourgeron, Patrick S.},
  year = {2014},
  file = {Reynolds et al - 2014 - Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8JWPPN58/Reynolds et al - 2014 - Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{_ecosystem_2015,
  title = {Ecosystem Management Decision Support},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-{ShareAlike} License},
  url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem_Management_Decision_Support\&oldid=646529976},
  abstract = {The Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system is an application framework for knowledge-based decision support of ecological analysis and planning at any geographic scale.
EMDS integrates state-of-the-art geographic information system (GIS) as well as logic programming and decision modeling technologies in the Microsoft Windows environment to provide decision support for a substantial portion of the adaptive management process of ecosystem management.
EMDS uses Criterium DecisionPlus from InfoHarvest, Inc. and NetWeaver from Rules of Thumb, Inc. as core components. The NetWeaver component performs logic-based evaluation of environmental data, and logically synthesizes evaluations to infer the state of landscape features such as watersheds (e.g., watershed condition). The DecisionPlus component prioritizes landscape features with respect to user-defined management objectives (e.g., watershed restoration), using summarized outputs from NetWeaver as well as additional logistical information considered important to the decision maker(s). See the \#Applications section below for a current list of published papers by application area.
EMDS was originally developed by the United States Forest Service. The Redlands Institute of the University of Redlands developed and maintained EMDS until mid 2014 when the university closed the Redlands Institute. Support and development of EMDS was then transferred to Mountain View Business Group where one of the principal programmers was able to find a new home. Development continues with support from Rules of Thumb, Inc. and InfoHarvest, Inc.. EMDS 5.0 is scheduled for release in October 2014.
Several citations provide extensive background on the EMDS system and its potential applications.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:30:59},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia},
  month = feb,
  year = {2015},
  note = {Page Version ID: 646529976},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/D8ESQDCI/index.html:text/html}
}

@article{rauscher_ecosystem_1999,
  title = {Ecosystem management decision support for federal forests in the United States: A review12},
  volume = {114},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  shorttitle = {Ecosystem management decision support for federal forests in the United States},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112798003508},
  doi = {10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00350-8},
  abstract = {Ecosystem management has been adopted as the philosophical paradigm guiding management on many federal forests in the United States. The strategic goal of ecosystem management is to find a sensible middle ground between ensuring long-term protection of the environment while allowing an increasing population to use its natural resources for maintaining and improving human life. Ecosystem management has all the characteristics of `wicked' problems that are tricky, complex, and thorny. Ambiguities, conflicts, internal inconsistencies, unknown but large costs, lack of organized approaches, institutional shock and confusion, lack of scientific understanding of management consequences, and turbulent, rapidly changing power centers all contribute to the wickedness of the ecosystem management paradigm. Given that ecosystem management, like human survival and welfare, is a wicked problem, how can we proceed to tame it? Managers need to use the same tools that people have always used for handling such problems {\textendash} knowledge, organization, judicious simplification, and inspired leadership. The generic theory of decision support system development and application is well developed. Numerous specific ecosystem management decision support systems (EM-DSS) have been developed and are evolving in their capabilities. There is no doubt that given a set of ecosystem management processes to support and adequate time and resources, effective EM-DSS can be developed. On the other hand, there is considerable doubt that sufficiently detailed, explicitly described and widely accepted processes for implementing ecosystem management can be crafted given the current institutional, educational, social and political climate. A socio-political climate in which everyone wants to reap the benefits and no one wants to pay the costs, incapacitates the federal forest management decision making process. Developing a workable ecosystem management process and the decision making tools to support it is probably one of the most complex and urgent challenges facing us today. This paper offers a concise review of the state of the art of decision support systems related to implementing ecosystem management. A conceptual model of the context in which ecosystem management is expected to function is presented. Next, a candidate for an operational ecosystem management process is described and others are referenced. Finally, a generic ecosystem management decision support system is presented and many existing systems briefly described.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:37:44},
  number = {2{\textendash}3},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  author = {Rauscher, H. Michael},
  month = feb,
  year = {1999},
  keywords = {Decision analysis,Decision support system,Ecosystem management,Management philosophy,Management systems},
  pages = {173--197},
  file = {Rauscher - 1999 - Ecosystem management decision support for federal forests in the United States.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ZIVVEAQG/Rauscher - 1999 - Ecosystem management decision support for federal forests in the United States.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mcintosh_environmental_2011,
  title = {Environmental decision support systems ({EDSS}) development {\textendash} Challenges and best practices},
  volume = {26},
  issn = {1364-8152},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815211002076},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.09.009},
  abstract = {Despite the perceived value of DSS in informing environmental and natural resource management, DSS tools often fail to be adopted by intended end users. By drawing together the experience of a global group of EDSS developers, we have identified and assessed key challenges in EDSS development and offer recommendations to resolve them. Challenges related to engaging end users in EDSS development emphasise the need for a participatory process that embraces end users and stakeholders throughout the design and development process. Adoption challenges concerned with individual and organisational capacities to use EDSS and the match between EDSS and organisational goals can be overcome through the use of an internal champion to promote the EDSS at different levels of a target organisation; co-ordinate and build capacity within the organisation, and; ensure that developers maintain focus on developing EDSS which are relatively easy and inexpensive to use and update (and which are perceived as such by the target users). Significant challenges exist in relation to ensuring EDSS longevity and financial sustainability. Such business challenges may be met through planning and design that considers the long-term costs of training, support, and maintenance; revenue generation and licensing by instituting processes which support communication and interactions; and by employing software technology which enables easy model expansion and re use to gain an economy of scale and reduce development costs. A final group of perhaps more problematic challenges relate to how the success of EDSS ought to be evaluated. Whilst success can be framed relatively easily in terms of interactions with end users, difficulties of definition and measurability emerge in relation to the extent to which EDSS achieve intended outcomes. To tackle the challenges described, the authors provide a set of best practice recommendations concerned with promoting design for ease of use, design for usefulness, establishing trust and credibility, promoting EDSS acceptance, and starting simple and small in functionality terms. Following these recommendations should enhance the achievement of successful EDSS adoption, but more importantly, help facilitate the achievement of desirable social and environmental outcomes.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 18:39:40},
  number = {12},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software},
  author = {{McIntosh}, B. S. and Ascough {II}, J. C. and Twery, M. and Chew, J. and Elmahdi, A. and Haase, D. and Harou, J. J. and Hepting, D. and Cuddy, S. and Jakeman, A. J. and Chen, S. and Kassahun, A. and Lautenbach, S. and Matthews, K. and Merritt, W. and Quinn, N. W. T. and Rodriguez-Roda, I. and Sieber, S. and Stavenga, M. and Sulis, A. and Ticehurst, J. and Volk, M. and Wrobel, M. and van Delden, H. and El-Sawah, S. and Rizzoli, A. and Voinov, A.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Adoption,Decision-making,EDSS,Environmental decision support systems,Information systems,Software development,Use},
  pages = {1389--1402},
  file = {McIntosh et al - 2011 - Environmental decision support systems (EDSS) development – Challenges and best.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7KV9SC26/McIntosh et al - 2011 - Environmental decision support systems (EDSS) development – Challenges and best.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{keenan_spatial_1998,
  title = {Spatial decision support systems for vehicle routing},
  volume = {22},
  issn = {0167-9236},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167923697000547},
  doi = {10.1016/S0167-9236(97)00054-7},
  abstract = {The vehicle routing field is a well-developed area of management science application. There is increasing recognition that effective decision-making in this field requires the incorporation of vehicle routing techniques into a decision support system (DSS). In order to provide decision support for a wide range of problems, routing techniques should be combined with systems that can take advantage of new technologies. These include spatial techniques drawn from the field of geographic information systems (GIS). A synthesis of appropriate algorithms and a GIS based computer system is identified as being necessary for effective decision support for the vehicle routing problem.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 19:00:03},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Decision Support Systems},
  author = {Keenan, Peter B},
  month = jan,
  year = {1998},
  keywords = {Decision support systems,Geographic information systems,spatial decision support systems,Vehicle routing},
  pages = {65--71},
  file = {Keenan - 1998 - Spatial decision support systems for vehicle routing.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/R3R8SNCT/Keenan - 1998 - Spatial decision support systems for vehicle routing.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ruiz_decision_2004,
  series = {{EURO} Young Scientists},
  title = {A decision support system for a real vehicle routing problem},
  volume = {153},
  issn = {0377-2217},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377221703002650},
  doi = {10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00265-0},
  abstract = {The vehicle routing problem has been widely studied in the literature, mainly because of the real world logistics and transportation problems related to it. In the present paper, a new two-stage exact approach for solving a real problem is shown, along with decision making software. In the first stage, all the feasible routes are generated by means of an implicit enumeration algorithm; afterwards, an integer programming model is designed to select in the second stage the optimum routes from the set of feasible routes. The integer model uses a number of 0{\textendash}1 variables ranging from 2000 to 15,000 and gives optimum solutions in an average time of 60 seconds (for instances up to 60 clients). An interactive decision support system was also developed. The system was tested with a set of real instances and, in a worst-case scenario (up to 60 clients), the routes obtained ranged from a 7\% to 12\% reduction in the distance travelled and from a 9\% to 11\% reduction in operational costs.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 19:00:59},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {European Journal of Operational Research},
  author = {Ruiz, Rub{\'e}n and Maroto, Concepci{\'o}n and Alcaraz, Javier},
  month = mar,
  year = {2004},
  keywords = {Decision support systems,logistics,Routing,Transportation},
  pages = {593--606},
  file = {Ruiz et al - 2004 - A decision support system for a real vehicle routing problem.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/JXADVFIU/Ruiz et al - 2004 - A decision support system for a real vehicle routing problem.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tarantilis_using_2002,
  title = {Using a spatial decision support system for solving the vehicle routing problem},
  volume = {39},
  issn = {0378-7206},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378720601001033},
  doi = {10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00103-3},
  abstract = {Recent technological advances in Operational Research and Information Technology have enabled the development of high quality spatial decision support systems (SDSS). They constitute a new scientific area of information systems applications developed to support semi-structured or unstructured decisions, paying much attention to the spatial dimension of data to be analyzed, such as the location and shape of, and relationships among, geographic features. This paper presents a SDSS to coordinate and disseminate tasks and related information for solving the vehicle routing problem (VRP) using a metaheuristic method termed: backtracking adaptive threshold accepting (BATA). Its architecture involves an integrated framework of geographical information system (GIS) and a relational database management system (RDBMS) equipped with interactive communication capabilities between peripheral software tools. The SDSS was developed for Windows 98 platforms, focusing on the detailed road network of Athens.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-16 19:01:48},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2015-06-16},
  journal = {Information \& Management},
  author = {Tarantilis, C. D and Kiranoudis, C. T},
  month = mar,
  year = {2002},
  keywords = {Geographical information systems,Logistics management,spatial decision support systems,Vehicle routing problem},
  pages = {359--375},
  file = {Tarantilis_Kiranoudis - 2002 - Using a spatial decision support system for solving the vehicle routing problem.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CN6ZECAA/Tarantilis_Kiranoudis - 2002 - Using a spatial decision support system for solving the vehicle routing problem.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lewison_dynamic_2015,
  title = {Dynamic Ocean Management: Identifying the Critical Ingredients of Dynamic Approaches to Ocean Resource Management},
  issn = {0006-3568, 1525-3244},
  shorttitle = {Dynamic Ocean Management},
  url = {http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/03/10/biosci.biv018},
  doi = {10.1093/biosci/biv018},
  abstract = {Dynamic ocean management, or management that uses near real-time data to guide the spatial distribution of commercial activities, is an emerging approach to balance ocean resource use and conservation. Employing a wide range of data types, dynamic ocean management can be used to meet multiple objectives{\textemdash}for example, managing target quota, bycatch reduction, and reducing interactions with species of conservation concern. Here, we present several prominent examples of dynamic ocean management that highlight the utility, achievements, challenges, and potential of this approach. Regulatory frameworks and incentive structures, stakeholder participation, and technological applications that align with user capabilities are identified as key ingredients to support successful implementation. By addressing the variability inherent in ocean systems, dynamic ocean management represents a new approach to tackle the pressing challenges of managing a fluid and complex environment.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:18:04},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {{BioScience}},
  author = {Lewison, Rebecca and Hobday, Alistair J. and Maxwell, Sara and Hazen, Elliott and Hartog, Jason R. and Dunn, Daniel C. and Briscoe, Dana and Fossette, Sabrina and O'Keefe, Catherine E. and Barnes, Michele and Abecassis, Melanie and Bograd, Steven and Bethoney, N. David and Bailey, Helen and Wiley, David and Andrews, Samantha and Hazen, Lucie and Crowder, Larry B.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Bycatch,data integration,remotely sensed data,Stakeholder involvement,Sustainable fisheries},
  pages = {biv018},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/JP3H8UD7/biosci.biv018.html:text/html}
}

@article{maxwell_dynamic_2015,
  title = {Dynamic ocean management: Defining and conceptualizing real-time management of the ocean},
  volume = {58},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {Dynamic ocean management},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X15000639},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2015.03.014},
  abstract = {Most spatial marine management techniques (e.g., marine protected areas) draw stationary boundaries around often mobile marine features, animals, or resource users. While these approaches can work for relatively stationary marine resources, to be most effective marine management must be as fluid in space and time as the resources and users we aim to manage. Instead, a shift towards dynamic ocean management is suggested, defined as management that rapidly changes in space and time in response to changes in the ocean and its users through the integration of near real-time biological, oceanographic, social and/or economic data. Dynamic management can refine the temporal and spatial scale of managed areas, thereby better balancing ecological and economic objectives. Temperature dependent habitat of a hypothetical mobile marine species was simulated to show the efficiency of dynamic management, finding that 82.0 to 34.2 percent less area needed to be managed using a dynamic approach. Dynamic management further complements existing management by increasing the speed at which decisions are implemented using predefined protocols. With advances in data collection and sharing, particularly in remote sensing, animal tracking, and mobile technology, managers are poised to apply dynamic management across numerous marine sectors. Existing examples demonstrate that dynamic management can successfully allow managers to respond rapidly to changes on-the-water, however to implement dynamic ocean management widely, several gaps must be filled. These include enhancing legal instruments, incorporating ecological and socioeconomic considerations simultaneously, developing `out-of-the-box' platforms to serve dynamic management data to users, and developing applications broadly across additional marine resource sectors.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:40:08},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Maxwell, Sara M. and Hazen, Elliott L. and Lewison, Rebecca L. and Dunn, Daniel C. and Bailey, Helen and Bograd, Steven J. and Briscoe, Dana K. and Fossette, Sabrina and Hobday, Alistair J. and Bennett, Meredith and Benson, Scott and Caldwell, Margaret R. and Costa, Daniel P. and Dewar, Heidi and Eguchi, Tomo and Hazen, Lucie and Kohin, Suzanne and Sippel, Tim and Crowder, Larry B.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {adaptive management,Fisheries management,Marine spatial planning,Mobile marine protected areas,Real-time management,Shipping},
  pages = {42--50},
  file = {Maxwell et al. - 2015 - Dynamic ocean management Defining and conceptuali.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5U5MKV6T/Maxwell et al. - 2015 - Dynamic ocean management Defining and conceptuali.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{maxwell_cumulative_2013,
  title = {Cumulative human impacts on marine predators},
  volume = {4},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2013 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  url = {http://www.nature.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/ncomms/2013/131028/ncomms3688/full/ncomms3688.html},
  doi = {10.1038/ncomms3688},
  abstract = {Stressors associated with human activities interact in complex ways to affect marine ecosystems, yet we lack spatially explicit assessments of cumulative impacts on ecologically and economically key components such as marine predators. Here we develop a metric of cumulative utilization and impact (CUI) on marine predators by combining electronic tracking data of eight protected predator species (n=685 individuals) in the California Current Ecosystem with data on 24 anthropogenic stressors. We show significant variation in CUI with some of the highest impacts within US National Marine Sanctuaries. High variation in underlying species and cumulative impact distributions means that neither alone is sufficient for effective spatial management. Instead, comprehensive management approaches accounting for both cumulative human impacts and trade-offs among multiple stressors must be applied in planning the use of marine resources.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-07-09 23:06:02},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  author = {Maxwell, Sara M. and Hazen, Elliott L. and Bograd, Steven J. and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Breed, Greg A. and Nickel, Barry and Teutschel, Nicole M. and Crowder, Larry B. and Benson, Scott and Dutton, Peter H. and Bailey, Helen and Kappes, Michelle A. and Kuhn, Carey E. and Weise, Michael J. and Mate, Bruce and Shaffer, Scott A. and Hassrick, Jason L. and Henry, Robert W. and Irvine, Ladd and {McDonald}, Birgitte I. and Robinson, Patrick W. and Block, Barbara A. and Costa, Daniel P.},
  month = oct,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Biological sciences,Ecology,Zoology},
  file = {Maxwell et al. - 2013 - Cumulative human impacts on marine predators.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IUHVNUAK/Maxwell et al. - 2013 - Cumulative human impacts on marine predators.pdf:application/pdf;ncomms3688-s1 (1).pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IPNN4CIK/ncomms3688-s1 (1).pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vanderhoop_assessment_2013,
  title = {Assessment of Management to Mitigate Anthropogenic Effects on Large Whales: Mitigation of Human-Whale Interactions},
  volume = {27},
  issn = {08888892},
  shorttitle = {Assessment of Management to Mitigate Anthropogenic Effects on Large Whales},
  url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01934.x},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01934.x},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 22:39:08},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Van Der Hoop, Julie M. and Moore, Michael J. and Barco, Susan G. and Cole, Timothy V.N. and Daoust, Pierre-Yves and Henry, Allison G. and Mcalpine, Donald F. and Mclellan, William A. and Wimmer, Tonya and Solow, Andrew R.},
  month = feb,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {121--133},
  file = {Van Der Hoop et al. - 2013 - Assessment of Management to Mitigate Anthropogenic.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9ZDI2B6I/Van Der Hoop et al. - 2013 - Assessment of Management to Mitigate Anthropogenic.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{uscommissiononoceanpolicy_ocean_2004,
  title = {An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century, Final Report},
  timestamp = {2011-03-27 12:19:34},
  author = {{US Commission on Ocean Policy}},
  year = {2004}
}

@article{smith_spatial_2012,
  title = {Spatial and Seasonal Distribution of American Whaling and Whales in the Age of Sail},
  volume = {7},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034905},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0034905},
  abstract = {American whalemen sailed out of ports on the east coast of the United States and in California from the 18th to early 20th centuries, searching for whales throughout the world's oceans. From an initial focus on sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and right whales (Eubalaena spp.), the array of targeted whales expanded to include bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), and gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus). Extensive records of American whaling in the form of daily entries in whaling voyage logbooks contain a great deal of information about where and when the whalemen found whales. We plotted daily locations where the several species of whales were observed, both those caught and those sighted but not caught, on world maps to illustrate the spatial and temporal distribution of both American whaling activity and the whales. The patterns shown on the maps provide the basis for various inferences concerning the historical distribution of the target whales prior to and during this episode of global whaling.},
  timestamp = {2012-11-16 16:41:32},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2012-11-16},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Smith, Tim D. and Reeves, Randall R. and Josephson, Elizabeth A. and Lund, Judith N.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {e34905},
  file = {Smith_2012_Spatial_and_Seasonal_Distribution_of_American.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/XDMPDBGK/Smith_2012_Spatial_and_Seasonal_Distribution_of_American.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{worm_rebuilding_2009,
  title = {Rebuilding Global Fisheries},
  volume = {325},
  url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/325/5940/578},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1173146},
  abstract = {After a long history of overexploitation, increasing efforts to restore marine ecosystems and rebuild fisheries are under way. Here, we analyze current trends from a fisheries and conservation perspective. In 5 of 10 well-studied ecosystems, the average exploitation rate has recently declined and is now at or below the rate predicted to achieve maximum sustainable yield for seven systems. Yet 63\% of assessed fish stocks worldwide still require rebuilding, and even lower exploitation rates are needed to reverse the collapse of vulnerable species. Combined fisheries and conservation objectives can be achieved by merging diverse management actions, including catch restrictions, gear modification, and closed areas, depending on local context. Impacts of international fleets and the lack of alternatives to fishing complicate prospects for rebuilding fisheries in many poorer regions, highlighting the need for a global perspective on rebuilding marine resources.},
  timestamp = {2010-01-06 17:54:59},
  number = {5940},
  urldate = {2010-01-06},
  journal = {Science},
  author = {Worm, Boris and Hilborn, Ray and Baum, Julia K. and Branch, Trevor A. and Collie, Jeremy S. and Costello, Christopher and Fogarty, Michael J. and Fulton, Elizabeth A. and Hutchings, Jeffrey A. and Jennings, Simon and Jensen, Olaf P. and Lotze, Heike K. and Mace, Pamela M. and {McClanahan}, Tim R. and Minto, Coilin and Palumbi, Stephen R. and Parma, Ana M. and Ricard, Daniel and Rosenberg, Andrew A. and Watson, Reg and Zeller, Dirk},
  month = jul,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {578--585},
  file = {1.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DEZARZWG/1.pdf:application/pdf;HighWire Full Text PDF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/QS4FTTXN/Worm et al. - 2009 - Rebuilding Global Fisheries.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{learmonth_potential_2006,
  title = {{POTENTIAL} {EFFECTS} {OF} {CLIMATE} {CHANGE} {ON} {MARINE} {MAMMALS}},
  volume = {44},
  timestamp = {2010-09-01 19:49:46},
  number = {43},
  journal = {Oceanography And Marine Biology: An Annual Review: Volume 44},
  author = {Learmonth, {JA} and Macleod, {CD} and Santos, {MB} and Pierce, G. J. and Crick, H. Q. P. and Robinson, R. A.},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {1--464}
}

@article{foley_guiding_2010,
  title = {Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial planning},
  volume = {34},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCD-4YFT5CW-1/2/48ba1aed48b4adfa4db3c9fa326457c5},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2010.02.001},
  abstract = {\ensuremath{<}p\ensuremath{><}br/\ensuremath{>}The declining health of marine ecosystems around the world is evidence that current piecemeal governance is inadequate to successfully support healthy coastal and ocean ecosystems and sustain human uses of the ocean. One proposed solution to this problem is ecosystem-based marine spatial planning (MSP), which is a process that informs the spatial distribution of activities in the ocean so that existing and emerging uses can be maintained, use conflicts reduced, and ecosystem health and services protected and sustained for future generations. Because a key goal of ecosystem-based MSP is to maintain the delivery of ecosystem services that humans want and need, it must be based on ecological principles that articulate the scientifically recognized attributes of healthy, functioning ecosystems. These principles should be incorporated into a decision-making framework with clearly defined targets for these ecological attributes. This paper identifies ecological principles for MSP based on a synthesis of previously suggested and/or operationalized principles, along with recommendations generated by a group of twenty ecologists and marine scientists with diverse backgrounds and perspectives on MSP. The proposed four main ecological principles to guide MSP--maintaining or restoring: native species diversity, habitat diversity and heterogeneity, key species, and connectivity--and two additional guidelines, the need to account for context and uncertainty, must be explicitly taken into account in the planning process. When applied in concert with social, economic, and governance principles, these ecological principles can inform the designation and siting of ocean uses and the management of activities in the ocean to maintain or restore healthy ecosystems, allow delivery of marine ecosystem services, and ensure sustainable economic and social benefits.\ensuremath{<}/p\ensuremath{>}},
  timestamp = {2012-11-08 02:04:20},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2011-03-27},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Foley, Melissa M. and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Micheli, Fiorenza and Armsby, Matthew H. and Caldwell, Margaret R. and Crain, Caitlin M. and Prahler, Erin and Rohr, Nicole and Sivas, Deborah and Beck, Michael W. and Carr, Mark H. and Crowder, Larry B. and Emmett Duffy, J. and Hacker, Sally D. and {McLeod}, Karen L. and Palumbi, Stephen R. and Peterson, Charles H. and Regan, Helen M. and Ruckelshaus, Mary H. and Sandifer, Paul A. and Steneck, Robert S.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {Ecological principles,Ecosystem-based MSP,Marine spatial planning,MSP},
  pages = {955--966},
  file = {Foley et al. - 2010 - Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial p.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/TM5CE8AC/Foley et al. - 2010 - Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial p.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{alter_tertiary_2010,
  title = {The tertiary threat: Human-mediated impacts of climate change on cetaceans},
  shorttitle = {The tertiary threat},
  timestamp = {2011-01-06 23:16:45},
  journal = {Paper {IWC}/{SC}61/E8 submitted to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},
  author = {Alter, S. E. and Simmonds, M. P. and Brandon, J. R.},
  year = {2010}
}

@article{oshea_organochlorine_1994,
  title = {Organochlorine and metal contaminants in baleen whales: a review and evaluation of conservation implications},
  volume = {154},
  issn = {0048-9697},
  shorttitle = {Organochlorine and metal contaminants in baleen whales},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V78-48YVWTN-7D/2/00e506e23bfcda0565075816e70309e4},
  doi = {10.1016/0048-9697(94)90087-6},
  timestamp = {2010-09-01 19:41:09},
  number = {2-3},
  urldate = {2010-09-01},
  journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
  author = {O'Shea, Thomas J. and Brownell Jr., Robert L.},
  month = sep,
  year = {1994},
  keywords = {Marine mammals,Metals,Mortality,Organochlorines,PCBs,Reproduction,Whales},
  pages = {179--200}
}

@article{aguilar_geographical_2002,
  title = {Geographical and temporal variation in levels of organochlorine contaminants in marine mammals},
  volume = {53},
  issn = {0141-1136},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V7H-44J6FG3-2/2/f6b55c8693bf425c3ec7ab91c0933e8d},
  doi = {doi:\%0020DOI:\%002010.1016/S0141-1136(01)00128-3},
  timestamp = {2010-09-01 19:41:41},
  number = {5},
  journal = {Marine Environmental Research},
  author = {Aguilar, A. and Borrell, A. and Reijnders, P. J. H.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2002},
  keywords = {Cetaceans,DDTs,Geographical variation,Organochlorine compounds,PCBs,Pinnipeds,Pollution,Review,Temporal trends},
  pages = {425--452}
}

@article{elith_species_2009,
  title = {Species Distribution Models: Ecological Explanation and Prediction Across Space and Time},
  volume = {40},
  issn = {1543-592X},
  shorttitle = {Species Distribution Models},
  url = {http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120159},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120159},
  timestamp = {2010-07-13 00:16:24},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2010-07-13},
  journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
  author = {Elith, Jane and Leathwick, John R.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {677--697},
  file = {Elith and Leathwick - 2009 - Species Distribution Models Ecological Explanatio.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HCKGGV2I/Elith and Leathwick - 2009 - Species Distribution Models Ecological Explanatio.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{pressey_conservation_2007,
  title = {Conservation planning in a changing world},
  volume = {22},
  issn = {0169-5347},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4R2GW8C-9/2/084f47c6f82bbb927b01d48a5a94cd1d},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.10.001},
  abstract = {Conservation planning is the process of locating, configuring, implementing and maintaining areas that are managed to promote the persistence of biodiversity and other natural values. Conservation planning is inherently spatial. The science behind it has solved important spatial problems and increasingly influenced practice. To be effective, however, conservation planning must deal better with two types of change. First, biodiversity is not static in time or space but generated and maintained by natural processes. Second, humans are altering the planet in diverse ways at ever faster rates.},
  timestamp = {2009-04-06 16:33:03},
  number = {11},
  urldate = {2009-04-06},
  journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  author = {Pressey, Robert L. and Cabeza, Mar and Watts, Matthew E. and Cowling, Richard M. and Wilson, Kerrie A.},
  month = nov,
  year = {2007},
  pages = {583--592}
}

@article{weilgart_impacts_2007,
  title = {The impacts of anthropogenic ocean noise on cetaceans and implications for management},
  volume = {85},
  timestamp = {2011-11-28 16:58:06},
  number = {11},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
  author = {Weilgart, L.S.W.L.S.},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {1091--1116},
  file = {Weilgart2007.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/TWKAF5WU/Weilgart2007.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{butchart_global_2010,
  title = {Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines},
  volume = {328},
  shorttitle = {Global Biodiversity},
  url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/328/5982/1164},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1187512},
  abstract = {In 2002, world leaders committed, through the Convention on Biological Diversity, to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. We compiled 31 indicators to report on progress toward this target. Most indicators of the state of biodiversity (covering species' population trends, extinction risk, habitat extent and condition, and community composition) showed declines, with no significant recent reductions in rate, whereas indicators of pressures on biodiversity (including resource consumption, invasive alien species, nitrogen pollution, overexploitation, and climate change impacts) showed increases. Despite some local successes and increasing responses (including extent and biodiversity coverage of protected areas, sustainable forest management, policy responses to invasive alien species, and biodiversity-related aid), the rate of biodiversity loss does not appear to be slowing.},
  timestamp = {2012-11-26 02:38:30},
  number = {5982},
  urldate = {2010-06-08},
  journal = {Science},
  author = {Butchart, Stuart H. M. and Walpole, Matt and Collen, Ben and van Strien, Arco and Scharlemann, Jorn P. W. and Almond, Rosamunde E. A. and Baillie, Jonathan E. M. and Bomhard, Bastian and Brown, Claire and Bruno, John and Carpenter, Kent E. and Carr, Genevieve M. and Chanson, Janice and Chenery, Anna M. and Csirke, Jorge and Davidson, Nick C. and Dentener, Frank and Foster, Matt and Galli, Alessandro and Galloway, James N. and Genovesi, Piero and Gregory, Richard D. and Hockings, Marc and Kapos, Valerie and Lamarque, Jean-Francois and Leverington, Fiona and Loh, Jonathan and {McGeoch}, Melodie A. and {McRae}, Louise and Minasyan, Anahit and Morcillo, Monica Hernandez and Oldfield, Thomasina E. E. and Pauly, Daniel and Quader, Suhel and Revenga, Carmen and Sauer, John R. and Skolnik, Benjamin and Spear, Dian and Stanwell-Smith, Damon and Stuart, Simon N. and Symes, Andy and Tierney, Megan and Tyrrell, Tristan D. and Vie, Jean-Christophe and Watson, Reg},
  month = may,
  year = {2010},
  pages = {1164--1168},
  file = {HighWire Full Text PDF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/KHBIJCFF/Butchart et al. - 2010 - Global Biodiversity Indicators of Recent Declines.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{redfern_techniques_2006,
  title = {Techniques for cetacean{\textendash}habitat modeling},
  volume = {310},
  url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v310/p271-295/},
  doi = {10.3354/meps310271},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT: Cetacean{\textendash}habitat modeling, although still in the early stages of development, represents a potentially powerful tool for predicting cetacean distributions and understanding the ecological processes determining these distributions. Marine ecosystems vary temporally on diel to decadal scales and spatially on scales from several meters to 1000s of kilometers. Many cetacean species are wide-ranging and respond to this variability by changes in distribution patterns. Cetacean{\textendash}habitat models have already been used to incorporate this variability into management applications, including improvement of abundance estimates, development of marine protected areas, and understanding cetacean{\textendash}fisheries interactions. We present a review of the development of cetacean{\textendash}habitat models, organized according to the primary steps involved in the modeling process. Topics covered include purposes for which cetacean{\textendash}habitat models are developed, scale issues in marine ecosystems, cetacean and habitat data collection, descriptive and statistical modeling techniques, model selection, and model evaluation. To date, descriptive statistical techniques have been used to explore cetacean{\textendash}habitat relationships for selected species in specific areas; the numbers of species and geographic areas examined using computationally intensive statistic modeling techniques are considerably less, and the development of models to test specific hypotheses about the ecological processes determining cetacean distributions has just begun. Future directions in cetacean{\textendash}habitat modeling span a wide range of possibilities, from development of basic modeling techniques to addressing important ecological questions.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-08 23:47:45},
  urldate = {2008-06-23},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  author = {Redfern, J. V. and Ferguson, M. C. and Becker, E. A. and Hyrenbach, K. D. and Good, C. and Barlow, J. and Kaschner, K. and Baumgartner, M. F. and Forney, K. A. and Ballance, L. T. and Fauchald, P. and Halpin, P. and Hamazaki, T. and Pershing, A. J. and Qian, S. S. and Read, A. and Reilly, S. B. and Torres, L. and Werner, F.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2006},
  keywords = {Cetacean{\textendash}habitat modeling,Classification models,Cross validation,Environmental envelope models,Ordination,Predictive models,Regression models,Spatial autocorrelation},
  pages = {271--295}
}

@article{margules_systematic_2007,
  title = {Systematic conservation planning},
  timestamp = {2012-02-04 02:33:55},
  journal = {Nature},
  author = {Margules, C. R. and Sarkar, S.},
  year = {2007},
  file = {Margules and Sarkar - 2007 - Systematic conservation planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/RPCKXBHG/Margules and Sarkar - 2007 - Systematic conservation planning.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{worm_impacts_2006,
  title = {Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services},
  volume = {314},
  url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/314/5800/787},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1132294},
  abstract = {Human-dominated marine ecosystems are experiencing accelerating loss of populations and species, with largely unknown consequences. We analyzed local experiments, long-term regional time series, and global fisheries data to test how biodiversity loss affects marine ecosystem services across temporal and spatial scales. Overall, rates of resource collapse increased and recovery potential, stability, and water quality decreased exponentially with declining diversity. Restoration of biodiversity, in contrast, increased productivity fourfold and decreased variability by 21\%, on average. We conclude that marine biodiversity loss is increasingly impairing the ocean's capacity to provide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations. Yet available data suggest that at this point, these trends are still reversible.},
  timestamp = {2009-02-03 14:20:52},
  number = {5800},
  urldate = {2009-02-03},
  journal = {Science},
  author = {Worm, Boris and Barbier, Edward B. and Beaumont, Nicola and Duffy, J. Emmett and Folke, Carl and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Jackson, Jeremy B. C. and Lotze, Heike K. and Micheli, Fiorenza and Palumbi, Stephen R. and Sala, Enric and Selkoe, Kimberley A. and Stachowicz, John J. and Watson, Reg},
  month = nov,
  year = {2006},
  pages = {787--790}
}

@article{halpern_global_2008,
  title = {A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems},
  volume = {319},
  url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5865/948},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1149345},
  abstract = {The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41\%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.},
  timestamp = {2008-03-30 21:37:40},
  number = {5865},
  urldate = {2008-03-30},
  journal = {Science},
  author = {Halpern, Benjamin S. and Walbridge, Shaun and Selkoe, Kimberly A. and Kappel, Carrie V. and Micheli, Fiorenza and D'Agrosa, Caterina and Bruno, John F. and Casey, Kenneth S. and Ebert, Colin and Fox, Helen E. and Fujita, Rod and Heinemann, Dennis and Lenihan, Hunter S. and Madin, Elizabeth M. P. and Perry, Matthew T. and Selig, Elizabeth R. and Spalding, Mark and Steneck, Robert and Watson, Reg},
  month = feb,
  year = {2008},
  pages = {948--952},
  file = {fig1_human_impact.png:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CEZQSEJN/fig1_human_impact.png:image/png;Halpern2008_suppl.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/G4J6NJFS/Halpern2008_Supplement.pdf:application/pdf;sfig1_map_process.png:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4QN2HWFV/sfig1_map_process.png:image/png;sfig3_ecosys_maps.png:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SMPT2TRE/sfig3_ecosys_maps.png:image/png}
}

@article{crowder_essential_2008,
  title = {Essential ecological insights for marine ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning},
  volume = {32},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCD-4SJ9GDK-1/2/535479df458a926044f790609ed9a03b},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.012},
  abstract = {The abrupt decline in the sea's capacity to provide crucial ecosystem services requires a new ecosystem-based approach for maintaining and recovering biodiversity and integrity. Ecosystems are places, so marine spatial planners and managers must understand the heterogeneity of biological communities and their key components (especially apex predators and structure-forming species), and of key processes (e.g., population connectivity, interaction webs, biogeochemistry) that maintain them, as well as heterogeneity of human uses. Maintaining resistance and resilience to stressors is crucial. Because marine populations and ecosystems exhibit complex system behaviors, managers cannot safely assume they will recover when stressors are reduced, so prevention is a far more robust management strategy than seeking a cure for degraded systems.},
  timestamp = {2012-11-08 02:04:20},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2008-10-01},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Crowder, Larry and Norse, Elliott},
  month = sep,
  year = {2008},
  keywords = {Ecosystem-based management,Marine ecology,Marine spatial planning,Ocean zoning},
  pages = {772--778}
}

@article{pressey_approaches_2009,
  title = {Approaches to Landscape- and Seascape-Scale Conservation Planning: Convergence, Contrasts and Challenges},
  volume = {43},
  shorttitle = {Approaches to Landscape- and Seascape-Scale Conservation Planning},
  url = {http://journals.cambridge.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=6221300},
  doi = {10.1017/S0030605309990500},
  timestamp = {2010-12-08 03:58:29},
  number = {04},
  urldate = {2010-12-08},
  journal = {Oryx},
  author = {Pressey, Robert L. and Bottrill, Madeleine C.},
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {Biodiversity, conservation planning, costs, data, guidelines, implementation, stakeholders, threats},
  pages = {464--475}
}

@article{ross_fireproof_2006,
  title = {Fireproof killer whales (Orcinus orca): flame-retardant chemicals and the conservation imperative in the charismatic icon of British Columbia, Canada},
  volume = {63},
  issn = {0706-652X},
  shorttitle = {Fireproof killer whales (Orcinus orca)},
  url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f05-244},
  doi = {10.1139/f05-244},
  abstract = {Long-lived and high trophic level marine mammals are vulnerable to accumulating often very high concentrations of persistent chemicals, including pesticides, industrial by-products, and flame retardants. In the case of killer whales (Orcinus orca), some of the older individuals currently frequenting the coastal waters of British Columbia (BC) were born during the First World War, well before the advent of widespread chemical manufacture and use. BC's killer whales are now among the most polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated marine mammals in the world. While the "legacy" PCBs have largely been banned, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently emerged as a major concern. The endocrine-disrupting nature of these two persistent fire retardants in biota spells trouble at the top of the food chain, with increasing evidence of effects on reproductive health, the immune system, and development in exposed mammals. The heavy contamination of BC's killer whales, coupled with their long life span an..., Les mammif{\`e}res marins qui ont une longue vie et un niveau trophique {\'e}lev{\'e} sont susceptibles d'accumuler des concentrations quelquefois tr{\`e}s consid{\'e}rables de produits chimiques persistants, tels que des pesticides, des sous-produits industriels et des retardateurs d'inflammation. Quelques-uns des {\'e}paulards (Orcinus orca) les plus {\^a}g{\'e}s qui fr{\'e}quentent les eaux c{\^o}ti{\`e}res de la Colombie-Britannique (BC) sont n{\'e}s durant la Premi{\`e}re Guerre mondiale, bien longtemps avant la fabrication et l'utilisation r{\'e}pandues de produits chimiques. Les {\'e}paulards de BC sont maintenant parmi les mammif{\`e}re marins les plus contamin{\'e}s aux biph{\'e}nyles polychlor{\'e}s (BCP) au monde. Alors que les BCP traditionnels ont en grande partie {\'e}t{\'e} interdits, les {\'e}thers diph{\'e}nyles polybrom{\'e}s (PBD) sont devenus un sujet important de pr{\'e}occupation. La propri{\'e}t{\'e} qu'ont ces deux retardateurs d'inflammation persistants de perturber le syst{\`e}me endocrinien des organismes vivants cause des probl{\`e}mes au sommet de la cha{\^\i}ne alimentaire; il y a de plus en pl...},
  timestamp = {2014-08-03 03:00:02},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2014-08-03},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  author = {Ross, Peter S},
  month = jan,
  year = {2006},
  pages = {224--234},
  file = {NRC Research Press PDF fulltext:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5QSXB4J4/Ross - 2006 - Fireproof killer whales (Orcinus orca) flame-reta.pdf:application/pdf;NRC Research Press Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/XWFW29PK/f05-244.html:text/html}
}

@article{read_looming_2008,
  title = {The looming crisis: interactions between marine mammals and fisheries},
  volume = {89},
  issn = {0022-2372},
  shorttitle = {The looming crisis},
  url = {http://www.asmjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1644/07-MAMM-S-315R1.1},
  doi = {10.1644/07-MAMM-S-315R1.1},
  abstract = {Abstract Direct fisheries interactions pose a serious threat to the conservation of many populations and some species of marine mammals. The most acute problem is bycatch, unintended mortality in fishing gear, although this can transition into unregulated harvest under some circumstances. A growing issue in some fisheries is depredation, in which marine mammals remove captured fish from nets or lines. Depredation reduces the value of catch and may lead to a greater risk of entanglement and the potential for retaliatory measures taken by fishermen. The conservation threat caused by direct fisheries interactions is most dire for small populations of cetaceans and dugongs. Immediate action is needed to assess the magnitude of bycatch, particularly in many areas of Africa and Asia where little work has been conducted. New and innovative solutions to this problem are required that take account of the socioeconomic conditions experienced by fishermen and allow for efficient transfer of mitigation technology to fisheries of the developing world.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-03 03:07:16},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2014-08-03},
  journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
  author = {Read, Andrew J.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2008},
  keywords = {Bycatch,Cetaceans,Conservation,depredation,Fisheries,Marine mammals,Pinnipeds},
  pages = {541--548},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/F4U7VKR3/Read - 2008 - The looming crisis interactions between marine ma.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/T3GD9UPC/07-MAMM-S-315R1.html:text/html}
}

@article{fretwell_whales_2014,
  title = {Whales from Space: Counting Southern Right Whales by Satellite},
  volume = {9},
  shorttitle = {Whales from Space},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088655},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0088655},
  abstract = {We describe a method of identifying and counting whales using very high resolution satellite imagery through the example of southern right whales breeding in part of the Golfo Nuevo, Pen{\'\i}nsula Vald{\'e}s in Argentina. Southern right whales have been extensively hunted over the last 300 years and although numbers have recovered from near extinction in the early 20th century, current populations are fragmented and are estimated at only a small fraction of pre-hunting total. Recent extreme right whale calf mortality events at Pen{\'\i}nsula Vald{\'e}s, which constitutes the largest single population, have raised fresh concern for the future of the species. The WorldView2 satellite has a maximum 50 cm resolution and a water penetrating coastal band in the far-blue part of the spectrum that allows it to see deeper into the water column. Using an image covering 113 km2, we identified 55 probable whales and 23 other features that are possibly whales, with a further 13 objects that are only detected by the coastal band. Comparison of a number of classification techniques, to automatically detect whale-like objects, showed that a simple thresholding technique of the panchromatic and coastal band delivered the best results. This is the first successful study using satellite imagery to count whales; a pragmatic, transferable method using this rapidly advancing technology that has major implications for future surveys of cetacean populations.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-11 14:59:05},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2014-08-11},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Fretwell, Peter T. and Staniland, Iain J. and Forcada, Jaume},
  month = feb,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {e88655},
  file = {Fretwell et al. - 2014 - Whales from Space Counting Southern Right Whales .pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/TEP9KUUG/Fretwell et al. - 2014 - Whales from Space Counting Southern Right Whales .pdf:application/pdf;PLoS Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8FBX5VE3/infodoi10.1371journal.pone.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{moilanen_mathematical_2009,
  address = {Oxford, United Kingdom},
  title = {A mathematical classification of conservation prioritization problems},
  url = {http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:200258},
  language = {eng},
  timestamp = {2012-07-10 18:52:47},
  urldate = {2012-07-10},
  booktitle = {Spatial conservation prioritisation: quantitative methods and computational tools},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  author = {Moilanen, Atte and Possingham, Hugh P and Polasky, Stephen},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {28--42}
}

@article{ball_marxan_2009,
  title = {Marxan and relatives: software for spatial conservation prioritisation},
  shorttitle = {Marxan and relatives},
  url = {http://courses.washington.edu/cfr590/projectreadings/Ball\%20et\%20al.2009--Marxan-ch14.pdf},
  timestamp = {2012-07-10 18:52:08},
  urldate = {2012-07-10},
  journal = {Spatial conservation prioritisation: quantitative methods and computational tools. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom},
  author = {Ball, I. R and Possingham, H. P and Watts, M.},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {185--195},
  file = {[PDF] from washington.edu:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PPMEUNRZ/Ball et al. - 2009 - Marxan and relatives software for spatial conserv.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kenney_migration_2001,
  title = {Migration and foraging strategies at varying spatial scales in western North Atlantic right whales: a review of hypotheses},
  volume = {2},
  shorttitle = {Migration and foraging strategies at varying spatial scales in western North Atlantic right whales},
  timestamp = {2012-02-04 02:34:18},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  author = {Kenney, R. D and Mayo, C. A and Winn, H. E},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {251--260}
}

@article{robinson_pushing_2011,
  title = {Pushing the limits in marine species distribution modelling: lessons from the land present challenges and opportunities},
  volume = {20},
  issn = {1466-8238},
  shorttitle = {Pushing the limits in marine species distribution modelling},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00636.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00636.x},
  abstract = {Aim\hspace{0.6em} Species distribution models (SDMs) have been used to address a wide range of theoretical and applied questions in the terrestrial realm, but marine-based applications remain relatively scarce. In this review, we consider how conceptual and practical issues associated with terrestrial SDMs apply to a range of marine organisms and highlight the challenges relevant to improving marine SDMs.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2012-02-27 22:09:29},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2012-02-27},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  author = {Robinson, L. M and Elith, J. and Hobday, A. J and Pearson, R. G and Kendall, B. E and Possingham, H. P and Richardson, A. J},
  month = nov,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {\_tablet,Aggregation,bioclimatic envelope model,Competition,Dispersal,ecological niche modelling,feeding,marine/terrestrial systems,ontogenetic shifts,prey,Species distribution model},
  pages = {789--802},
  file = {Robinson et al. - 2011 [highlighted]- Pushing the limits in marine species distribution .pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/69CWIQ75/Robinson et al. - 2011 - Pushing the limits in marine species distribution .pdf:application/pdf;Robinson et al. - 2011 - Pushing the limits in marine species distribution .pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/58C5UQQK/Robinson et al. - 2011 - Pushing the limits in marine species distribution .pdf:application/pdf;Wiley Full Text PDF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8MRIKS5X/Robinson et al. - 2011 - Pushing the limits in marine species distribution .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{schick_striking_2009,
  title = {Striking the right balance in right whale conservation},
  volume = {66},
  issn = {1205-7533},
  url = {http://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org:8080/handle/1912/3164},
  doi = {10.1139/F09-115},
  abstract = {Despite many years of study and protection, the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) remains on the brink of extinction. There is a crucial gap in our understanding of their habitat use in the migratory corridor along the eastern seaboard of the United States. Here, we characterize habitat suitability in migrating right whales in relation to depth, distance to shore, and the recently enacted ship speed regulations near major ports. We find that the range of suitable habitat exceeds previous estimates and that, as compared with the enacted 20 nautical mile buffer, the originally proposed 30 nautical mile buffer would protect more habitat for this critically endangered species.},
  timestamp = {2010-06-08 17:37:03},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2010-03-29},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  author = {Schick, Robert S. and Halpin, Patrick N. and Read, Andrew J. and Slay, Christopher K. and Kraus, Scott D. and Mate, Bruce R. and Baumgartner, Mark F. and Roberts, Jason J. and Best, Benjamin D. and Good, Caroline P. and Loarie, Scott R. and Clark, James S.},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {1399--1403},
  file = {fr73-60173.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PHKP9DAA/fr73-60173.pdf:application/pdf;Google Scholar Linked Page:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/X5BA3GP7/Schick et al. - 2009 - Striking the right balance in right whale conserva.pdf:application/pdf;SchickEtAlMigratoryCorridor.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2SDEX8M5/SchickEtAlMigratoryCorridor.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{good_spatial_2008,
  title = {Spatial ecology of the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis)},
  timestamp = {2011-01-15 21:09:21},
  author = {Good, C. P},
  year = {2008},
  file = {Good2008_thesis.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/UT4J9AI2/Good2008_thesis.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@techreport{departmentofthenavydon_navy_2007,
  title = {Navy {OPAREA} Density Estimate ({NODE}) for the Northeast {OPAREAs}.},
  timestamp = {2010-12-29 19:00:22},
  institution = {Prepared for the Department of the Navy, U.S. Fleet Forces Command, Norfolk, Virginia. Contract \#N62470-02-D-9997, {CTO} 0030. Prepared by Geo-Marine, Inc., Hampton, Virginia.},
  author = {{Department of the Navy (DON)}},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {217},
  file = {GeoMarine DON 2007h NE NODE Final Report.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GTWMIBF9/GeoMarine DON 2007h NE NODE Final Report.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sheldon_collective_2007,
  title = {Collective inference on Markov models for modeling bird migration},
  volume = {20},
  timestamp = {2011-03-27 23:58:42},
  journal = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  author = {Sheldon, D. and Elmohamed, M. A.S and Kozen, D.},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {1321--1328}
}

@article{best_online_2012,
  title = {Online cetacean habitat modeling system for the {US} east coast and Gulf of Mexico},
  volume = {18},
  url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v18/n1/p1-15/},
  doi = {10.3354/esr00430},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT: We describe the development of a comprehensive set of marine mammal habitat models for the US east coast and Gulf of Mexico and their delivery through an online mapping portal. Drawing from datasets in the online OBIS-SEAMAP geo-database, we integrated surveys conducted by ship (n = 36) and aircraft (n = 16), weighting a generalized additive model (GAM) by minutes surveyed within space-time grid cells to harmonize effort between the 2 survey platforms. For each of 16 cetacean species guilds, we predicted the probability of occurrence from static environmental variables (water depth, distance to shore, distance to continental shelf break) and time-varying conditions (monthly sea surface temperature). To generate maps of presence versus absence, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to define the optimal threshold that minimizes false positive and false negative error rates. We integrated model outputs, including tables (species in guilds, input surveys) and plots (fit of environmental variables, ROC curve), into an online spatial decision support system (SDSS), allowing for easy navigation of models by taxon, region, season, and data provider. Users can define regions of interest and extract statistical summaries of the model for that region. The SDSS also displays density models from other providers and regions (e.g. Pacific Ocean). This versatile, easy-to-use online system enables the application of these habitat models to real-world conservation and management issues. Finally, we discuss the ecological relevance of these model outputs and identify key data gaps across species, regions, and seasons.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 04:04:35},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2012-08-01},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  author = {Best, Benjamin D. and Halpin, Patrick N. and Read, Andrew J. and Fujioka, Ei and Good, Caroline P. and {LaBrecque}, Erin A. and Schick, Robert S. and Roberts, Jason J. and Hazen, Lucie J. and Qian, Song S. and Palka, Debra L. and Garrison, Lance P. and {McLellan}, William A.},
  month = jul,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {1--15},
  file = {Best_etal_2012_ESR.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/EBG8GWGT/Best_etal_2012_ESR.pdf:application/pdf;Best-etal-2012_Online-Cetacean-Habitat-Modeling-System_for_US.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PERPV92J/Best_2012_Online_Cetacean_Habitat_Modeling_System_for_the_U.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{guisan_predicting_2005,
  title = {Predicting species distribution: offering more than simple habitat models},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {1461-0248},
  shorttitle = {Predicting species distribution},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x},
  abstract = {In the last two decades, interest in species distribution models (SDMs) of plants and animals has grown dramatically. Recent advances in SDMs allow us to potentially forecast anthropogenic effects on patterns of biodiversity at different spatial scales. However, some limitations still preclude the use of SDMs in many theoretical and practical applications. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in this field, discuss the ecological principles and assumptions underpinning SDMs, and highlight critical limitations and decisions inherent in the construction and evaluation of SDMs. Particular emphasis is given to the use of SDMs for the assessment of climate change impacts and conservation management issues. We suggest new avenues for incorporating species migration, population dynamics, biotic interactions and community ecology into SDMs at multiple spatial scales. Addressing all these issues requires a better integration of SDMs with ecological theory.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 03:49:41},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2014-07-08},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  author = {Guisan, Antoine and Thuiller, Wilfried},
  month = sep,
  year = {2005},
  keywords = {Dispersal,ecological niche theory,future projections,habitat suitability maps,Population dynamics,prediction errors,predictive biogeography,spatial scales,Species distribution models},
  pages = {993--1009},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9VH5QUDH/full.html:text/html}
}

@techreport{falcone_distribution_2014,
  type = {Technical Report},
  title = {Distribution and demographics of marine mammals in {SOCAL} through photoidentification, genetics, and satellite telemetry},
  url = {https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/44226},
  abstract = {This report summarizes data collected during small-vessel surveys for cetaceans in the Southern California Bight (SCB), with a focus on the Southern California
Offshore Range Complex (SCORE), from June 2010-January 2014. Detailed annual progress reports were prepared after each survey year through 2013 and are
available online through the Naval Postgraduate School. This final report emphasizes analyses that combine data across study years, particularly with respect to
two focal species: Cuvier's beaked (Ziphius cavirostris, Zc) and fin (Balaenoptera physalus, Bp) whales. 18 cetacean species were encountered in surveys based
at SCORE, and several previously documented seasonal trends in species occurrence were confirmed. Bp were sighted in every month surveyed, Zc in all but
one, suggesting both are present year-round. Preliminary mark-recapture abundance estimates from photo-identification data suggest both species have local
populations in the low hundreds. Both photo-identification and telemetry data suggest Zc exhibit a degree of basin-specific site fidelity within the SCB. Many Bp
also appear to preferentially remain within the SCB year-round, with increased use of nearshore waters in fall and winter. A subset of 688 hours of Zc diving
behavior from periods without Mid-Frequency Active Sonar use in the area showed that the behavior of these whales was similar to that of the larger dataset
(including sonar exposure), and confirms previous observations that Zc here appear to forage less often than whales in other regions, and that sonar exposure is
unlikely to be the primary driver of these regional differences, though some exposures may cause foraging disruption. Future research will seek to further
elucidate the relationship between behavioral patterns and sonar use in the area.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:10:37},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  institution = {Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School},
  author = {Falcone, Erin A. and Schorr, Gregory S. and Falcone, Erin A. and Schorr, Gregory S.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2014},
  file = {Falcone et al. - 2014 - Distribution and demographics of marine mammals in.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/QHHXEJ8A/Falcone et al. - 2014 - Distribution and demographics of marine mammals in.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7GGPNVB7/44226.html:text/html}
}

@article{irvine_spatial_2014,
  title = {Spatial and Temporal Occurrence of Blue Whales off the U.S. West Coast, with Implications for Management},
  volume = {9},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102959},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0102959},
  abstract = {Mortality and injuries caused by ship strikes in U.S. waters are a cause of concern for the endangered population of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) occupying the eastern North Pacific. We sought to determine which areas along the U.S. West Coast are most important to blue whales and whether those areas change inter-annually. Argos-monitored satellite tags were attached to 171 blue whales off California during summer/early fall from 1993 to 2008. We analyzed portions of the tracks that occurred within U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone waters and defined the `home range' (HR) and `core areas' (CAU) as the 90\% and 50\% fixed kernel density distributions, respectively, for each whale. We used the number of overlapping individual HRs and CAUs to identify areas of highest use. Individual HR and CAU sizes varied dramatically, but without significant inter-annual variation despite covering years with El Ni{\~n}o and La Ni{\~n}a conditions. Observed within-year differences in HR size may represent different foraging strategies for individuals. The main areas of HR and CAU overlap among whales were near highly productive, strong upwelling centers that were crossed by commercial shipping lanes. Tagged whales generally departed U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone waters from mid-October to mid-November, with high variability among individuals. One 504-d track allowed HR and CAU comparisons for the same individual across two years, showing similar seasonal timing, and strong site fidelity. Our analysis showed how satellite-tagged blue whales seasonally used waters off the U.S. West Coast, including high-risk areas. We suggest possible modifications to existing shipping lanes to reduce the likelihood of collisions with vessels.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:12:52},
  number = {7},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Irvine, Ladd M. and Mate, Bruce R. and Winsor, Martha H. and Palacios, Daniel M. and Bograd, Steven J. and Costa, Daniel P. and Bailey, Helen},
  month = jul,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {e102959},
  file = {Irvine et al. - 2014 - Spatial and Temporal Occurrence of Blue Whales off.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NH7HCSDU/Irvine et al. - 2014 - Spatial and Temporal Occurrence of Blue Whales off.pdf:application/pdf;journal.pone.0102959.s001.TIF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FUBDA98F/journal.pone.0102959.s001.TIF:image/tiff;journal.pone.0102959.s002.TIFF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/W3XB7XEW/journal.pone.0102959.s002.TIFF:image/tiff;journal.pone.0102959.s003.TIFF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PE222GWU/journal.pone.0102959.s003.TIFF:image/tiff;journal.pone.0102959.s004.TIFF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/U9SI2K7S/journal.pone.0102959.s004.TIFF:image/tiff;journal.pone.0102959.s005.TIFF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SI6W7M5Z/journal.pone.0102959.s005.TIFF:image/tiff;journal.pone.0102959.s006.TIFF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CWUKNMDA/journal.pone.0102959.s006.TIFF:image/tiff;journal.pone.0102959.s007.TIFF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/TPAWUMEU/journal.pone.0102959.s007.TIFF:image/tiff;journal.pone.0102959.s008.TIFF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3F7M9MJR/journal.pone.0102959.s008.TIFF:image/tiff;journal.pone.0102959.s009.TIFF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CKWBKBSK/journal.pone.0102959.s009.TIFF:image/tiff;journal.pone.0102959.s010.TIF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CQQ5XSZA/journal.pone.0102959.s010.TIF:image/tiff;journal.pone.0102959.s011.TIF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WSDF3SQA/journal.pone.0102959.s011.TIF:image/tiff;The PLOS ONE Staff - 2014 - Correction Spatial and Temporal Occurrence of Blu.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MW2FPU8X/The PLOS ONE Staff - 2014 - Correction Spatial and Temporal Occurrence of Blu.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{perryman_gray_2002,
  title = {Gray whale calf production 1994{\textendash}2000: are observed fluctuations related to changes in seasonal ice cover?},
  volume = {18},
  shorttitle = {Gray whale calf production 1994{\textendash}2000},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01023.x/abstract},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:23:54},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  author = {Perryman, Wayne L. and Donahue, Meghan A. and Perkins, Peter C. and Reilly, Stephen B.},
  year = {2002},
  pages = {121--144},
  file = {Perryman et al. - 2002 - Gray whale calf production 1994–2000 are observed.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BNC73BCR/Perryman et al. - 2002 - Gray whale calf production 1994–2000 are observed.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/KWAA5EX7/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@phdthesis{bissell_using_2013,
  title = {Using volunteered geographic information to model blue whale foraging habitat, Southern California bight},
  url = {http://spatial.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/BissellMatt6900Manuscript.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:23:54},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  school = {University of Southern California},
  author = {Bissell, Matthew W.},
  year = {2013},
  file = {Bissell - 2013 - Using volunteered geographic information to model .pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/B6S6Q537/Bissell - 2013 - Using volunteered geographic information to model .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@incollection{barry_physical_1991,
  title = {Physical heterogeneity and the organization of marine communities},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-3062-5_14},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:23:54},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  booktitle = {Ecological heterogeneity},
  publisher = {Springer},
  author = {Barry, James P. and Dayton, Paul K.},
  year = {1991},
  pages = {270--320},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NC3RTMJZ/978-1-4612-3062-5_14.html:text/html}
}

@article{brownelljr_review_2003,
  title = {A review of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) on their wintering grounds in Mexican waters},
  volume = {5},
  url = {http://ojo-de-liebre.com/noticias_ing/urban_r_\%20et_al-2003.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:26:58},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {J. Cetacean Res. Manage},
  author = {Brownell Jr, R. L. and {others}},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {281--295},
  file = {Brownell Jr and others - 2003 - A review of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) on.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/P89DPBRA/Brownell Jr and others - 2003 - A review of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) on.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{moore_gray_2003,
  title = {Gray whale distribution relative to forage habitat in the northern Bering Sea: current conditions and retrospective summary},
  volume = {81},
  issn = {0008-4301},
  shorttitle = {Gray whale distribution relative to forage habitat in the northern Bering Sea},
  url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z03-043},
  doi = {10.1139/z03-043},
  abstract = {Hundreds of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) stranded dead along beaches from Mexico to Alaska in 1999 and 2000. The cause of the mortalities remains unknown, but starvation resulting from a reduction in prey, especially in the Chirikov Basin, was suggested as the cause. In the 1980s, the Chirikov Basin was considered a prime gray whale feeding area, but there has been no recent comprehensive assessment of whale or prey distribution and abundance. In 2002, a 5-day survey for gray whales revealed restricted distribution in the basin and a 3- to 17-fold decline in sighting rates. To put these data in context, a retrospective summary of gray whale and benthic fauna distribution and abundance was undertaken. During the 1980s, gray whale sighting rates in the Chirikov Basin were highly variable. Ampeliscid amphipods dominated the benthos where gray whale sighting rates were highest. Available measures of biomass suggest a downturn in amphipod productivity from 1983 to 2000, when estimates of gray whale popu..., En 1999 et 2000, des centaines de baleines grises (Eschrichtius robustus) se sont {\'e}chou{\'e}es mortes sur les plages, depuis le Mexique jusqu'en Alaska. La cause de cette mortalit{\'e} est inconnue, mais on a sugg{\'e}r{\'e} qu'elle pouvait {\^e}tre due {\`a} la famine, {\`a} cause d'une r{\'e}duction de la densit{\'e} des proies, particuli{\`e}rement dans le bassin de Chirikov. Durant les ann{\'e}es 1980, le bassin de Chirikov {\'e}tait consid{\'e}r{\'e} comme un site d'alimentation de premier choix pour les baleines grises, mais il n'y a pas eu d'{\'e}valuation d{\'e}taill{\'e}e r{\'e}cente de la r{\'e}partition ou de la densit{\'e} des baleines et de leurs proies. En 2002, un inventaire de 5 jours a r{\'e}v{\'e}l{\'e} que la r{\'e}partition des baleines grises {\'e}tait restreinte dans le bassin et que le taux de rep{\'e}rage avait diminu{\'e} de 3 {\`a} 17 fois. Pour mettre ces donn{\'e}es dans leur contexte, nous avons entrepris une revue des r{\'e}partitions et des densit{\'e}s des baleines grises et de la faune benthique au cours des ann{\'e}es. Durant les ann{\'e}es 1980, les taux de rep{\'e}rage des baleines grises dans le bassin...},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:27:01},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
  author = {Moore, Sue E and Grebmeier, Jacqueline M and Davies, Jeremy R},
  month = apr,
  year = {2003},
  pages = {734--742},
  file = {Moore et al. - 2003 - Gray whale distribution relative to forage habitat.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8TRKCFTF/Moore et al. - 2003 - Gray whale distribution relative to forage habitat.pdf:application/pdf;NRC Research Press Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/RVERFH2W/z03-043.html:text/html}
}

@article{alter_climate_2015,
  title = {Climate impacts on transocean dispersal and habitat in gray whales from the Pleistocene to 2100},
  volume = {24},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2015 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
  issn = {1365-294X},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.13121/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/mec.13121},
  abstract = {Arctic animals face dramatic habitat alteration due to ongoing climate change. Understanding how such species have responded to past glacial cycles can help us forecast their response to today's changing climate. Gray whales are among those marine species likely to be strongly affected by Arctic climate change, but a thorough analysis of past climate impacts on this species has been complicated by lack of information about an extinct population in the Atlantic. While little is known about the history of Atlantic gray whales or their relationship to the extant Pacific population, the extirpation of the Atlantic population during historical times has been attributed to whaling. We used a combination of ancient and modern DNA, radiocarbon dating and predictive habitat modelling to better understand the distribution of gray whales during the Pleistocene and Holocene. Our results reveal that dispersal between the Pacific and Atlantic was climate dependent and occurred both during the Pleistocene prior to the last glacial period and the early Holocene immediately following the opening of the Bering Strait. Genetic diversity in the Atlantic declined over an extended interval that predates the period of intensive commercial whaling, indicating this decline may have been precipitated by Holocene climate or other ecological causes. These first genetic data for Atlantic gray whales, particularly when combined with predictive habitat models for the year 2100, suggest that two recent sightings of gray whales in the Atlantic may represent the beginning of the expansion of this species' habitat beyond its currently realized range.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:27:52},
  number = {7},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {Molecular Ecology},
  author = {Alter, S. Elizabeth and Meyer, Matthias and Post, Klaas and Czechowski, Paul and Gravlund, Peter and Gaines, Cork and Rosenbaum, Howard C. and Kaschner, Kristin and Turvey, Samuel T. and van der Plicht, Johannes and Shapiro, Beth and Hofreiter, Michael},
  month = apr,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {ancient DNA,climate change,last glacial maximum,Marine mammal},
  pages = {1510--1522},
  file = {Alter et al. - 2015 - Climate impacts on transocean dispersal and habita.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/XHHQFHCZ/Alter et al. - 2015 - Climate impacts on transocean dispersal and habita.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4HPNH3MP/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{feyrer_threshold_2015,
  title = {Threshold foraging by gray whales in response to fine scale variations in mysid density},
  volume = {31},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 Society for Marine Mammalogy},
  issn = {1748-7692},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mms.12178/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/mms.12178},
  abstract = {The gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is a coastal species whose nearshore summer foraging grounds off the coast of British Columbia offer an opportunity to study the fine scale foraging response of baleen whales. We explore the relationship between prey density and gray whale foraging starting with regional scale (10 km) assessments of whale density (per square kilometer) and foraging effort as a response to regional mysid density (per cubic meter), between 2006 and 2007. In addition we measure prey density at a local scale (100 m), while following foraging whales during focal surveys. We found regional mysid density had a significant positive relationship with both gray whale density and foraging effort. We identify a threshold response to regional mysid density for both whale density and foraging effort. In 2008 the lowest average local prey density measured beside a foraging whale was 2,300 mysids/m3. This level was maintained even when regional prey density was found to be substantially lower. Similar to other baleen whales, the foraging behavior of gray whales suggests a threshold response to prey density and a complex appreciation of prey availability across fine scales.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:28:07},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  author = {Feyrer, Laura J. and Duffus, David A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {baleen whales,Foraging effort,mysids,optimal foraging strategy,predator-prey behavior},
  pages = {560--578},
  file = {Feyrer and Duffus - 2015 - Threshold foraging by gray whales in response to f.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5VJC9FQ3/Feyrer and Duffus - 2015 - Threshold foraging by gray whales in response to f.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HXTXEAND/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{moore_marine_2008,
  title = {Marine Mammals as Ecosystem Sentinels},
  volume = {89},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2008 American Society of Mammalogists},
  issn = {0022-2372, 1545-1542},
  url = {http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/content/89/3/534},
  doi = {10.1644/07-MAMM-S-312R1.1},
  abstract = {The earth's climate is changing, possibly at an unprecedented rate. Overall, the planet is warming, sea ice and glaciers are in retreat, sea level is rising, and pollutants are accumulating in the environment and within organisms. These clear physical changes undoubtedly affect marine ecosystems. Species dependent on sea ice, such as the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and the ringed seal (Phoca hispida), provide the clearest examples of sensitivity to climate change. Responses of cetaceans to climate change are more difficult to discern, but in the eastern North Pacific evidence is emerging that gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) are delaying their southbound migration, expanding their feeding range along the migration route and northward to Arctic waters, and even remaining in polar waters over winter{\textemdash}all indications that North Pacific and Arctic ecosystems are in transition. To use marine mammals as sentinels of ecosystem change, we must expand our existing research strategies to encompass the decadal and ocean-basin temporal and spatial scales consistent with their natural histories.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:28:09},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
  author = {Moore, Sue E.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2008},
  pages = {534--540},
  file = {Moore - 2008 - Marine Mammals as Ecosystem Sentinels.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8Q8D7G7W/Moore - 2008 - Marine Mammals as Ecosystem Sentinels.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/A6NBBBRX/534.html:text/html}
}

@article{calambokidis_4_2015,
  title = {4. Biologically Important Areas for Selected Cetaceans Within {US} Waters-West Coast Region},
  volume = {41},
  url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/2709c3082487e64db1da82c93b302a43/1?pq-origsite=gscholar},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:30:59},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {Aquatic Mammals},
  author = {Calambokidis, John and Steiger, Gretchen H. and Curtice, Corrie and Harrison, Jolie and Ferguson, Megan C. and Becker, Elizabeth and {DeAngelis}, Monica and Van Parijs, Sofie M.},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {39},
  file = {Calambokidis et al. - 2015 - 4. Biologically Important Areas for Selected Cetac.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/95GK3TNX/Calambokidis et al. - 2015 - 4. Biologically Important Areas for Selected Cetac.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{deangelis_spatiotemporal_2012,
  title = {Spatio-temporal Modeling of the Eastern Pacific Gray Whale's (Eschrichtius robustus) Migration Through California, Oregon, and Washington},
  abstract = {Gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) undertake one of the longest annual migrations of any mammal, traveling from wintering grounds off Baja California, Mexico to summer feeding grounds in the Bering, Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. The nearshore migration corridors used by most gray whales often coincide with heavily urbanized coastal areas which vastly increases the likelihood of exposure to anthropogenic threats such as fishing gear entanglements, vessel collisions, industrial/commercial noise, and water-borne contaminants. Gray whales have the highest reported number of entanglements and ship strikes of any large whale species along the U.S. west coast. To assess this risk, a spatio-temporal model was developed that incorporates density and seasonal distribution data from shore-based surveys combined with telemetry derived swim speed estimates during southbound and northbound phase A (mainly adults and juveniles) and B (mainly cow/calf pairs) migrations. The model was verified by choosing random dates from NMFS/SWFSC 2010/2011 survey data collected during southbound and northbound migrations off central California. Gray whale migration data were animated using ArcGIS time layer properties, which can be adjusted to account for "early" or "late" migrations. Visualization of the co-occurrence of gray whales with commercial fishing grounds or areas of high shipping traffic, as is provided by this model and animation, is critical for conducting a risk-assessment. The ability to identify spatial or temporal ``hot spots," where gray whales and potential threats overlap, can help minimize or mitigate related impacts. This model is broadly applicable to other species and serves as a valuable tool for the management of marine ecosystems and marine spatial planning efforts.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:34:12},
  author = {{DeAngelis}, Monica},
  year = {2012},
  file = {DeAngelis - 2012 - Spatio‐temporal Modeling of the Eastern Pacific Gr.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/RSG4TCAU/DeAngelis - 2012 - Spatio‐temporal Modeling of the Eastern Pacific Gr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{durban_estimating_2013,
  title = {Estimating gray whale abundance from shore-based counts using a multilevel Bayesian model},
  url = {http://137.110.142.7/publications/CR/2013/2013Durban.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:35:44},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {Paper {SC}/65a/{BRG}02 presented to the {IWC} Scientific Committee},
  author = {Durban, J. and Weller, D. and Lang, A. and Perryman, W.},
  year = {2013},
  file = {Durban et al. - 2013 - Estimating gray whale abundance from shore-based c.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/G228DWGH/Durban et al. - 2013 - Estimating gray whale abundance from shore-based c.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{anderson_modeling_2013,
  series = {Global Climate Change and Marine Ecosystems},
  title = {Modeling climate change impacts on phenology and population dynamics of migratory marine species},
  volume = {264},
  issn = {0304-3800},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030438001300166X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.03.009},
  abstract = {We review literature concerning the impacts of climate change on the migration of marine species, with an emphasis on the adaptation of migration phenology through genetic tracking and phenotypic plasticity. We then develop an individual-based modeling framework characterizing the effects of climate change on phenology and population dynamics. In the framework, an animal's ability to match its environmental preferences, its bioclimate envelope, to the environmental conditions by adjusting its migration timing between foraging and breeding habitats determines its condition, survival, and fecundity. Climate-induced changes in the envelope produce timing mismatches that result in a population adapting its phenology through both genetic and plastic processes. Model results suggest: (1) the temporal size of the bioclimate envelope is an important determinant of a population's sensitivity to climate change and susceptibility to extinction, (2) population extinction can occur if the rate of change in the timing of the envelope exceeds the rate its phenology changes or if the variability in the envelope exceeds the population's inherent capacity for variability, (3) a population with migration timing cued by photoperiod is expected to exhibit weaker phenotypic plasticity than one cued by temperature, and (4) population extinction in response to climate change follows a threshold pattern such that population size may not be a reliable indicator of extinction threat, although variability in average individual condition across years may be an extinction threat indicator. Finally, while the model is intentionally simplistic, we discuss how it can be extended to cover more complex interactions.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:36:07},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  author = {Anderson, James J. and Gurarie, Eliezer and Bracis, Chloe and Burke, Brian J. and Laidre, Kristin L.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Adaption,climate change,Migratory marine species,modeling,Phenology,Phenotypic plasticity},
  pages = {83--97},
  file = {Anderson et al. - 2013 - Modeling climate change impacts on phenology and p.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/EEU827MG/Anderson et al. - 2013 - Modeling climate change impacts on phenology and p.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/I6KNNDSC/S030438001300166X.html:text/html}
}

@article{silva_north_2013,
  title = {North Atlantic Blue and Fin Whales Suspend Their Spring Migration to Forage in Middle Latitudes: Building up Energy Reserves for the Journey?},
  volume = {8},
  shorttitle = {North Atlantic Blue and Fin Whales Suspend Their Spring Migration to Forage in Middle Latitudes},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076507},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0076507},
  abstract = {The need to balance energy reserves during migration is a critical factor for most long-distance migrants and an important determinant of migratory strategies in birds, insects and land mammals. Large baleen whales migrate annually between foraging and breeding sites, crossing vast ocean areas where food is seldom abundant. How whales respond to the demands and constraints of such long migrations remains unknown. We applied a behaviour discriminating hierarchical state-space model to the satellite tracking data of 12 fin whales and 3 blue whales tagged off the Azores, to investigate their movements, behaviour (transiting and area-restricted search, ARS) and daily activity cycles during the spring migration. Fin and blue whales remained at middle latitudes for prolonged periods, spending most of their time there in ARS behaviour. While near the Azores, fin whale ARS behaviour occurred within a restricted area, with a high degree of overlap among whales. There were noticeable behavioural differences along the migratory pathway of fin whales tracked to higher latitudes: ARS occurred only in the Azores and north of 56{\textdegree}N, whereas in between these areas whales travelled at higher overall speeds while maintaining a nearly direct trajectory. This suggests fin whales may alternate periods of active migration with periods of extended use of specific habitats along the migratory route. ARS behaviour in blue whales occurred over a much wider area as whales slowly progressed northwards. The tracks of these whales terminated still at middle latitudes, before any behavioural switch was detected. Fin whales exhibited behavioural-specific diel rhythms in swimming speed but these varied significantly between geographic areas, possibly due to differences in the day-night cycle across areas. Finally, we show a link between fin whales seen in the Azores and those summering in eastern Greenland-western Iceland along a migratory corridor located in central Atlantic waters.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:36:29},
  number = {10},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Silva, M{\'o}nica A. and Prieto, Rui and Jonsen, Ian and Baumgartner, Mark F. and Santos, Ricardo S.},
  month = oct,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {e76507},
  file = {Silva et al. - 2013 - North Atlantic Blue and Fin Whales Suspend Their S.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/XMCZGXPX/Silva et al. - 2013 - North Atlantic Blue and Fin Whales Suspend Their S.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dejesus_migration_2014,
  title = {Migration timing and distance from shore of southbound eastern Pacific gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) off Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico},
  volume = {30},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2013 Society for Marine Mammalogy},
  issn = {1748-7692},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mms.12071/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/mms.12071},
  abstract = {Eastern Pacific gray whales were monitored off Ensenada, Mexico, during the southbound migration. The objectives were to determine southbound migration timing and width of the migration corridor during three seasons (2003{\textendash}2006). Migration timing was determined by fitting a generalized additive model to the shore counts for each season and estimating the 10, 50, and 90 percentiles of the fitted curves. To estimate abundance from shore-based counts, a probability density function for the shore based distances was estimated by a product of a gamma distribution fit to the boat survey distance data for 2006/2007 and a half-normal detection function using combined data of the three seasons. The parameters of the gamma distribution were corrected to account for less boat survey effort carried out 20{\textendash}40 km than 0{\textendash}20 km from shore. The onset of the migration off Ensenada was in late December/early January and ended around 13 February. The median date was 23{\textendash}26 January for the first and third season and a week early for the second season. Boat surveys indicated a wide (20 km) migration corridor but most gray whales traveled within 9.9 km from shore. The estimated total number of whales during watch hours was 2,298 (95\% CI = 1,536{\textendash}4,447).},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:36:57},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  author = {De Jes{\'u}s, Melba and Heckel, Gisela and Breiwick, Jeffrey M. and Reilly, Stephen B.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {distance,Eastern Pacific gray whale,Eschrichtius robustus,Mexico,Migration},
  pages = {674--690},
  file = {De Jesús et al. - 2014 - Migration timing and distance from shore of southb.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9495F2SS/De Jesús et al. - 2014 - Migration timing and distance from shore of southb.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PFTSHFHE/abstract\;jsessionid=BFFB4206FC18DE64B5D305BA09A9A5E7.html:text/html}
}

@article{ramp_adapting_2015,
  title = {Adapting to a Warmer Ocean{\textemdash}Seasonal Shift of Baleen Whale Movements over Three Decades},
  volume = {10},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121374},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0121374},
  abstract = {Global warming poses particular challenges to migratory species, which face changes to the multiple environments occupied during migration. For many species, the timing of migration between summer and winter grounds and also within-season movements are crucial to maximise exploitation of temporarily abundant prey resources in feeding areas, themselves adapting to the warming planet. We investigated the temporal variation in the occurrence of fin (Balaenoptera physalus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in a North Atlantic summer feeding ground, the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada), from 1984 to 2010 using a long-term study of individually identifiable animals. These two sympatric species both shifted their date of arrival at a previously undocumented rate of more than 1day per year earlier over the study period thus maintaining the approximate 2-week difference in arrival of the two species and enabling the maintenance of temporal niche separation. However, the departure date of both species also shifted earlier but at different rates resulting in increasing temporal overlap over the study period indicating that this separation may be starting to erode. Our analysis revealed that the trend in arrival was strongly related to earlier ice break-up and rising sea surface temperature, likely triggering earlier primary production. The observed changes in phenology in response to ocean warming are a remarkable example of phenotypic plasticity and may partly explain how baleen whales were able to survive a number of changes in climate over the last several million years. However, it is questionable whether the observed rate of change in timing can be maintained. Substantial modification to the distribution or annual life cycle of these species might be required to keep up with the ongoing warming of the oceans.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:37:17},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Ramp, Christian and Delarue, Julien and Palsb{\o}ll, Per J. and Sears, Richard and Hammond, Philip S.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {e0121374},
  file = {Ramp et al. - 2015 - Adapting to a Warmer Ocean—Seasonal Shift of Balee.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/UAJD7CMJ/Ramp et al. - 2015 - Adapting to a Warmer Ocean—Seasonal Shift of Balee.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{_niiss_,
  title = {{NIISS} - Global Habitat/Migration Model For Gray Whales},
  url = {http://ibis.colostate.edu/DH.php?WC=/WS/Jim/Research/GrayWhales/Main.html},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:37:39},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  file = {NIISS - Gray Whale Model:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/V8MUG3GN/DH.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_news_,
  title = {News - {SWFSC}},
  url = {http://swfsc.noaa.gov/news.aspx?id=17714},
  timestamp = {2012-01-23 19:00:36},
  urldate = {2012-01-23}
}

@article{_early_,
  title = {Early whale migration creates a splash},
  url = {http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/dec/29/early-whale-migration-spurs-excitement/},
  abstract = {The annual gray whale migration season is off to an early start, and the creatures are swimming close enough to the coastline in San Diego County that many are easily visible from coastal bluff tops.},
  timestamp = {2012-01-23 19:00:03},
  urldate = {2012-01-23},
  journal = {U-T San Diego}
}

@misc{_realigning_,
  title = {Realigning the Boston Traffic Separation Scheme to Reduce the Risk of Ship Strike to Right and Other Baleen Whales - Places \& Spaces: Mapping Science},
  url = {http://www.scimaps.org/maps/map/realigning_the_bosto_88/},
  timestamp = {2012-04-24 17:45:09},
  urldate = {2012-04-24}
}

@misc{_cran_,
  title = {{CRAN} - Package gdistance},
  url = {http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gdistance/index.html},
  timestamp = {2012-02-03 17:40:21},
  urldate = {2012-02-03}
}

@misc{_project_,
  title = {Project: Roads of the Ocean | {RocketHub}},
  url = {http://www.rockethub.com/projects/7555-roads-of-the-ocean},
  timestamp = {2012-05-07 16:06:50},
  urldate = {2012-05-07}
}

@article{clark_future_2006,
  title = {A future for models and data in environmental science},
  volume = {21},
  issn = {0169-5347},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4JS205G-1/2/139874c7e2cd1fb72f0fe34b4b8ae0eb},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2006.03.016},
  abstract = {\ensuremath{<}p\ensuremath{><}br/\ensuremath{>}Together, graphical models and the Bayesian paradigm provide powerful new tools that promise to change the way that environmental science is done. The capacity to merge theory with mechanistic understanding and empirical evidence, to assimilate diverse sources of information and to accommodate complexity will transform the collection and interpretation of data. As we discuss here, we specifically expect a shift from a focus on simple experiments with inflexible design and selection among models that embrace parts of processes to a synthesis of integrated process models. With this potential come new challenges, including some that are specific and technical and others that are general and will involve reexamination of the role of inference and prediction.\ensuremath{<}/p\ensuremath{>}},
  timestamp = {2011-03-28 07:43:14},
  number = {7},
  urldate = {2011-03-28},
  journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  author = {Clark, James S. and Gelfand, Alan E.},
  month = jul,
  year = {2006},
  pages = {375--380},
  file = {Clark and Gelfand - 2006 - A future for models and data in environmental scie.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7J7884NE/Clark and Gelfand - 2006 - A future for models and data in environmental scie.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ready_predicting_2010,
  title = {Predicting the distributions of marine organisms at the global scale},
  volume = {221},
  issn = {0304-3800},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBS-4XSCVHM-1/2/c8c322a135ca495968b2e0ae2d2b1a4c},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.10.025},
  abstract = {We present and evaluate AquaMaps, a presence-only species distribution modelling system that allows the incorporation of expert knowledge about habitat usage and was designed for maximum output of standardized species range maps at the global scale. In the marine environment there is a significant challenge to the production of range maps due to large biases in the amount and location of occurrence data for most species. AquaMaps is compared with traditional presence-only species distribution modelling methods to determine the quality of outputs under equivalently automated conditions. The effect of the inclusion of expert knowledge to AquaMaps is also investigated. Model outputs were tested internally, through data partitioning, and externally against independent survey data to determine the ability of models to predict presence versus absence. Models were also tested externally by assessing correlation with independent survey estimates of relative species abundance. AquaMaps outputs compare well to the existing methods tested, and inclusion of expert knowledge results in a general improvement in model outputs. The transparency, speed and adaptability of the AquaMaps system, as well as the existing online framework which allows expert review to compensate for sampling biases and thus improve model predictions are proposed as additional benefits for public and research use alike.},
  timestamp = {2010-03-21 17:32:59},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2010-03-21},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  author = {Ready, Jonathan and Kaschner, Kristin and South, Andy B. and Eastwood, Paul D. and Rees, Tony and Rius, Josephine and Agbayani, Eli and Kullander, Sven and Froese, Rainer},
  month = feb,
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {Expert review,Global marine biodiversity,Model comparison,Range maps,Species distribution modelling,Trawl surveys},
  pages = {467--478},
  file = {Ready et al. - 2010 - Predicting the distributions of marine organisms a.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FZSA3B8Z/Ready et al. - 2010 - Predicting the distributions of marine organisms a.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{schipper_status_2008,
  title = {The Status of the World's Land and Marine Mammals: Diversity, Threat, and Knowledge},
  volume = {322},
  shorttitle = {The Status of the World's Land and Marine Mammals},
  url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/322/5899/225},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1165115},
  abstract = {Knowledge of mammalian diversity is still surprisingly disparate, both regionally and taxonomically. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status and distribution of the world's mammals. Data, compiled by 1700+ experts, cover all 5487 species, including marine mammals. Global macroecological patterns are very different for land and marine species but suggest common mechanisms driving diversity and endemism across systems. Compared with land species, threat levels are higher among marine mammals, driven by different processes (accidental mortality and pollution, rather than habitat loss), and are spatially distinct (peaking in northern oceans, rather than in Southeast Asia). Marine mammals are also disproportionately poorly known. These data are made freely available to support further scientific developments and conservation action.},
  timestamp = {2008-10-22 18:26:46},
  number = {5899},
  urldate = {2008-10-22},
  journal = {Science},
  author = {Schipper, Jan and Chanson, Janice S. and Chiozza, Federica and Cox, Neil A. and Hoffmann, Michael and Katariya, Vineet and Lamoreux, John and Rodrigues, Ana S. L. and Stuart, Simon N. and Temple, Helen J. and Baillie, Jonathan and Boitani, Luigi and Lacher, Thomas E. and Mittermeier, Russell A. and Smith, Andrew T. and Absolon, Daniel and Aguiar, John M. and Amori, Giovanni and Bakkour, Noura and Baldi, Ricardo and Berridge, Richard J. and Bielby, Jon and Black, Patricia Ann and Blanc, J. Julian and Brooks, Thomas M. and Burton, James A. and Butynski, Thomas M. and Catullo, Gianluca and Chapman, Roselle and Cokeliss, Zoe and Collen, Ben and Conroy, Jim and Cooke, Justin G. and da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B. and Derocher, Andrew E. and Dublin, Holly T. and Duckworth, J. W. and Emmons, Louise and Emslie, Richard H. and Festa-Bianchet, Marco and Foster, Matt and Foster, Sabrina and Garshelis, David L. and Gates, Cormack and Gimenez-Dixon, Mariano and Gonzalez, Susana and Gonzalez-Maya, Jose Fernando and Good, Tatjana C. and Hammerson, Geoffrey and Hammond, Philip S. and Happold, David and Happold, Meredith and Hare, John and Harris, Richard B. and Hawkins, Clare E. and Haywood, Mandy and Heaney, Lawrence R. and Hedges, Simon and Helgen, Kristofer M. and Hilton-Taylor, Craig and Hussain, Syed Ainul and Ishii, Nobuo and Jefferson, Thomas A. and Jenkins, Richard K. B. and Johnston, Charlotte H. and Keith, Mark and Kingdon, Jonathan and Knox, David H. and Kovacs, Kit M. and Langhammer, Penny and Leus, Kristin and Lewison, Rebecca and Lichtenstein, Gabriela and Lowry, Lloyd F. and Macavoy, Zoe and Mace, Georgina M. and Mallon, David P. and Masi, Monica and {McKnight}, Meghan W. and Medellin, Rodrigo A. and Medici, Patricia and Mills, Gus and Moehlman, Patricia D. and Molur, Sanjay and Mora, Arturo and Nowell, Kristin and Oates, John F. and Olech, Wanda and Oliver, William R. L. and Oprea, Monik and Patterson, Bruce D. and Perrin, William F. and Polidoro, Beth A. and Pollock, Caroline and Powel, Abigail and Protas, Yelizaveta and Racey, Paul and Ragle, Jim and Ramani, Pavithra and Rathbun, Galen and Reeves, Randall R. and Reilly, Stephen B. and Reynolds, John E. and Rondinini, Carlo and Rosell-Ambal, Ruth Grace and Rulli, Monica and Rylands, Anthony B. and Savini, Simona and Schank, Cody J. and Sechrest, Wes and Self-Sullivan, Caryn and Shoemaker, Alan and Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio and De Silva, Naamal and Smith, David E. and Srinivasulu, Chelmala and Stephenson, Peter J. and van Strien, Nico and Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar and Taylor, Barbara L. and Timmins, Rob and Tirira, Diego G. and Tognelli, Marcelo F. and Tsytsulina, Katerina and Veiga, Liza M. and Vie, Jean-Christophe and Williamson, Elizabeth A. and Wyatt, Sarah A. and Xie, Yan and Young, Bruce E.},
  month = oct,
  year = {2008},
  pages = {225--230},
  file = {BBC Mammals facing extinction threat.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8VBWU5VP/BBC Mammals facing extinction threat.pdf:application/pdf;Schipper2008.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ZNGR4FQT/Schipper2008.pdf:application/pdf;Schipper2008_S1.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4W5PRPDC/Schipper2008_S1.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{schick_understanding_2008,
  title = {Understanding movement data and movement processes: current and emerging directions},
  volume = {11},
  shorttitle = {Understanding movement data and movement processes},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01249.x},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01249.x},
  abstract = {Animal movement has been the focus on much theoretical and empirical work in ecology over the last 25�years. By studying the causes and consequences of individual movement, ecologists have gained greater insight into the behavior of individuals and the spatial dynamics of populations at increasingly higher levels of organization. In particular, ecologists have focused on the interaction between individuals and their environment in an effort to understand future impacts from habitat loss and climate change. Tools to examine this interaction have included: fractal analysis, first passage time, L�vy flights, multi-behavioral analysis, hidden markov models, and state-space models. Concurrent with the development of movement models has been an increase in the sophistication and availability of hierarchical bayesian models. In this review we bring these two threads together by using hierarchical structures as a framework for reviewing individual models. We synthesize emerging themes in movement ecology, and propose a new hierarchical model for animal movement that builds on these emerging themes. This model moves away from traditional random walks, and instead focuses inference on how moving animals with complex behavior interact with their landscape and make choices about its suitability.},
  timestamp = {2009-03-16 14:24:45},
  number = {12},
  urldate = {2009-03-16},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  author = {Schick, Robert S. and Loarie, Scott R. and Colchero, Fernando and Best, Benjamin D. and Boustany, Andre and Conde, Dalia A. and Halpin, Patrick N. and Joppa, Lucas N. and {McClellan}, Catherine M. and Clark, James S.},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {1338--1350}
}

@article{kaschner_mapping_2006,
  title = {Mapping world-wide distributions of marine mammal species using a relative environmental suitability ({RES}) model},
  volume = {316},
  url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v316/p285-310/},
  doi = {10.3354/meps316285},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT: The lack of comprehensive sighting data sets precludes the application of standard habitat suitability modeling approaches to predict distributions of the majority of marine mammal species on very large scales. As an alternative, we developed an ecological niche model to map global distributions of 115 cetacean and pinniped species living in the marine environment using more readily available expert knowledge about habitat usage. We started by assigning each species to broad-scale niche categories with respect to depth, sea-surface temperature, and ice edge association based on synopses of published information. Within a global information system framework and a global grid of 0.5{\textdegree} latitude/longitude cell dimensions, we then generated an index of the relative environmental suitability (RES) of each cell for a given species by relating known habitat usage to local environmental conditions. RES predictions closely matched published maximum ranges for most species, thus representing useful, more objective alternatives to existing sketched distributional outlines. In addition, raster-based predictions provided detailed information about heterogeneous patterns of potentially suitable habitat for species throughout their range. We tested RES model outputs for 11 species (northern fur seal, harbor porpoise, sperm whale, killer whale, hourglass dolphin, fin whale, humpback whale, blue whale, Antarctic minke, and dwarf minke whales) from a broad taxonomic and geographic range, using data from dedicated surveys. Observed encounter rates and species-specific predicted environmental suitability were significantly and positively correlated for all but 1 species. In comparison, encounter rates were correlated with \ensuremath{<}1\% of 1000 simulated random data sets for all but 2 species. Mapping of large-scale marine mammal distributions using this environmental envelope model is helpful for evaluating current assumptions and knowledge about species' occurrences, especially for data-poor species. Moreover, RES modeling can help to focus research efforts on smaller geographic scales and usefully supplement other, statistical, habitat suitability models.},
  timestamp = {2008-07-02 22:05:42},
  urldate = {2008-07-02},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  author = {Kaschner, K. and Watson, R. and Trites, A. W. and Pauly, D.},
  month = jul,
  year = {2006},
  keywords = {Distribution,GIS,Global,Habitat suitability modeling,Marine mammals,Niche model,Relative environ-mental suitability},
  pages = {285--310},
  file = {Kaschner et al. - 2006 - Mapping world-wide distributions of marine mammal .pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9KIZ8A3J/Kaschner et al. - 2006 - Mapping world-wide distributions of marine mammal .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vanderlaan_reducing_2008,
  title = {Reducing the risk of lethal encounters: vessels and right whales in the Bay of Fundy and on the Scotian Shelf},
  volume = {4},
  issn = {1863-5407},
  shorttitle = {Reducing the risk of lethal encounters},
  timestamp = {2010-11-29 03:37:19},
  number = {3},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  author = {Vanderlaan, A. S.M and Taggart, C. T and Serdynska, A. R and Kenney, R. D and Brown, M. W},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {283},
  file = {Vanderlaan2008.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/QKHAN9VT/Vanderlaan2008.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{urban_graph_2009,
  title = {Graph models of habitat mosaics},
  volume = {12},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01271.x},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01271.x},
  abstract = {Graph theory is a body of mathematics dealing with problems of connectivity, flow, and routing in networks ranging from social groups to computer networks. Recently, network applications have erupted in many fields, and graph models are now being applied in landscape ecology and conservation biology, particularly for applications couched in metapopulation theory. In these applications, graph nodes represent habitat patches or local populations and links indicate functional connections among populations (i.e. via dispersal). Graphs are models of more complicated real systems, and so it is appropriate to review these applications from the perspective of modelling in general. Here we review recent applications of network theory to habitat patches in landscape mosaics. We consider (1) the conceptual model underlying these applications; (2) formalization and implementation of the graph model; (3) model parameterization; (4) model testing, insights, and predictions available through graph analyses; and (5) potential implications for conservation biology and related applications. In general, and for a variety of ecological systems, we find the graph model a remarkably robust framework for applications concerned with habitat connectivity. We close with suggestions for further work on the parameterization and validation of graph models, and point to some promising analytic insights.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 03:35:54},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2010-03-19},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  author = {Urban, Dean L. and Minor, Emily S. and Treml, Eric A. and Schick, Robert S.},
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {Connectivity,Conservation,Graph theory,habitat,Landscape,Metapopulation,Network analysis},
  pages = {260--273},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9QXUVVQC/full.html:text/html;Urban et al. - 2009 - Graph models of habitat mosaics.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/M87I2TN5/Urban et al. - 2009 - Graph models of habitat mosaics.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kearney_mechanistic_2009,
  title = {Mechanistic niche modelling: combining physiological and spatial data to predict species' ranges},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {1461023X},
  shorttitle = {Mechanistic niche modelling},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01277.x/full},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01277.x},
  timestamp = {2011-03-27 02:51:12},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2011-03-27},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  author = {Kearney, Michael and Porter, Warren},
  month = apr,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {334--350}
}

@article{wood_gis_2007,
  title = {{GIS}-Based Multicriteria Evaluation and Fuzzy Sets to Identify Priority Sites for Marine Protection},
  volume = {16},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9035-8},
  doi = {10.1007/s10531-006-9035-8},
  abstract = {Abstract  There is an increasing momentum within the marine conservation community to develop representative networks of marine protected
areas (MPAs) covering up to 30\% of global marine habitats. However, marine conservation initiatives are perceived as uncoordinated
at most levels of planning and decision-making. These initiatives also face the challenge of being in conflict with ongoing
drives for sustained or increased resource extraction. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop large scale theoretical frameworks
that explicitly address conflicting objectives that are embedded in the design and development of a global MPA network. Further,
the frameworks must be able to guide the implementation of smaller scale initiatives within this global context. This research
examines the applicability of an integrated spatial decision support framework based on geographic information systems (GIS),
multicriteria evaluation (MCE) and fuzzy sets to objectively identify priority locations for future marine protection. MCE
is a well-established optimisation method used extensively in land use resource allocation and decision support, and which
has to date been underutilised in marine planning despite its potential to guide such efforts. The framework presented here
was implemented in the Pacific Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) using two conflicting objectives - biodiversity conservation
and fisheries profit-maximisation. The results indicate that the GIS-based MCE framework supports the objective identification
of priority locations for future marine protection. This is achieved by integrating multi-source spatial data, facilitating
the simultaneous combination of multiple objectives, explicitly including stakeholder preferences in the decisions, and providing
visualisation capabilities to better understand how global MPA networks might be developed under conditions of uncertainty
and complexity.},
  timestamp = {2009-02-17 01:45:00},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2009-02-17},
  journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
  author = {Wood, Louisa and Dragicevic, Suzana},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {2539--2558},
  file = {Wood and Dragicevic - 2007 - GIS-Based Multicriteria Evaluation and Fuzzy Sets .pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Q3F2VCTA/Wood and Dragicevic - 2007 - GIS-Based Multicriteria Evaluation and Fuzzy Sets .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wiley_modeling_2011,
  title = {Modeling speed restrictions to mitigate lethal collisions between ships and whales in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, {USA}},
  volume = {144},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711001947},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2011.05.007},
  abstract = {Collision with ships is a significant cause of mortality among endangered whales. Collision lethality increases with vessel speed and mitigation includes slowing ships in whale dense areas. The 2181\&\#xa0;km2 Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) is a site of numerous whale/ship collisions. To understand how speed reduction measures reduce lethal collisions, we used GIS to apply hypothetical speed reductions to observed ship traffic within SBNMS. During 2006, we collected complete AIS data from SBNMS vessel traffic. We created 1.85\&\#xa0;km2 (N\&\#xa0;=\&\#xa0;810) grid cells covering SBNMS and determined each cell's predicted probability of lethality (PLETH) from the cell's mean speed and a mortality curve. We calculated average PLETH for the entire sanctuary (SPLETH), and used SPLETH to index status quo risk. We applied speed limits of 16, 14, 12, and 10\&\#xa0;knots on transits and recalculated SPLETH for each scenario. Our analysis included 2,079,867 AIS points to derive 74,638 cell transits by 502 ships (\&gt;295\&\#xa0;t). Sanctuary mean ship speed, by cell transit, was 13.5\&\#xa0;knots (SD4.3, range 0.1{\textendash}42.2). The choice of speed restriction had a major impact on SPLETH: 16\&\#xa0;knots\&\#xa0;=\&\#xa0;-3.7\%, 14\&\#xa0;knots\&\#xa0;=\&\#xa0;-11\%, 12\&\#xa0;knots\&\#xa0;=\&\#xa0;-29.4\%, 10\&\#xa0;knots\&\#xa0;=\&\#xa0;-56.7\%. The conservation benefit of speed restrictions is influenced by the status quo speed of ships from which risk must be reduced. As most areas lack such data our results can provide managers with a better understanding of how speed restrictions might reduce risk in their waters.},
  timestamp = {2012-02-10 04:53:54},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2012-02-10},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {Wiley, David N. and Thompson, Michael and Pace {III}, Richard M. and Levenson, Jake},
  month = sep,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Endangered whale,Lethal risk reduction,Marine reserve,Ship strike,Speed restriction,Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary},
  pages = {2377--2381},
  file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/S6NIIG7B/Wiley et al. - 2011 - Modeling speed restrictions to mitigate lethal col.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vanderlaan_efficacy_2009,
  title = {Efficacy of a voluntary area to be avoided to reduce risk of lethal vessel strikes to endangered whales},
  volume = {23},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 03:47:19},
  number = {6},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Vanderlaan, A. S.M and Taggart, C. T},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {1467--1474}
}

@article{olsen_traffic_2012,
  chapter = {Science},
  title = {Traffic in Sri Lanka's Waters Threatens Blue Whales},
  issn = {0362-4331},
  url = {http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/science/traffic-in-sri-lankas-waters-threatens-blue-whales.html},
  timestamp = {2012-07-09 21:22:29},
  urldate = {2012-07-09},
  journal = {The New York Times},
  author = {Olsen, Erik},
  month = jul,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {Boats and Boating,Endangered and Extinct Species,Ships and Shipping,Sri Lanka,Whales and Whaling}
}

@article{fonnesbeck_bayesian_2008,
  title = {Bayesian hierarchichal model for evaluating the risk of vessel strikes on North Atlantic right whales in the {SE} United States},
  abstract = {A primary factor threatening the recovery of the North Atlantic right whale is the ongoing risk of collision with large ocean-going vessels. Hence, any viable conservation strategy must include mitigation of this risk. In particular, the critical wintering habitat off the Atlantic shores of the southeastern United States overlaps with the shipping routes of some of the region's busiest ports. As a first step in the process of ship strike risk mitigation for this region, we estimated the risk associated with current patterns of shipping traffic, and compared this with estimates of risk for a set of hypothetical alternative routes. As a measure of risk, we selected the co-occurrence of whales and vessels within cells of a 4 km grid. We performed parametric estimation of whale encounter rate and associated risk within a Bayesian hierarchical model, using data from aerial surveys and the Mandatory Ship Reporting System of the SE United States, along with a selection of environmental covariates. Importantly, we were able to account for annual and monthly variation in encounters in our estimates. All alternative routes provided reduced overall risk, ranging from a 27 to 44\% reduction, relative to the estimated risk of observed traffic. The largest marginal gains in risk reduction were attained by restricting traffic associated with the busiest port, Jacksonville, Florida, but restrictions on all ports achieved the highest reduction. We emphasize the importance of accounting for temporal as well as spatial variation in whale encounter rates, given the migratory behavior of the species.},
  timestamp = {2010-12-04 18:57:07},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  author = {Fonnesbeck, C. J. and Garrison, L. P. and Ward-Geiger, L. I. and Baumstark, R. D.},
  year = {2008},
  keywords = {Bayesian model,Eubalaena glacialis,Hierarchical model,Right whale,Risk analysis},
  file = {Fonnesbeck2008.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/6QUQM8WP/Fonnesbeck2008.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@phdthesis{vanderlaan_estimating_2011,
  title = {Estimating risk to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) from ocean-going vessels and fishing gear},
  timestamp = {2011-05-19 18:24:31},
  school = {{DALHOUSIE} {UNIVERSITY}},
  author = {Vanderlaan, A. S.M},
  year = {2011}
}

@article{silber_assessment_2012,
  title = {An Assessment of the Final Rule to Implement Vessel Speed Restrictions to Reduce the Threat of Vessel Collisions with North Atlantic Right Whales},
  timestamp = {2012-05-10 13:51:19},
  author = {Silber, G. K and Bettridge, S.},
  year = {2012},
  file = {[PDF] from noaa.gov:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/6U2AD3HG/Silber and Bettridge - 2012 - An Assessment of the Final Rule to Implement Vesse.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{chetkiewicz_corridors_2006,
  title = {Corridors for Conservation: Integrating Pattern and Process},
  timestamp = {2008-11-12 13:42:57},
  author = {Chetkiewicz, C. L. B. and Clair, C. C. S. and Boyce, M. S.},
  year = {2006}
}

@article{treml_modeling_2008,
  title = {Modeling population connectivity by ocean currents, a graph-theoretic approach for marine conservation},
  volume = {23},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 03:43:29},
  journal = {Landscape Ecology},
  author = {Treml, E. A. and Halpin, P. N. and Urban, D. L. and Pratson, L. F.},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {19--36},
  file = {[HTML] from springer.com:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/UWF7KDRT/fulltext.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DD4DIBU9/s10980-007-9138-y.html:text/html}
}

@article{ward-geiger_characterization_2005,
  title = {Characterization of ship traffic in right whale critical habitat},
  volume = {33},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 21:22:16},
  number = {3},
  journal = {Coastal Management},
  author = {Ward-Geiger, L. I and Silber, G. K and Baumstark, R. D and Pulfer, T. L},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {263--278},
  file = {Google Scholar Linked Page:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Z7W9EMR7/Ward-Geiger et al - 2005 - Characterization of ship traffic in right whale cr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{geijer_network_2015,
  title = {A network approach to migratory whale conservation: Are {MPAs} the way forward or do all roads lead to the {IMO}?},
  volume = {51},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {A network approach to migratory whale conservation},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X14001663},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2014.06.002},
  abstract = {The objective of this paper was to analyse the challenges and prospects of regional MPA networks as an effective tool for the protection of wide-ranging cetaceans, focusing on the potential of the Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) network initiative to contribute to the conservation of the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). One of the main threats to this vulnerable population is mortalities through ship strikes. It is argued that a SPAMI network does not have the potential to effectively reduce the threat of ship strikes on a firm legal, scientific and political basis, particularly given uncertainty over fin whale seasonal movements. Instead, an alternative sectoral approach to landscape-scale protection is discussed. Building on examples from North America, it is proposed that a wider spatial scale threat-based approach should be adopted, and that a regional network of restrictions of shipping activities through the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) will more effectively reduce the risk of ship{\textendash}whale strikes. This is also more consistent with the ecosystem approach, since the emphasis is on ecological scales that cross administrative boundaries, even though it is within a single sector. It is concluded that mechanisms exist to address the challenges of implementing such an approach, and that sectoral measures through the IMO represent an important way forward for improving the conservation prospects for Mediterranean fin whales.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-13 19:53:26},
  urldate = {2014-08-13},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Geijer, Christina K. A. and Jones, Peter J. S.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Fin whales,IMO,Sectoral regulations,SPAMI network,Wide-ranging},
  pages = {1--12},
  file = {Geijer and Jones - 2015 - A network approach to migratory whale conservation.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3PSA624M/Geijer and Jones - 2015 - A network approach to migratory whale conservation.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WSU46FNI/S0308597X14001663.html:text/html}
}

@article{urban_landscape_2001,
  title = {Landscape connectivity: a graph-theoretic perspective},
  volume = {82},
  issn = {0012-9658},
  shorttitle = {Landscape connectivity},
  url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1205:LCAGTP]2.0.CO;2},
  doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1205:LCAGTP]2.0.CO;2},
  abstract = {Ecologists are familiar with two data structures commonly used to represent landscapes. Vector-based maps delineate land cover types as polygons, while raster lattices represent the landscape as a grid. Here we adopt a third lattice data structure, the graph. A graph represents a landscape as a set of nodes (e.g., habitat patches) connected to some degree by edges that join pairs of nodes functionally (e.g., via dispersal). Graph theory is well developed in other fields, including geography (transportation networks, routing applications, siting problems) and computer science (circuitry and network optimization). We present an overview of basic elements of graph theory as it might be applied to issues of connectivity in heterogeneous landscapes, focusing especially on applications of metapopulation theory in conservation biology. We develop a general set of analyses using a hypothetical landscape mosaic of habitat patches in a nonhabitat matrix. Our results suggest that a simple graph construct, the minimum spanning tree, can serve as a powerful guide to decisions about the relative importance of individual patches to overall landscape connectivity. We then apply this approach to an actual conservation scenario involving the threatened Mexican Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis lucida). Simulations with an incidence-function metapopulation model suggest that population persistence can be maintained despite substantial losses of habitat area, so long as the minimum spanning tree is protected. We believe that graph theory has considerable promise for applications concerned with connectivity and ecological flows in general. Because the theory is already well developed in other disciplines, it might be brought to bear immediately on pressing ecological applications in conservation biology and landscape ecology.},
  timestamp = {2014-12-17 20:18:25},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2014-12-17},
  journal = {Ecology},
  author = {Urban, Dean and Keitt, Timothy},
  month = may,
  year = {2001},
  keywords = {Connectivity,conservation biology,Dispersal,Graph theory,Habitat fragmentation,habitat patches and landscape connectivity,habitat pattern,Landscape ecology,metapopulation theory,minimum spanning tree,Strix occidentalis lucidus.},
  pages = {1205--1218},
  file = {ESA PDF fulltext:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/KWSMTBWX/Urban and Keitt - 2001 - LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY A GRAPH-THEORETIC PERSPECT.pdf:application/pdf;ESA Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PMRUCUGA/0012-9658(2001)082[1205LCAGTP]2.0.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FWUHUNR7/cookieAbsent.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/629ZT7KC/0012-9658(2001)082[1205LCAGTP]2.0.html:text/html;Urban and Keitt - 2001 - Landscape connectivity a graph-theoretic perspect.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MPHBVF9K/Urban and Keitt - 2001 - Landscape connectivity a graph-theoretic perspect.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{samoteskul_changing_2014,
  title = {Changing vessel routes could significantly reduce the cost of future offshore wind projects},
  volume = {141},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479714001777},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:54:02},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Journal of environmental management},
  author = {Samoteskul, Kateryna and Firestone, Jeremy and Corbett, James and Callahan, John},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {146--154},
  file = {Samoteskul et al - 2014 - Changing vessel routes could significantly reduce the cost of future offshore.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/335TWBBM/Samoteskul et al - 2014 - Changing vessel routes could significantly reduce the cost of future offshore.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3IQGGFTG/S0301479714001777.html:text/html}
}

@phdthesis{samoteskul_analyzing_2013,
  title = {Analyzing costs and benefits of rerouting vessel traffic to open areas for offshore wind development in the mid-Atlantic United States},
  url = {http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/13024},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:54:02},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  school = {University of Delaware},
  author = {Samoteskul, Kateryna},
  year = {2013},
  file = {Samoteskul - 2013 - Analyzing costs and benefits of rerouting vessel traffic to open areas for.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5IHNGGPX/Samoteskul - 2013 - Analyzing costs and benefits of rerouting vessel traffic to open areas for.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CVIQ4JXJ/13024.html:text/html}
}

@article{vanderlaan_vessel_2007,
  title = {Vessel collisions with whales: the probability of lethal injury based on vessel speed},
  volume = {23},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 21:31:10},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Marine mammal science},
  author = {Vanderlaan, Angelia {SM} and Taggart, Christopher T},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {144--156},
  file = {Vanderlaan_Taggart - 2007 - Vessel collisions with whales.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/R4EU3575/Vanderlaan_Taggart - 2007 - Vessel collisions with whales.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vanderlaan_probability_2009,
  title = {Probability and mitigation of vessel encounters with North Atlantic right whales},
  volume = {6},
  issn = {1863-5407, 1613-4796},
  url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v6/n3/p273-285/},
  doi = {10.3354/esr00176},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 21:20:55},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  author = {Vanderlaan, Asm and Corbett, Jj and Green, Sl and Callahan, Ja and Wang, C and Kenney, Rd and Taggart, Ct and Firestone, J},
  month = jan,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {273--285},
  file = {Google Scholar Linked Page:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SG8TGTEI/Vanderlaan et al. - 2009 - Probability and mitigation of vessel encounters wi.pdf:application/pdf;Vanderlaan et al. - 2009 - Probability and mitigation of vessel encounters wi.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/AD85FKRZ/Vanderlaan et al. - 2009 - Probability and mitigation of vessel encounters wi.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{_what_,
  title = {What Air Traffic Can Teach Us About Kidney Transplants : Planet Money : {NPR}},
  url = {http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2012/05/30/153991529/what-air-traffic-can-teach-us-about-kidney-transplants},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:33:18},
  urldate = {2012-05-30}
}

@misc{_research_,
  title = {Research / Projects - Nikolaos Trichakis},
  url = {http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=res\&facId=602177},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:33:24},
  urldate = {2012-05-30}
}

@phdthesis{bertsimas_fairness_2011,
  title = {Fairness in operations: from theory to practice},
  shorttitle = {Fairness in operations},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:34:22},
  school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
  author = {Bertsimas, D. J and Farias, V. F and Trichakis, N. K and {others}},
  year = {2011},
  file = {[PDF] from mit.edu:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/389GFRZF/Bertsimas et al. - 2011 - Fairness in operations from theory to practice.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bertsimas_trading_,
  title = {Trading off Efficiency and Fairness},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:34:22},
  author = {Bertsimas, D. and Farias, V. F and Trichakis, N.}
}

@article{bertsimas_fairness_2011a,
  title = {Fairness, Efficiency and Flexibility in Organ Allocation for Kidney Transplantation},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:34:22},
  author = {Bertsimas, D. and Farias, V. F and Trichakis, N.},
  year = {2011}
}

@article{bertsimas_characterization_2010,
  title = {A Characterization of the Efficiency-Fairness Tradeoff},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:34:22},
  author = {Bertsimas, D. and Farias, V. F and Trichakis, N.},
  year = {2010}
}

@article{bertsimas_price_2011,
  title = {The price of fairness},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:34:22},
  author = {Bertsimas, D. and Farias, V. F and Trichakis, N.},
  year = {2011}
}

@article{barnhart_equitable_2009,
  title = {Equitable and efficient coordination in traffic flow management},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:34:22},
  journal = {Submitted for publication},
  author = {Barnhart, C. and Bertsimas, D. and Caramanis, C. and Fearing, D.},
  year = {2009},
  file = {[PDF] from mit.edu:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PTHTSTZR/Barnhart et al. - 2009 - Equitable and efficient coordination in traffic fl.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{_whales_,
  title = {Whales return in force to Channel Islands; boaters beware},
  url = {http://www.vcstar.com/news/2012/may/25/whales-return-in-force-to-channel-islands-beware/},
  abstract = {The whales are back in force, so please, drive carefully. That message to boat and ship skippers comes from the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary in hopes of avoiding injury or death to a whale or severe damage to a boat or ship.},
  timestamp = {2012-05-29 18:34:31},
  urldate = {2012-05-29},
  journal = {Ventura County Star}
}

@article{redfern_assessing_2013,
  title = {Assessing the Risk of Ships Striking Large Whales in Marine Spatial Planning},
  volume = {27},
  copyright = {Conservation Biology {\textcopyright} 2013 Society for Conservation Biology No claim to original {US} government works},
  issn = {1523-1739},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12029/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/cobi.12029},
  abstract = {Marine spatial planning provides a comprehensive framework for managing multiple uses of the marine environment and has the potential to minimize environmental impacts and reduce conflicts among users. Spatially explicit assessments of the risks to key marine species from human activities are a requirement of marine spatial planning. We assessed the risk of ships striking humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), blue (Balaenoptera musculus), and fin (Balaenoptera physalus) whales in alternative shipping routes derived from patterns of shipping traffic off Southern California (U.S.A.). Specifically, we developed whale-habitat models and assumed ship-strike risk for the alternative shipping routes was proportional to the number of whales predicted by the models to occur within each route. This definition of risk assumes all ships travel within a single route. We also calculated risk assuming ships travel via multiple routes. We estimated the potential for conflict between shipping and other uses (military training and fishing) due to overlap with the routes. We also estimated the overlap between shipping routes and protected areas. The route with the lowest risk for humpback whales had the highest risk for fin whales and vice versa. Risk to both species may be ameliorated by creating a new route south of the northern Channel Islands and spreading traffic between this new route and the existing route in the Santa Barbara Channel. Creating a longer route may reduce the overlap between shipping and other uses by concentrating shipping traffic. Blue whales are distributed more evenly across our study area than humpback and fin whales; thus, risk could not be ameliorated by concentrating shipping traffic in any of the routes we considered. Reducing ship-strike risk for blue whales may be necessary because our estimate of the potential number of strikes suggests that they are likely to exceed allowable levels of anthropogenic impacts established under U.S. laws.Evaluaci{\'o}n del Riesgo de Colisiones de Barcos y Ballenas en la Planificaci{\'o}n Marina Espacial},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2014-08-08 23:48:23},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2013-05-02},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Redfern, J. V. and Mckenna, M. F. and Moore, T. J. and Calambokidis, J. and Deangelis, M. L. and Becker, E. A. and Barlow, J. and Forney, K. A. and Fiedler, P. C. and Chivers, S. J.},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {An{\'a}lisis de riesgo,commercial shipping,Generalized additive models,Habitat modeling,modelado del h{\'a}bitat,modelos aditivos generalizados,navegaci{\'o}n comercial,Risk analysis},
  pages = {292--302},
  file = {Redfern et al. - 2013 - Assessing the Risk of Ships Striking Large Whales .pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/25IK4JNW/Redfern et al. - 2013 - Assessing the Risk of Ships Striking Large Whales .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/X7I92A2D/full.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PJVDCQVZ/full.html:text/html}
}

@phdthesis{betz_reducing_2011,
  title = {{REDUCING} {THE} {RISK} {OF} {VESSEL} {STRIKES} {TO} {ENDANGERED} {WHALES} {IN} {THE} {SANTA} {BARBARA} {CHANNEL}},
  url = {http://www.bren.ucsb.edu/research/documents/whales_report.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:53:19},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  school = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
  author = {{BETZ}, {SARAH}},
  year = {2011},
  file = {BETZ - 2011 - REDUCING THE RISK OF VESSEL STRIKES TO ENDANGERED WHALES IN THE SANTA BARBARA.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/I4V3PPJ2/BETZ - 2011 - REDUCING THE RISK OF VESSEL STRIKES TO ENDANGERED WHALES IN THE SANTA BARBARA.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cook_population_2014,
  title = {Population Connectivity Shifts at High Frequency within an Open-Coast Marine Protected Area Network},
  volume = {9},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103654},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0103654},
  abstract = {A complete understanding of population connectivity via larval dispersal is of great value to the effective design and management of marine protected areas (MPA). However empirical estimates of larval dispersal distance, self-recruitment, and within season variability of population connectivity patterns and their influence on metapopulation structure remain rare. We used high-resolution otolith microchemistry data from the temperate reef fish Hypsypops rubicundus to explore biweekly, seasonal, and annual connectivity patterns in an open-coast MPA network. The three MPAs, spanning 46 km along the southern California coastline were connected by larval dispersal, but the magnitude and direction of connections reversed between 2008 and 2009. Self-recruitment, i.e. spawning, dispersal, and settlement to the same location, was observed at two locations, one of which is a MPA. Self-recruitment to this MPA ranged from 50{\textendash}84\%; within the entire 60 km study region, self-recruitment accounted for 45\% of all individuals settling to study reefs. On biweekly time scales we observed directional variability in alongshore current data and larval dispersal trajectories; if viewed in isolation these data suggest the system behaves as a source-sink metapopulation. However aggregate biweekly data over two years reveal a reef network in which H. rubicundus behaves more like a well-mixed metapopulation. As one of the few empirical studies of population connectivity within a temperate open coast reef network, this work can inform the MPA design process, implementation of ecosystem based management plans, and facilitate conservation decisions.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-13 19:54:19},
  number = {7},
  urldate = {2014-08-13},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Cook, Geoffrey S. and Parnell, P. Ed and Levin, Lisa A.},
  month = jul,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {e103654},
  file = {Cook et al. - 2014 - Population Connectivity Shifts at High Frequency w.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SMEHDEX4/Cook et al. - 2014 - Population Connectivity Shifts at High Frequency w.pdf:application/pdf;PLoS Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/58HTH69P/infodoi10.1371journal.pone.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_reducing_,
  title = {Reducing Ship Strikes to North Atlantic Right Whales :: {NOAA} Fisheries},
  url = {http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/shipstrike/},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 22:28:21},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  file = {Reducing Ship Strikes to North Atlantic Right Whales \:\: NOAA Fisheries:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2PK2H6CB/shipstrike.html:text/html}
}

@article{wiley_modeling_2011a,
  title = {Modeling speed restrictions to mitigate lethal collisions between ships and whales in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, {USA}},
  volume = {144},
  issn = {00063207},
  url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320711001947},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2011.05.007},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 22:41:53},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {Wiley, David N. and Thompson, Michael and Pace, Richard M. and Levenson, Jake},
  month = sep,
  year = {2011},
  pages = {2377--2381},
  file = {1-s2.0-S0006320711001947-main.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BI3KFRXQ/1-s2.0-S0006320711001947-main.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vanderhoop_absolute_2012,
  title = {Absolute probability estimates of lethal vessel strikes to North Atlantic right whales in Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf},
  volume = {22},
  issn = {1051-0761},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/11-1841.1},
  doi = {10.1890/11-1841.1},
  abstract = {Vessel strikes are the primary source of known mortality for the endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Multi-institutional efforts to reduce mortality associated with vessel strikes include vessel-routing amendments such as the International Maritime Organization voluntary ?area to be avoided? (ATBA) in the Roseway Basin right whale feeding habitat on the southwestern Scotian Shelf. Though relative probabilities of lethal vessel strikes have been estimated and published, absolute probabilities remain unknown. We used a modeling approach to determine the regional effect of the ATBA, by estimating reductions in the expected number of lethal vessel strikes. This analysis differs from others in that it explicitly includes a spatiotemporal analysis of real-time transits of vessels through a population of simulated, swimming right whales. Combining automatic identification system (AIS) vessel navigation data and an observationally based whale movement model allowed us to determine the spatial and temporal intersection of vessels and whales, from which various probability estimates of lethal vessel strikes are derived. We estimate one lethal vessel strike every 0.775?2.07 years prior to ATBA implementation, consistent with and more constrained than previous estimates of every 2?16 years. Following implementation, a lethal vessel strike is expected every 41 years. When whale abundance is held constant across years, we estimate that voluntary vessel compliance with the ATBA results in an 82\% reduction in the per capita rate of lethal strikes; very similar to a previously published estimate of 82\% reduction in the relative risk of a lethal vessel strike. The models we developed can inform decision-making and policy design, based on their ability to provide absolute, population-corrected, time-varying estimates of lethal vessel strikes, and they are easily transported to other regions and situations.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 22:42:34},
  number = {7},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  author = {van der Hoop, Julie M. and Vanderlaan, Angelia S. M. and Taggart, Christopher T.},
  month = may,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {2021--2033},
  file = {van der Hoop et al. - 2012 - Absolute probability estimates of lethal vessel st.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NEXTJZUA/van der Hoop et al. - 2012 - Absolute probability estimates of lethal vessel st.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{_home_,
  title = {Home | World Shipping Council},
  url = {http://www.worldshipping.org/},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 23:36:51},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  file = {Home | World Shipping Council:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/VS8WXZH2/www.worldshipping.org.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_imo_,
  title = {{IMO} | International Maritime Organization},
  url = {http://www.imo.org/Pages/home.aspx},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 23:37:12},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  file = {IMO | International Maritime Organization:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2KVN2TNA/home.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_united_,
  title = {United Nations World Ocean Assessment},
  url = {http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/?page_id=8},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 23:37:19},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  file = {United Nations World Ocean Assessment:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IH3C2QG2/www.worldoceanassessment.org.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_aerosolve_,
  title = {Aerosolve: Machine learning for humans - Airbnb Engineering},
  url = {http://nerds.airbnb.com/aerosolve},
  timestamp = {2015-06-06 01:43:37},
  urldate = {2015-06-06},
  file = {Aerosolve\: Machine learning for humans - Airbnb Engineering:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WVEKNXXA/aerosolve.html:text/html}
}

@article{vanderhoop_vessel_2015,
  title = {Vessel Strikes to Large Whales Before and After the 2008 Ship Strike Rule: Ship Strike Rule effectiveness},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {1755263X},
  shorttitle = {Vessel Strikes to Large Whales Before and After the 2008 Ship Strike Rule},
  url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/conl.12105},
  doi = {10.1111/conl.12105},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 22:37:20},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  journal = {Conservation Letters},
  author = {van der Hoop, Julie M. and Vanderlaan, Angelia S. M. and Cole, Timothy V. N. and Henry, Allison G. and Hall, Lanni and Mase-Guthrie, Blair and Wimmer, Tonya and Moore, Michael J.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {24--32},
  file = {van der Hoop et al. - 2015 - Vessel Strikes to Large Whales Before and After th.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/B8DSNA9T/van der Hoop et al. - 2015 - Vessel Strikes to Large Whales Before and After th.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{williams_modelling_2009,
  title = {Modelling ship strike risk to fin, humpback and killer whales in British Columbia, Canada},
  timestamp = {2009-09-20 02:28:41},
  author = {Williams, Rob and O'Hara, Patrick},
  year = {2009},
  file = {Williams2009.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7FG2S2DV/Williams2009.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{guzman_potential_2013,
  title = {Potential vessel collisions with Southern Hemisphere humpback whales wintering off Pacific Panama},
  volume = {29},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2012 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy},
  issn = {1748-7692},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00605.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00605.x},
  abstract = {Vessel collision is a threat to many whale species, and the risk has increased with expanding maritime traffic. This compromises international conservation efforts and requires urgent attention from the world's maritime industry. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are at the top of the death toll, and although Central America is a wintering area for populations from both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, existing efforts to reduce ship-whale collisions are meager. Herein, we evaluated the potential collisions between vessels and humpback whales wintering off Pacific Panama by following the movements of 15 whales tagged with satellite transmitters and comparing these data with tracks plotted using AIS real-time latitude-longitude points from nearly 1,000 commercial vessels. Movements of whales (adults and calves) in the Gulf of Panama coincide with major commercial maritime routes. AIS vessel data analyzed for individual whale satellite tracks showed that 53\% (8 whales) of whales had 98 encounters within 200 m with 81 different vessels in just 11 d. We suggest implementing a 65 nmi Traffic Separation Scheme and a 10 kn maximum speed for vessel routing into the Gulf of Panama during the wintering season. In so doing, the area for potential whale-vessel collisions could be reduced by 93\%.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-15 23:36:42},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-06-15},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  author = {Guzman, Hector M. and Gomez, Catalina G. and Guevara, Carlos A. and Kleivane, Lars},
  month = oct,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Gulf of Panama,Humpback whale,Megaptera novaeangliae,nursery area,satellite telemetry,traffic separation scheme,vessel collision},
  pages = {629--642},
  file = {Guzman et al - 2013 - Potential vessel collisions with Southern Hemisphere humpback whales wintering.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3QI3C5JH/Guzman et al - 2013 - Potential vessel collisions with Southern Hemisphere humpback whales wintering.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7H26ITDT/abstract\;jsessionid=1BE7619882F794F54F6231E2B53E4BFD.html:text/html}
}

@article{guzman_population_2015,
  title = {Population size and migratory connectivity of humpback whales wintering in Las Perlas Archipelago, Panama},
  volume = {31},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 Society for Marine Mammalogy},
  issn = {1748-7692},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/mms.12136/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/mms.12136},
  abstract = {From 2003 to 2009, we surveyed Las Perlas Archipelago off the Pacific coast of Panama 53 times between the months of August and October to estimate abundance of humpback whales and to test for a migratory connection with populations from the southern hemisphere. We identified 295 individuals using photo-identification of dorsal fins, including 58 calves, and the population estimate for a single season was 100{\textendash}300 solitary adults plus 25{\textendash}50 mothers with calves; the estimated population of animals across all seasons using a mark and recapture model was over 1,000. Eight of the 139 fluke identifications were matched to whales in photograph catalogues from the Antarctic Peninsula and a ninth was matched to a whale sighted in Chilean waters; four of these nine individuals have also been sighted in Colombia. We conclude that Panama (Las Perlas Archipelago in particular) is an important calving area for humpback whales in the Southern Hemisphere. These data should provide a foundation for monitoring of population change and to increase awareness in Panama about the need to manage vessel traffic and tourism related to the whales at Las Perlas.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-15 23:39:39},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-15},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  author = {Guzman, Hector M. and Condit, Richard and P{\'e}rez-Ortega, Betzi and Capella, Juan J. and Stevick, Peter T.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Antarctic Peninsula,Humpback whale,Las Perlas Archipelago,Megaptera novaeangliae,nursery area,Panama,population size,Satellite tracking,southeastern Pacific stock},
  pages = {90--105},
  file = {Guzman et al - 2015 - Population size and migratory connectivity of humpback whales wintering in Las.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ZDJ4GUTM/Guzman et al - 2015 - Population size and migratory connectivity of humpback whales wintering in Las.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/QTQGV7XK/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@phdthesis{foschini_approximation_2012,
  title = {Approximation Algorithms for Problems on Networks and Streams of Data},
  url = {https://lucafoschini.com/papers/Dissertation.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 20:42:06},
  urldate = {2015-06-22},
  school = {{UNIVERSITY} {OF} {CALIFORNIA} Santa Barbara},
  author = {Foschini, Luca},
  year = {2012}
}

@article{foschini_complexity_2014,
  title = {On the complexity of time-dependent shortest paths},
  volume = {68},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00453-012-9714-7},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 20:42:52},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-06-22},
  journal = {Algorithmica},
  author = {Foschini, Luca and Hershberger, John and Suri, Subhash},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {1075--1097},
  file = {Foschini et al - 2014 - On the complexity of time-dependent shortest paths.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SFKVHKX4/Foschini et al - 2014 - On the complexity of time-dependent shortest paths.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HNMUWNTI/s00453-012-9714-7.html:text/html}
}

@techreport{enviroemergconsultingservices_major_2008,
  address = {Cowichan Bay, {BC} Canada},
  title = {Major Marine Vessel Casualty Risk and Response Preparedness in British Columbia},
  timestamp = {2009-10-21 18:19:21},
  author = {{EnviroEmerg Consulting Services}},
  year = {2008}
}

@article{russell_recommended_2001,
  title = {Recommended measures to reduce ship strikes of North Atlantic right whales},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 21:35:57},
  journal = {National Marine Fisheries Service},
  author = {Russell, B. A and Knowlton, A. R. and Zoodsma, B.},
  year = {2001}
}

@article{clarke_identification_2006,
  title = {Identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area: Phase I{\textendash}Identification of important areas},
  volume = {2678},
  shorttitle = {Identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area},
  url = {http://smtp.pncima.org/media/documents/pdf/phase-2-id.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 21:41:31},
  urldate = {2015-06-22},
  journal = {Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  author = {Clarke, C. L. and Jamieson, G. S.},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {59},
  file = {Clarke_Jamieson - 2006 - Identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas in the.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9G7KMGFP/Clarke_Jamieson - 2006 - Identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas in the.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wiens_spatial_1989,
  title = {Spatial Scaling in Ecology},
  volume = {3},
  issn = {02698463},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2389612},
  timestamp = {2010-03-15 15:34:25},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2010-03-15},
  journal = {Functional Ecology},
  author = {Wiens, J. A.},
  year = {1989},
  note = {ArticleType: primary\_article / Full publication date: 1989 / Copyright {\textcopyright} 1989 British Ecological Society},
  pages = {385--397},
  file = {Wiens - 1989 - Spatial Scaling in Ecology.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DT8T4RMT/Wiens - 1989 - Spatial Scaling in Ecology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{wiens_foundation_2007,
  title = {Foundation papers in landscape ecology},
  isbn = {0-231-12681-6 978-0-231-12681-6},
  timestamp = {2010-03-15 15:33:50},
  publisher = {Columbia University Press},
  author = {Wiens, John A.},
  year = {2007}
}

@article{levin_problem_1992,
  title = {The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: the Robert H. {MacArthur} award lecture},
  volume = {73},
  shorttitle = {The problem of pattern and scale in ecology},
  timestamp = {2010-07-13 20:50:24},
  number = {6},
  journal = {Ecology},
  author = {Levin, S. A},
  year = {1992},
  pages = {1943--1967},
  file = {Levin - 1992 - The problem of pattern and scale in ecology the R.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/326W53DH/Levin - 1992 - The problem of pattern and scale in ecology the R.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lindenmayer_checklist_2008,
  title = {a Checklist for Ecological Management of Landscapes for Conservation},
  volume = {11},
  url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01114.x},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01114.x},
  abstract = {Abstract The management of landscapes for biological conservation and ecologically sustainable natural resource use are crucial global issues. Research for over two decades has resulted in a large literature, yet there is little consensus on the applicability or even the existence of general principles or broad considerations that could guide landscape conservation. We assess six major themes in the ecology and conservation of landscapes. We identify 13 important issues that need to be considered in developing approaches to landscape conservation. They include recognizing the importance of landscape mosaics (including the integration of terrestrial and aquatic areas), recognizing interactions between vegetation cover and vegetation configuration, using an appropriate landscape conceptual model, maintaining the capacity to recover from disturbance and managing landscapes in an adaptive framework. These considerations are influenced by landscape context, species assemblages and management goals and do not translate directly into on-the-ground management guidelines but they should be recognized by researchers and resource managers when developing guidelines for specific cases. Two crucial overarching issues are: (i) a clearly articulated vision for landscape conservation and (ii) quantifiable objectives that offer unambiguous signposts for measuring progress.},
  timestamp = {2008-06-26 22:05:14},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2008-06-26},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  author = {Lindenmayer, David and Hobbs, Richard J. and Montague-Drake, Rebecca and Alexandra, Jason and Bennett, Andrew and Burgman, Mark and Cale, Peter and Calhoun, Aram and Cramer, Viki and Cullen, Peter and Driscoll, Don and Fahrig, Lenore and Fischer, Joern and Franklin, Jerry and Haila, Yrjo and Hunter, Malcolm and Gibbons, Philip and Lake, Sam and Luck, Gary and Macgregor, Chris and Mcintyre, Sue and Nally, Ralph Mac and Manning, Adrian and Miller, James and Mooney, Hal and Noss, Reed and Possingham, Hugh and Saunders, Denis and Schmiegelow, Fiona and Scott, Michael and Simberloff, Dan and Sisk, Tom and Tabor, Gary and Walker, Brian and Wiens, John and Woinarski, John and Zavaleta, Erika},
  month = jan,
  year = {2008},
  pages = {78--91}
}

@article{hall_abundance_2010,
  title = {Do Abundance-Occupancy Relationships Exist in Cetaceans?},
  volume = {First View},
  shorttitle = {Do Abundance?},
  url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=7788329},
  doi = {10.1017/S0025315410000263},
  abstract = {A positive relationship between the number of locations where a species occurs and the average density of individuals across those locations has been found in a wide variety of taxa and has been described as one of the most general and widespread relationships in macro-ecology. However, exceptions to this general rule have been found and this study tested whether abundance{\textendash}occupancy relationships exist within the cetacean community of the west coast of Scotland. Data were collected in 2003{\textendash}2006 and occupancy rates were calculated and compared to two density indices (relative density of groups per km2 surveyed and relative density of individuals per km2 surveyed) for four cetacean species (harbour porpoise, bottlenose dolphin, common dolphin and minke whale). Significant positive intraspecific abundance{\textendash}occupancy relationships were found for both relative density of groups per km2 and relative density of individuals per km2 for two out of the four cetacean species tested (harbour porpoise and minke whale). When the relationships between the different species were compared, all four were found to conform to the same interspecific relationship when relative density of groups was used as the density index. However, some species were found to conform to different relationships when relative density of individuals was used as the density index, potentially due to differences in social structure between cetacean species. These relationships mean that when cetaceans are at a higher density within an area, they also occupy a greater number of locations and vice versa. The existence of positive abundance{\textendash}occupancy relationships in cetaceans has a number of potential implications for their conservation and management. In particular, it means that when a potential impact is likely to positively or negatively affect the size of the range of a species or population, such as noise pollution or climate change, it is likely to also affect the species' or population's abundance in the same direction. It also has implications for the design and extent of protected areas, such as marine protected areas; as such relationships could be used to determine the area required to maintain a viable population size.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-08 23:44:10},
  urldate = {2010-07-30},
  journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the {UK}},
  author = {Hall, Karen and {MacLeod}, Colin D. and Mandleberg, Laura and Schweder-Goad, Caroline M. and Bannon, Sarah M. and Pierce, Graham J.},
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {abundance{\textendash}occupancy relationships,aceans,Conservation,Management},
  pages = {1--11},
  file = {Hall2010.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HZZAXJBX/Hall2010.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{roberts_marine_2010,
  title = {Marine Geospatial Ecology Tools: An integrated framework for ecological geoprocessing with {ArcGIS}, Python, R, {MATLAB}, and C++},
  volume = {25},
  issn = {1364-8152},
  shorttitle = {Marine Geospatial Ecology Tools},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VHC-4YXKFXH-1/2/9a0e0fe143618cff3a15bfb149ce024b},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.03.029},
  abstract = {With the arrival of GPS, satellite remote sensing, and personal computers, the last two decades have witnessed rapid advances in the field of spatially-explicit marine ecological modeling. But with this innovation has come complexity. To keep up, ecologists must master multiple specialized software packages, such as ArcGIS for display and manipulation of geospatial data, R for statistical analysis, and MATLAB for matrix processing. This requires a costly investment of time and energy learning computer programming, a high hurdle for many ecologists. To provide easier access to advanced analytic methods, we developed Marine Geospatial Ecology Tools (MGET), an extensible collection of powerful, easy-to-use, open-source geoprocessing tools that ecologists can invoke from ArcGIS without resorting to computer programming. Internally, MGET integrates Python, R, MATLAB, and C++, bringing the power of these specialized platforms to tool developers without requiring developers to orchestrate the interoperability between them.
In this paper, we describe MGET's software architecture and the tools in the collection. Next, we present an example application: a habitat model for Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) that predicts dolphin presence using a statistical model fitted with oceanographic predictor variables. We conclude by discussing the lessons we learned engineering a highly integrated tool framework.},
  timestamp = {2014-10-01 23:32:44},
  number = {10},
  urldate = {2010-04-27},
  journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software},
  author = {Roberts, Jason J. and Best, Benjamin D. and Dunn, Daniel C. and Treml, Eric A. and Halpin, Patrick N.},
  month = oct,
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {\_tablet,GIS,Habitat modeling,Informatics,Interoperability,Marine ecology,Oceanography,Software integration,Spatial ecology},
  pages = {1197--1207},
  file = {Roberts2010_authcopy.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/TCDGMHUJ/Roberts2010_authcopy.pdf:application/pdf;Roberts_2010_Marine_Geospatial_Ecology_Tools.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/36U4RNFU/Roberts_2010_Marine_Geospatial_Ecology_Tools.pdf:application/pdf;Roberts et al. - 2010 - Marine Geospatial Ecology Tools An integrated fra.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BDG5JH72/Roberts et al. - 2010 - Marine Geospatial Ecology Tools An integrated fra.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/28DIERCR/Roberts et al. - Marine Geospatial Ecology Tools An integrated fra.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hyrenbach_marine_2000,
  title = {Marine protected areas and ocean basin management},
  volume = {10},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-0755(200011/12)10:6<437::AID-AQC425>3.0.CO;2-Q},
  doi = {10.1002/1099-0755(200011/12)10:6<437::AID-AQC425>3.0.CO;2-Q},
  abstract = {1. All reserve designs must be guided by an understanding of natural history and habitat variability.2. Differences in scale and predictability set aside highly dynamic pelagic systems from terrestrial and nearshore ecosystems, where wildlife reserves were first implemented. Yet, as in static systems, many pelagic species use predictable habitats to breed and forage. Marine protected areas (MPAs) could be designed to protect these foraging and breeding aggregations.3. Understanding the physical mechanisms that influence the formation and persistence of these aggregations is essential in order to define and implement pelagic protected areas. We classify pelagic habitats according to their dynamics and predictability into three categories: static, persistent and ephemeral features.4. While traditional designs are effective in static habitats, many important pelagic habitats are neither fixed nor predictable. Thus, pelagic protected areas will require dynamic boundaries and extensive buffers.5. In addition, the protection of far-ranging pelagic vertebrates will require dynamic MPAs defined by the extent and location of large-scale oceanographic features.6. Recent technological advances and our ability to implement large-scale conservation actions will facilitate the implementation of pelagic protected areas.7. The establishment of pelagic MPAs should include enforcement, research and monitoring programmes to evaluate design effectiveness.8. Ultimately, society will need a holistic management scheme for entire ocean basins. Such overarching management will rely on many innovative tools, including the judicious use of pelagic MPAs. Copyright � 2000 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  timestamp = {2008-10-30 13:52:01},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2008-10-30},
  journal = {Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems},
  author = {Hyrenbach, K. David and Forney, Karin A. and Dayton, Paul K.},
  year = {2000},
  pages = {437--458}
}

@article{gremillet_spatial_2008,
  title = {Spatial match-mismatch in the Benguela upwelling zone: should we expect chlorophyll and sea-surface temperature to predict marine predator distributions?},
  volume = {45},
  shorttitle = {Spatial match-mismatch in the Benguela upwelling zone},
  url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01447.x},
  doi = {doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01447.x},
  abstract = {Summary 1. Remote-sensing measurements of marine primary productivity are widely used to predict the distribution and movements of marine top predators, despite the fact that predators do not feed directly on phytoplankton but several trophic levels higher up the food chain. 2. To test for potential links between primary productivity and top-predator feeding hotspots, we assessed spatial match-mismatch across four trophic levels of the Benguela upwelling zone (south-east Atlantic). The food chain studied consisted of phytoplankton, zooplankton (copepods), pelagic fish (anchovies and sardines) and two top predators (Cape gannets Morus capensis and human fisheries). 3. Remote-sensing data of sea-surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll\_a concentration were used as indices of phytoplankton abundance throughout the study area. Copepod biomass and pelagic fish density were determined during at-sea surveys in the South African section of the Benguela using net tows and hydro-acoustics, respectively. Seabird (Cape gannet) home ranges and foraging zones were assessed from two Namibian breeding colonies (Mercury and Ichaboe) and two South African colonies (Lambert's Bay and Malgas) using global positioning system (GPS) tracking. Industrial fishing for anchovies and sardines was investigated using South African landing statistics and logbooks. 4. Our spatial analyses revealed a strong match of seabird at-sea habitat and zones of high primary productivity throughout the southern Benguela. Conversely, there was a marked spatial mismatch between copepods and pelagic fish, as well as between pelagic fish, seabirds and human fisheries: copepods were present in the southern Benguela but pelagic fish usually feeding upon them were located further east (Indian Ocean), outside of the Benguela sensu stricto. Consequently, the majority of these pelagic fish were out of reach for seabirds and fisheries confined to the southern Benguela. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our study demonstrates the impact of an ecosystem shift across one of the world's most productive marine ecosystems and highlights the limitations of using remote-sensed patterns of primary productivity to interpret the foraging behaviour of marine top predators. These findings underline the importance of a better knowledge of food web spatial dynamics to support ecosystem-based fisheries management and the conservation of marine top predators.},
  timestamp = {2008-04-03 05:01:07},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2008-04-03},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  author = {Gremillet, David and Lewis, Sue and Drapeau, Laurent and van Der Lingen, Carl D. and Huggett, Jenny A. and Coetzee, Janet C. and Verheye, Hans M. and Daunt, Francis and Wanless, Sarah and Ryan, Peter G.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2008},
  pages = {610--621}
}

@article{leathwick_comparative_2006,
  title = {Comparative performance of generalized additive models and multivariate adaptive regression splines for statistical modelling of species distributions},
  volume = {199},
  issn = {0304-3800},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBS-4KF78DH-2/2/db649e4fd1cd48dc2860bc4ffca3cece},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.05.022},
  abstract = {Two statistical modelling techniques, generalized additive models (GAM) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), were used to analyse relationships between the distributions of 15 freshwater fish species and their environment. GAM and MARS models were fitted individually for each species, and a MARS multiresponse model was fitted in which the distributions of all species were analysed simultaneously. Model performance was evaluated using changes in deviance in the fitted models and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), calculated using a bootstrap assessment procedure that simulates predictive performance for independent data. Results indicate little difference between the performance of GAM and MARS models, even when MARS models included interaction terms between predictor variables. Results from MARS models are much more easily incorporated into other analyses than those from GAM models. The strong performance of a MARS multiresponse model, particularly for species of low prevalence, suggests that it may have distinct advantages for the analysis of large datasets. Its identification of a parsimonious set of environmental correlates of community composition, coupled with its ability to robustly model species distributions in relation to those variables, can be seen as converging strongly with the purposes of traditional ordination techniques.},
  timestamp = {2012-10-09 14:50:48},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2011-01-02},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  author = {Leathwick, J.R. and Elith, J. and Hastie, T.},
  month = nov,
  year = {2006},
  keywords = {Distribution,Environment,Fish,Freshwater,Generalized additive model,Multivariate adaptive regression splines},
  pages = {188--196}
}

@article{araujo_ensemble_2007,
  title = {Ensemble forecasting of species distributions},
  volume = {22},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4M0S2X2-1/2/34c7f5c49ff0949aa4ead319e23fefd1},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2006.09.010},
  abstract = {Concern over implications of climate change for biodiversity has led to the use of bioclimatic models to forecast the range shifts of species under future climate-change scenarios. Recent studies have demonstrated that projections by alternative models can be so variable as to compromise their usefulness for guiding policy decisions. Here, we advocate the use of multiple models within an ensemble forecasting framework and describe alternative approaches to the analysis of bioclimatic ensembles, including bounding box, consensus and probabilistic techniques. We argue that, although improved accuracy can be delivered through the traditional tasks of trying to build better models with improved data, more robust forecasts can also be achieved if ensemble forecasts are produced and analysed appropriately.},
  timestamp = {2008-04-10 20:03:06},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2008-04-10},
  journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  author = {Araujo, Miguel B. and New, Mark},
  month = jan,
  year = {2007},
  pages = {42--47}
}

@article{redfern_absence_2008,
  title = {Absence of scale dependence in dolphin{\textendash}habitat models for the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean},
  volume = {363},
  timestamp = {2008-11-13 22:20:57},
  journal = {Mar Ecol Prog Ser},
  author = {Redfern, J. V. and Barlow, J. and Ballance, L. T. and Gerrodette, T. and Becker, E. A.},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {1--14},
  file = {Google Scholar Linked Page:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/X7CJHQJW/Redfern et al - 2008 - Absence of scale dependence in dolphin–habitat mod.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dormann_methods_2007,
  title = {Methods to Account for Spatial Autocorrelation in the Analysis of Species Distributional Data: a Review},
  volume = {30},
  shorttitle = {Methods to Account for Spatial Autocorrelation in the Analysis of Species Distributional Data},
  url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05171.x},
  doi = {10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05171.x},
  abstract = {Species distributional or trait data based on range map (extent-of-occurrence) or atlas survey data often display spatial autocorrelation, i.e. locations close to each other exhibit more similar values than those further apart. If this pattern remains present in the residuals of a statistical model based on such data, one of the key assumptions of standard statistical analyses, that residuals are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d), is violated. The violation of the assumption of i.i.d. residuals may bias parameter estimates and can increase type I error rates (falsely rejecting the null hypothesis of no effect). While this is increasingly recognised by researchers analysing species distribution data, there is, to our knowledge, no comprehensive overview of the many available spatial statistical methods to take spatial autocorrelation into account in tests of statistical significance. Here, we describe six different statistical approaches to infer correlates of species' distributions, for both presence/absence (binary response) and species abundance data (poisson or normally distributed response), while accounting for spatial autocorrelation in model residuals: autocovariate regression; spatial eigenvector mapping; generalised least squares; (conditional and simultaneous) autoregressive models and generalised estimating equations. A comprehensive comparison of the relative merits of these methods is beyond the scope of this paper. To demonstrate each method's implementation, however, we undertook preliminary tests based on simulated data. These preliminary tests verified that most of the spatial modeling techniques we examined showed good type I error control and precise parameter estimates, at least when confronted with simplistic simulated data containing spatial autocorrelation in the errors. However, we found that for presence/absence data the results and conclusions were very variable between the different methods. This is likely due to the low information content of binary maps. Also, in contrast with previous studies, we found that autocovariate methods consistently underestimated the effects of environmental controls of species distributions. Given their widespread use, in particular for the modelling of species presence/absence data (e.g. climate envelope models), we argue that this warrants further study and caution in their use. To aid other ecologists in making use of the methods described, code to implement them in freely available software is provided in an electronic appendix.},
  timestamp = {2010-03-14 03:56:32},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2008-06-26},
  journal = {Ecography},
  author = {Dormann, Carsten F and M. Mcpherson, Jana and B. Araujo, Miguel and Bivand, Roger and Bolliger, Janine and Carl, Gudrun and G. Davies, Richard and Hirzel, Alexandre and Jetz, Walter and Daniel Kissling, W. and Kuhn, Ingolf and Ohlemuller, Ralf and R. Peres-Neto, Pedro and Reineking, Bjorn and Schroder, Boris and M. Schurr, Frank and Wilson, Robert},
  month = oct,
  year = {2007},
  pages = {609--628}
}

@article{nally_use_2008,
  title = {Use of guilds for modelling avian responses to vegetation in the Intermountain West ({USA})},
  volume = {17},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00409.x},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00409.x},
  abstract = {Aim��Individually focused conservation management of many species is expensive and logistically impractical. Mesofilter conservation methods may facilitate the simultaneous management of multiple species. We used data on distributions of two sets of avian guilds, based on dependence on riparian vegetation and on nest location, to relate occurrence rates to environmental variables. Variables were selected by expert opinion and are likely to be affected by changes in climate and land use.Location�� Data were collected from 2001201306 in four adjacent mountain ranges in the central Great Basin (Lander, Nye and Eureka counties, Nevada, USA): the Shoshone Mountains and the Toiyabe, Toquima and Monitor ranges.Methods�� Data on occurrence of birds, vegetation composition and vegetation structure were obtained in the field. Geographical coordinates and the normalized difference vegetation index were derived from a digital elevation model and a satellite image. To construct a general model for guilds as a whole, while allowing flexibility for variation in the functional responses of individual species, we applied multivariate adaptive regression splines.Results�� The predictive capacity of expert knowledge of relationships between birds and vegetation was inconsistent. Latitude, longitude and elevation may constrain the response of some guilds to changes in vegetation structure and composition. Guild-based models were useful for modelling species with sparse distributions, which are difficult to model individually. In essence, this method supplements models for the individual species with patterns for the guild to which they belong.Main conclusions�� Guilds of birds appeared to have predictable associations with selected attributes of vegetation structure and composition. The criteria by which species are grouped into guilds may affect the success of predictions and management interventions. Our derived models offer the potential to predict effects on the avifauna of management or climate-driven change in vegetation.},
  timestamp = {2009-06-07 23:14:09},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2009-06-07},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  author = {Nally, Ralph Mac and Fleishman, Erica and Thomson, James R. and Dobkin, David S.},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {758--769}
}

@article{phillips_sample_2009,
  title = {Sample selection bias and presence-only distribution models: implications for background and pseudo-absence data},
  volume = {19},
  url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/07-2153.1},
  timestamp = {2012-02-04 02:35:29},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  author = {Phillips, Steven J and Dud{\'\i}k, Miroslav and Elith, Jane and Graham, Catherine H and Lehmann, Anthony and Leathwick, John and Ferrier, Simon},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {181--197},
  file = {07-2153.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IFZH9P6S/07-2153.pdf:application/pdf;Phillips2009.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WH6TPVRQ/Phillips2009.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hobday_real_2006,
  title = {Near real-time spatial management based on habitat predictions for a longline bycatch species},
  volume = {13},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2006.00515.x},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2400.2006.00515.x},
  abstract = {Abstract�Southern bluefin tuna (SBT), Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau), is a quota-managed species that makes annual winter migrations to the Tasman Sea off south-eastern Australia. During this period it interacts with a year-round tropical tuna longline fishery (Eastern Tuna and Billfish Fishery, ETBF). ETBF managers seek to minimise the bycatch of SBT by commercial ETBF longline fishers with limited or no SBT quota through spatial restrictions. Access to areas where SBT are believed to be present is restricted to fishers holding SBT quota. A temperature-based SBT habitat model was developed to provide managers with an estimate of tuna distribution upon which to base their decisions about placement of management boundaries. Adult SBT temperature preferences were determined using pop-up satellite archival tags. The near real-time predicted location of SBT was determined by matching temperature preferences to satellite sea surface temperature data and vertical temperature data from an oceanographic model. Regular reports detailing the location of temperature-based SBT habitat were produced during the period of the ETBF fishing season when interactions with SBT occur. The SBT habitat model included: (i) predictions based on the current vertical structure of the ocean; (ii) seasonally adjusted temperature preference data for the 60 calendar days centred on the prediction date; and (iii) development of a temperature-based SBT habitat climatology that allowed visualisation of the expected change in the distribution of the SBT habitat zones throughout the season. At the conclusion of the fishing season an automated method for placing management boundaries was compared with the subjective approach used by managers. Applying this automated procedure to the habitat predictions enabled an investigation of the effects of setting management boundaries using old data and updating management boundaries infrequently. Direct comparison with the management boundaries allowed an evaluation of the efficiency and biases produced by this aspect of the fishery management process. Near real-time fishery management continues to be a realistic prospect that new scientific approaches using novel tools can support and advance.},
  timestamp = {2011-03-28 05:27:53},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2008-10-30},
  journal = {Fisheries Management and Ecology},
  author = {Hobday, A. J. and Hartmann, K.},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {365--380}
}

@article{heinanen_modelling_2009,
  title = {Modelling species distribution in complex environments: an evaluation of predictive ability and reliability in five shorebird species},
  volume = {15},
  issn = {13669516},
  shorttitle = {Modelling species distribution in complex environments},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00532.x/full},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00532.x},
  timestamp = {2011-03-27 02:17:04},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2011-03-27},
  journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
  author = {Hein{\"a}nen, Stefan and von Numers, Mikael},
  month = mar,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {266--279},
  file = {Heinanen2009.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/AGH2F65W/Heinanen2009.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tewkai_top_2009,
  title = {Top marine predators track Lagrangian coherent structures},
  volume = {106},
  url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/106/20/8245.abstract},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0811034106},
  abstract = {Meso- and submesoscales (fronts, eddies, filaments) in surface ocean flow have a crucial influence on marine ecosystems. Their dynamics partly control the foraging behavior and the displacement of marine top predators (tuna, birds, turtles, and cetaceans). In this work we focus on the role of submesoscale structures in the Mozambique Channel in the distribution of a marine predator, the Great Frigatebird. Using a newly developed dynamic concept, the finite-size Lyapunov exponent (FSLE), we identified Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) present in the surface flow in the channel over a 2-month observation period (August and September 2003). By comparing seabird satellite positions with LCS locations, we demonstrate that frigatebirds track precisely these structures in the Mozambique Channel, providing the first evidence that a top predator is able to track these FSLE ridges to locate food patches. After comparing bird positions during long and short trips and different parts of these trips, we propose several hypotheses to understand how frigatebirds can follow these LCSs. The birds might use visual and/or olfactory cues and/or atmospheric current changes over the structures to move along these biologic corridors. The birds being often associated with tuna schools around foraging areas, a thorough comprehension of their foraging behavior and movement during the breeding season is crucial not only to seabird ecology but also to an appropriate ecosystemic approach to fisheries in the channel.},
  timestamp = {2009-05-26 16:43:42},
  number = {20},
  urldate = {2009-05-26},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  author = {Tew Kai, Emilie and Rossi, Vincent and Sudre, Joel and Weimerskirch, Henri and Lopez, Cristobal and Hernandez-Garcia, Emilio and Marsac, Francis and Gar{\c c}on, Veronique},
  month = may,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {8245--8250},
  file = {0811034106SI.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IRSZHD7E/0811034106SI.pdf:application/pdf;Tew_Kai_2009_Top_marine_predators_track_Lagrangian_coherent.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3MKWMTP2/Tew_Kai_2009_Top_marine_predators_track_Lagrangian_coherent.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{becker_comparing_2010,
  title = {Comparing California Current cetacean{\textendash}habitat models developed using in situ and remotely sensed sea surface temperature data},
  volume = {413},
  url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v413/p163-183/},
  doi = {10.3354/meps08696},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT: Generalized linear and generalized additive habitat models were used to predict cetacean densities for 10 species in an 818000 km2 area off California. The performance of models built with remotely sensed oceanic data was compared to that of models built with in situ measurements. Cetacean sighting data were collected by the Southwest Fisheries Science Center on 4 systematic line-transect surveys during the summer and fall of 1991, 1993, 1996, and 2001. Predictor variables included temporally dynamic, remotely sensed environmental variables (sea surface temperature and measures of its variance) and more static geographical variables (water depth, bathymetric slope, and a categorical variable representing oceanic zone). The explanatory and predictive power of different spatial and temporal resolutions of satellite data were examined and included in the models for each of the 10 species. Alternative models were built using in situ analogs for sea surface temperature and its variance. The remotely sensed and in situ models with the highest predictive ability were selected based on a pseudo-jackknife cross validation procedure. Environmental predictors included in the final models varied by species, but, for each species, overall explanatory power was similar between the remotely sensed and in situ models. Cetacean{\textendash}habitat models developed using satellite data at 8 d temporal resolution and from 5 to 35 km spatial resolution were shown to have predictive ability that generally met or exceeded models developed with analogous in situ data. This suggests that the former could be an effective tool for resource managers to develop near real-time predictions of cetacean density.},
  timestamp = {2010-08-27 17:41:40},
  urldate = {2010-08-27},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  author = {Becker, E. A. and Forney, K. A. and Ferguson, M. C. and Foley, D. G. and Smith, R. C. and Barlow, J. and Redfern, J. V.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2010},
  pages = {163--183}
}

@article{howell_turtlewatch_2008,
  title = {{TurtleWatch}: a tool to aid in the bycatch reduction of loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta in the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery},
  volume = {5},
  issn = {1863-5407},
  shorttitle = {{TurtleWatch}},
  timestamp = {2011-03-02 02:59:45},
  number = {2-3},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  author = {Howell, E. A and Kobayashi, D. R and Parker, D. M and Balazs, G. H and Polovina, J. J},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {267--278}
}

@article{dunn_spatio_2010,
  title = {Spatio-temporal management of fisheries to reduce by-catch and increase fishing selectivity},
  issn = {1467-2979},
  timestamp = {2011-03-02 03:46:15},
  journal = {Fish and Fisheries},
  author = {Dunn, D. C and Boustany, A. M and Halpin, P. N},
  year = {2010},
  file = {Dunn et al. - 2010 - Spatio-temporal management of fisheries to reduce .pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4S2BQ4AQ/Dunn et al. - 2010 - Spatio-temporal management of fisheries to reduce .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{fourcade_mapping_2014,
  title = {Mapping Species Distributions with {MAXENT} Using a Geographically Biased Sample of Presence Data: A Performance Assessment of Methods for Correcting Sampling Bias},
  volume = {9},
  shorttitle = {Mapping Species Distributions with {MAXENT} Using a Geographically Biased Sample of Presence Data},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097122},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0097122},
  abstract = {MAXENT is now a common species distribution modeling (SDM) tool used by conservation practitioners for predicting the distribution of a species from a set of records and environmental predictors. However, datasets of species occurrence used to train the model are often biased in the geographical space because of unequal sampling effort across the study area. This bias may be a source of strong inaccuracy in the resulting model and could lead to incorrect predictions. Although a number of sampling bias correction methods have been proposed, there is no consensual guideline to account for it. We compared here the performance of five methods of bias correction on three datasets of species occurrence: one ``virtual'' derived from a land cover map, and two actual datasets for a turtle (Chrysemys picta) and a salamander (Plethodon cylindraceus). We subjected these datasets to four types of sampling biases corresponding to potential types of empirical biases. We applied five correction methods to the biased samples and compared the outputs of distribution models to unbiased datasets to assess the overall correction performance of each method. The results revealed that the ability of methods to correct the initial sampling bias varied greatly depending on bias type, bias intensity and species. However, the simple systematic sampling of records consistently ranked among the best performing across the range of conditions tested, whereas other methods performed more poorly in most cases. The strong effect of initial conditions on correction performance highlights the need for further research to develop a step-by-step guideline to account for sampling bias. However, this method seems to be the most efficient in correcting sampling bias and should be advised in most cases.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-20 18:27:24},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2014-08-20},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Fourcade, Yoan and Engler, Jan O. and R{\"o}dder, Dennis and Secondi, Jean},
  month = may,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {e97122},
  file = {PLoS Full Text PDF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Q2WHDATS/Fourcade et al. - 2014 - Mapping Species Distributions with MAXENT Using a .pdf:application/pdf;PLoS Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Q5EFFZ94/infodoi10.1371journal.pone.html:text/html}
}

@article{pardo_inferring_2015,
  title = {Inferring Cetacean Population Densities from the Absolute Dynamic Topography of the Ocean in a Hierarchical Bayesian Framework},
  volume = {10},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120727},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0120727},
  abstract = {We inferred the population densities of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) and short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in the Northeast Pacific Ocean as functions of the water-column's physical structure by implementing hierarchical models in a Bayesian framework. This approach allowed us to propagate the uncertainty of the field observations into the inference of species-habitat relationships and to generate spatially explicit population density predictions with reduced effects of sampling heterogeneity. Our hypothesis was that the large-scale spatial distributions of these two cetacean species respond primarily to ecological processes resulting from shoaling and outcropping of the pycnocline in regions of wind-forced upwelling and eddy-like circulation. Physically, these processes affect the thermodynamic balance of the water column, decreasing its volume and thus the height of the absolute dynamic topography (ADT). Biologically, they lead to elevated primary productivity and persistent aggregation of low-trophic-level prey. Unlike other remotely sensed variables, ADT provides information about the structure of the entire water column and it is also routinely measured at high spatial-temporal resolution by satellite altimeters with uniform global coverage. Our models provide spatially explicit population density predictions for both species, even in areas where the pycnocline shoals but does not outcrop (e.g. the Costa Rica Dome and the North Equatorial Countercurrent thermocline ridge). Interannual variations in distribution during El Ni{\~n}o anomalies suggest that the population density of both species decreases dramatically in the Equatorial Cold Tongue and the Costa Rica Dome, and that their distributions retract to particular areas that remain productive, such as the more oceanic waters in the central California Current System, the northern Gulf of California, the North Equatorial Countercurrent thermocline ridge, and the more southern portion of the Humboldt Current System. We posit that such reductions in available foraging habitats during climatic disturbances could incur high energetic costs on these populations, ultimately affecting individual fitness and survival.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:18:23},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Pardo, Mario A. and Gerrodette, Tim and Beier, Emilio and Gendron, Diane and Forney, Karin A. and Chivers, Susan J. and Barlow, Jay and Palacios, Daniel M.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {e0120727},
  file = {Pardo et al. - 2015 - Inferring Cetacean Population Densities from the A.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/XK3PVGQM/Pardo et al. - 2015 - Inferring Cetacean Population Densities from the A.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{miller_basking_2015,
  title = {Basking sharks and oceanographic fronts: quantifying associations in the north-east Atlantic},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2015 The Authors. Functional Ecology {\textcopyright} 2015 British Ecological Society},
  issn = {1365-2435},
  shorttitle = {Basking sharks and oceanographic fronts},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.12423/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.12423},
  abstract = {* Understanding the mechanisms that link oceanographic processes and marine vertebrate space use is critical to our knowledge of marine ecosystem functioning, and for effective management of populations of conservation concern.

* The basking shark Cetorhinus maximus has been observed in association with oceanographic fronts {\textendash} physical interfaces at the transitions between water masses {\textendash} exploiting foraging opportunities resulting from zooplankton aggregation. However, the scale, significance and variability of these associations have not previously been established.

* Here, we quantify the influence of thermal and chlorophyll-a fronts on basking shark habitat use in the north-east Atlantic. We use animal-mounted archival tracking together with composite front mapping via Earth Observation (EO) remote sensing to provide an oceanographic context to shark movements.

* We investigate levels of association with fronts occurring over two spatio-temporal scales, (i) broad-scale, seasonally persistent frontal zones and (ii) contemporaneous thermal and chl-a fronts. Using random walk simulations and logistic regression within an iterative generalized linear mixed modelling (GLMM) framework, we find that seasonal front frequency is a significant predictor of shark presence.

* Oceanographic metrics time-matched to shark tracks indicate that sharks show a preference for productive regions and associate with contemporaneous thermal and chl-a fronts more frequently than could be expected at random. Moreover, we highlight the importance of front persistence and cross-frontal temperature step, which appear to interact to affect the degree of prey aggregation along thermal fronts in this shelf-sea system.

* Our findings confirm that surface frontal activity is a predictor of basking shark presence in the north-east Atlantic, both over seasonal timescales and in near real-time. These insights have clear implications for understanding the preferred habitats of basking sharks in the context of anthropogenic threat management and marine spatial planning in the region.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:19:26},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {Functional Ecology},
  author = {Miller, Peter I. and Scales, Kylie L. and Ingram, Simon N. and Southall, Emily J. and Sims, David W.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {animal tracking,Biologging,front mapping,habitat preference,Habitat use,marine megavertebrate,marine vertebrate,Remote sensing},
  pages = {n/a--n/a},
  file = {Miller et al. - 2015 - Basking sharks and oceanographic fronts quantifyi.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/JVV9KG6B/Miller et al. - 2015 - Basking sharks and oceanographic fronts quantifyi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/79R3HFQU/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{scales_application_2015,
  title = {The application of ocean front metrics for understanding habitat selection by marine predators},
  url = {http://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk:8080/handle/10026.1/3319},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:21:58},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  author = {Scales, Kylie Lisa},
  year = {2015},
  file = {Scales - 2015 - The application of ocean front metrics for underst.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/JS6K79ZH/Scales - 2015 - The application of ocean front metrics for underst.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GIP5ESGC/3319.html:text/html}
}

@article{scales_front_2014,
  title = {On the Front Line: frontal zones as priority at-sea conservation areas for mobile marine vertebrates},
  volume = {51},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology {\textcopyright} 2014 British Ecological Society},
  issn = {1365-2664},
  shorttitle = {On the Front Line},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.12330/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/1365-2664.12330},
  abstract = {* Identifying priority areas for marine vertebrate conservation is complex because species of conservation concern are highly mobile, inhabit dynamic habitats and are difficult to monitor.

* Many marine vertebrates are known to associate with oceanographic fronts {\textendash} physical interfaces at the transition between water masses {\textendash} for foraging and migration, making them important candidate sites for conservation. Here, we review associations between marine vertebrates and fronts and how they vary with scale, regional oceanography and foraging ecology.

* Accessibility, spatiotemporal predictability and relative productivity of front-associated foraging habitats are key aspects of their ecological importance. Predictable mesoscale (10s{\textendash}100s km) regions of persistent frontal activity (`frontal zones') are particularly significant.

* Frontal zones are hotspots of overlap between critical habitat and spatially explicit anthropogenic threats, such as the concentration of fisheries activity. As such, they represent tractable conservation units, in which to target measures for threat mitigation.

* Front mapping via Earth observation (EO) remote sensing facilitates identification and monitoring of these hotspots of vulnerability. Seasonal or climatological products can locate biophysical hotspots, while near-real-time front mapping augments the suite of tools supporting spatially dynamic ocean management.

* Synthesis and applications. Frontal zones are ecologically important for mobile marine vertebrates. We surmise that relative accessibility, predictability and productivity are key biophysical characteristics of ecologically significant frontal zones in contrasting oceanographic regions. Persistent frontal zones are potential priority conservation areas for multiple marine vertebrate taxa and are easily identifiable through front mapping via EO remote sensing. These insights are useful for marine spatial planning and marine biodiversity conservation, both within Exclusive Economic Zones and in the open oceans.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-19 17:41:58},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2015-05-19},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  author = {Scales, Kylie L. and Miller, Peter I. and Hawkes, Lucy A. and Ingram, Simon N. and Sims, David W. and Votier, Stephen C.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {composite front mapping,Foraging,habitat,Marine protected areas,marine top predator,marine vertebrate,ocean front,oceanographic front,pelagic predator,Remote sensing},
  pages = {1575--1583},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DR45E78A/Scales et al. - 2014 - On the Front Line frontal zones as priority at-se.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NZUZ45QN/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{liu_evaluation_2012,
  title = {Evaluation of Potential Responses to Invasive Non-Native Species with Structured Decision Making},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2012 Society for Conservation Biology},
  issn = {1523-1739},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01843.x/full},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01843.x},
  abstract = {In managing invasions and colonizations of non-native species, eradication or control efforts must proceed quickly. There are 2 challenges in taking such quick action. First, managers frequently have to choose among complex and often competing environmental, social, and economic objectives. Second, the effects are highly uncertain. We applied participatory structured decision making (SDM) to develop a response plan for the recent invasion of non-native myrtle rust (Uredo rangelii) in Australia. Structured decision making breaks a complex decision process into 5 steps: identify problems (i.e., decisions to be made), formulate objectives, develop management alternatives, estimate consequences of implementing those alternatives, and select preferred alternatives by evaluating trade-offs among alternatives. To determine the preferred mid- to long-term alternatives to managing the rust, we conducted 2 participatory workshops and 18 interviews with individuals to elicit stakeholders' key concerns and convert them into 5 objectives (minimize management cost, minimize economic cost to industry, minimize effects on natural ecosystems and landscape amenities, and minimize environmental effects associated with use of fungicide) and to identify the 5 management alternatives (full eradication, partial eradication, slow spread, live with it {[}i.e., major effort invested in mitigation of effects], and do nothing). We also developed decision trees to graphically represent the essence of the decision by displaying the relations between uncertainties and decision points. In the short term or before local expansion of myrtle rust, the do-nothing alternative was not preferred, but an eradication alternative was only recommended if the probability of eradication exceeded about 40\%. After the expansion of myrtle rust, the slow-the-spread alternative was preferred regardless of which of the short-term management alternatives was selected at an earlier stage. The participatory SDM approach effectively resulted in informed and transparent response plans that incorporated multiple objectives in decision-making processes under high uncertainty.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2012-04-23 21:09:57},
  urldate = {2012-04-23},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Liu, Shuang and Walshe, Terry and Long, Graham and Cook, David},
  month = apr,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {collaborative decision making,deliberative multicriteria evaluation,environmental impact,Guava rust,Puccinia psidii,social impact,trade-offs},
  file = {Liu2012.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/82BBW2QT/Liu2012.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bradbury_mapping_2014,
  title = {Mapping Seabird Sensitivity to Offshore Wind Farms},
  volume = {9},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106366},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0106366},
  abstract = {We present a Geographic Information System (GIS) tool, SeaMaST (Seabird Mapping and Sensitivity Tool), to provide evidence on the use of sea areas by seabirds and inshore waterbirds in English territorial waters, mapping their relative sensitivity to offshore wind farms. SeaMaST is a freely available evidence source for use by all connected to the offshore wind industry and will assist statutory agencies in assessing potential risks to seabird populations from planned developments. Data were compiled from offshore boat and aerial observer surveys spanning the period 1979{\textendash}2012. The data were analysed using distance analysis and Density Surface Modelling to produce predicted bird densities across a grid covering English territorial waters at a resolution of 3 km{\texttimes}3 km. Coefficients of Variation were estimated for each grid cell density, as an indication of confidence in predictions. Offshore wind farm sensitivity scores were compiled for seabird species using English territorial waters. The comparative risks to each species of collision with turbines and displacement from operational turbines were reviewed and scored separately, and the scores were multiplied by the bird density estimates to produce relative sensitivity maps. The sensitivity maps reflected well the amassed distributions of the most sensitive species. SeaMaST is an important new tool for assessing potential impacts on seabird populations from offshore development at a time when multiple large areas of development are proposed which overlap with many seabird species' ranges. It will inform marine spatial planning as well as identifying priority areas of sea usage by marine birds. Example SeaMaST outputs are presented.},
  timestamp = {2014-09-17 15:22:05},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2014-09-17},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Bradbury, Gareth and Trinder, Mark and Furness, Bob and Banks, Alex N. and Caldow, Richard W. G. and Hume, Duncan},
  month = sep,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {e106366},
  file = {Bradbury et al. - 2014 - Mapping Seabird Sensitivity to Offshore Wind Farms.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/S7DVWG7S/Bradbury et al. - 2014 - Mapping Seabird Sensitivity to Offshore Wind Farms.pdf:application/pdf;PLoS Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DJ97VRJ8/infodoi10.1371journal.pone.html:text/html}
}

@article{taylor_bayesian_1996,
  title = {A Bayesian Approach to Classification Criteria for Spectacled Eiders},
  volume = {6},
  timestamp = {2009-02-17 04:33:13},
  number = {4},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  author = {Taylor, B. L. and Wade, P. R. and Stehn, R. A. and Cochrane, J. F.},
  year = {1996},
  pages = {1077--1089}
}

@article{polasky_decision_2011,
  title = {Decision-making under great uncertainty: environmental management in an era of global change},
  volume = {26},
  issn = {0169-5347},
  shorttitle = {Decision-making under great uncertainty},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534711001157},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.04.007},
  abstract = {Global change issues are complex and the consequences of decisions are often highly uncertain. The large spatial and temporal scales and stakes involved make it important to take account of present and potential consequences in decision-making. Standard approaches to decision-making under uncertainty require information about the likelihood of alternative states, how states and actions combine to form outcomes and the net benefits of different outcomes. For global change issues, however, the set of potential states is often unknown, much less the probabilities, effect of actions or their net benefits. Decision theory, thresholds, scenarios and resilience thinking can expand awareness of the potential states and outcomes, as well as of the probabilities and consequences of outcomes under alternative decisions.},
  timestamp = {2012-01-25 19:02:46},
  number = {8},
  urldate = {2012-01-25},
  journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  author = {Polasky, Stephen and Carpenter, Stephen R. and Folke, Carl and Keeler, Bonnie},
  month = aug,
  year = {2011},
  pages = {398--404}
}

@article{williams_prioritizing_2014,
  title = {Prioritizing global marine mammal habitats using density maps in place of range maps},
  volume = {37},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2013 The Authors. Ecography published by Nordic Society Oikos. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.},
  issn = {1600-0587},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00479.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00479.x},
  abstract = {Despite lessons from terrestrial systems, conservation efforts in marine systems continue to focus on identifying priority sites for protection based on high species richness inferred from range maps. Range maps oversimplify spatial variability in animal distributions by assuming uniform distribution within range and de facto giving equal weight to critical and marginal habitats. We used Marxan ver. 2.43 to compare species richness-based systematic reserve network solutions using information about marine mammal range and relative abundance. At a global scale, reserve network solutions were strongly sensitive to model inputs and assumptions. Solutions based on different input data overlapped by a third at most, with agreement as low as 10\% in some cases. At a regional scale, species richness was inversely related to density, such that species richness hotspots excluded highest-density areas for all species. Based on these findings, we caution that species-richness estimates derived from range maps and used as input in conservation planning exercises may inadvertently lead to protection of largely marginal habitat.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2014-07-08 20:58:54},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2014-07-08},
  journal = {Ecography},
  author = {Williams, Rob and Grand, Joanna and Hooker, Sascha K. and Buckland, Stephen T. and Reeves, Randall R. and Rojas-Bracho, Lorenzo and Sandilands, Doug and Kaschner, Kristin},
  month = mar,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {212--220},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/C4P67E2M/abstract.html:text/html;Williams et al. - 2014 - Prioritizing global marine mammal habitats using d.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PJ28HI9A/Williams et al. - 2014 - Prioritizing global marine mammal habitats using d.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ellison_bayesian_2004,
  title = {Bayesian inference in ecology},
  volume = {7},
  issn = {1461-0248},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00603.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00603.x},
  abstract = {Bayesian inference is an important statistical tool that is increasingly being used by ecologists. In a Bayesian analysis, information available before a study is conducted is summarized in a quantitative model or hypothesis: the prior probability distribution. Bayes' Theorem uses the prior probability distribution and the likelihood of the data to generate a posterior probability distribution. Posterior probability distributions are an epistemological alternative to P-values and provide a direct measure of the degree of belief that can be placed on models, hypotheses, or parameter estimates. Moreover, Bayesian information-theoretic methods provide robust measures of the probability of alternative models, and multiple models can be averaged into a single model that reflects uncertainty in model construction and selection. These methods are demonstrated through a simple worked example. Ecologists are using Bayesian inference in studies that range from predicting single-species population dynamics to understanding ecosystem processes. Not all ecologists, however, appreciate the philosophical underpinnings of Bayesian inference. In particular, Bayesians and frequentists differ in their definition of probability and in their treatment of model parameters as random variables or estimates of true values. These assumptions must be addressed explicitly before deciding whether or not to use Bayesian methods to analyse ecological data.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 03:05:56},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2014-08-09},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  author = {Ellison, Aaron M.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2004},
  keywords = {Bayesian inference,Bayes' Theorem,epistemology,information criteria,model averaging,Model selection},
  pages = {509--520},
  file = {Ellison - 2004 - Bayesian inference in ecology.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CXPBDWNW/Ellison - 2004 - Bayesian inference in ecology.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SNF2S6WX/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{ellison_introduction_1996,
  title = {An introduction to Bayesian inference for ecological research and environmental decision-making},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2269588},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 03:12:17},
  urldate = {2014-08-09},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  author = {Ellison, Aaron M.},
  year = {1996},
  pages = {1036--1046},
  file = {Ellison - 1996 - An introduction to Bayesian inference for ecologic.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HKGW2FCV/Ellison - 1996 - An introduction to Bayesian inference for ecologic.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{shrader-frechette_method_1993,
  address = {Cambridge, {UK}},
  title = {Method in Ecology: Strategies for Conservation},
  shorttitle = {Method in Ecology},
  url = {http://www.sidalc.net/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/?IsisScript=UACHBC.xis\&method=post\&formato=2\&cantidad=1\&expresion=mfn=045014},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 03:23:27},
  urldate = {2014-08-09},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  author = {Shrader-Frechette, K. S. and {McCoy}, E.},
  year = {1993},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/T5ADGMHG/wxis.html:text/html}
}

@article{wade_bayesian_2000,
  title = {Bayesian methods in conservation biology},
  volume = {14},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99415.x/full},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 03:21:22},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2014-08-09},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Wade, Paul R.},
  year = {2000},
  pages = {1308--1316},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MTQBKQJ9/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{adams_synthesis_2014,
  title = {Synthesis and review: delivering on conservation promises: the challenges of managing and measuring conservation outcomes},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  shorttitle = {Synthesis and review},
  url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/9/8/085002},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/085002},
  abstract = {Growing threats and limited resources have always been the financial realities of biodiversity conservation. As the conservation sector has matured, however, the accountability of conservation investments has become an increasingly debated topic, with two key topics being driven to the forefront of the discourse: understanding how to manage the risks associated with our conservation investments and demonstrating that our investments are making a difference through evidence-based analyses. A better understanding of the uncertainties associated with conservation decisions is a central component of managing risks to investments that is often neglected. This focus issue presents both theoretical and applied approaches to quantifying and managing risks. Furthermore, transparent and replicable approaches to measuring impacts of conservation investments are noticeably absent in many conservation programs globally. This focus issue contains state of the art conservation program impact evaluations that both demonstrate how these methods can be used to measure outcomes as well as directing future investments. This focus issue thus brings together current thinking and case studies that can provide a valuable resource for directing future conservation investments.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2014-08-14 16:50:31},
  number = {8},
  urldate = {2014-08-14},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  author = {Adams, Vanessa M. and Game, Edward T. and Bode, Michael},
  month = aug,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {085002},
  file = {Adams et al. - 2014 - Synthesis and review delivering on conservation p.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/B8VXBQD5/Adams et al. - 2014 - Synthesis and review delivering on conservation p.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5P4ZBA3D/085002.html:text/html}
}

@article{halpern_achieving_2013,
  pmid = {23530207},
  title = {Achieving the triple bottom line in the face of inherent trade-offs among social equity, economic return, and conservation},
  volume = {110},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/110/15/6229},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1217689110},
  abstract = {Triple{\textendash}bottom-line outcomes from resource management and conservation, where conservation goals and equity in social outcomes are maximized while overall costs are minimized, remain a highly sought-after ideal. However, despite widespread recognition of the importance that equitable distribution of benefits or costs across society can play in conservation success, little formal theory exists for how to explicitly incorporate equity into conservation planning and prioritization. Here, we develop that theory and implement it for three very different case studies in California (United States), Raja Ampat (Indonesia), and the wider Coral Triangle region (Southeast Asia). We show that equity tends to trade off nonlinearly with the potential to achieve conservation objectives, such that similar conservation outcomes can be possible with greater equity, to a point. However, these case studies also produce a range of trade-off typologies between equity and conservation, depending on how one defines and measures social equity, including direct (linear) and no trade-off. Important gaps remain in our understanding, most notably how equity influences probability of conservation success, in turn affecting the actual ability to achieve conservation objectives. Results here provide an important foundation for moving the science and practice of conservation planning{\textemdash}and broader spatial planning in general{\textemdash}toward more consistently achieving efficient, equitable, and effective outcomes.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 23:46:40},
  number = {15},
  urldate = {2013-06-21},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  author = {Halpern, Benjamin S. and Klein, Carissa J. and Brown, Christopher J. and Beger, Maria and Grantham, Hedley S. and Mangubhai, Sangeeta and Ruckelshaus, Mary and Tulloch, Vivitskaia J. and Watts, Matt and White, Crow and Possingham, Hugh P.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Ecosystem-based management,environmental justice,Marine protected areas,Marine spatial planning,Social-ecological systems},
  pages = {6229--6234},
  file = {Halpern et al - 2013 - Achieving the triple bottom line in the face of inherent trade-offs among.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MNQGADEZ/Halpern et al - 2013 - Achieving the triple bottom line in the face of inherent trade-offs among.pdf:application/pdf;Halpern et al. - 2013 - Achieving the triple bottom line in the face of in.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MTD2QXS6/Halpern et al. - 2013 - Achieving the triple bottom line in the face of in.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5WB5X4I9/6229.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/54F7Z5XP/6229.html:text/html}
}

@article{daw_evaluating_2015,
  title = {Evaluating taboo trade-offs in ecosystems services and human well-being},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/05/14/1414900112},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1414900112},
  abstract = {Managing ecosystems for multiple ecosystem services and balancing the well-being of diverse stakeholders involves different kinds of trade-offs. Often trade-offs involve noneconomic and difficult-to-evaluate values, such as cultural identity, employment, the well-being of poor people, or particular species or ecosystem structures. Although trade-offs need to be considered for successful environmental management, they are often overlooked in favor of win-wins. Management and policy decisions demand approaches that can explicitly acknowledge and evaluate diverse trade-offs. We identified a diversity of apparent trade-offs in a small-scale tropical fishery when ecological simulations were integrated with participatory assessments of social{\textendash}ecological system structure and stakeholders' well-being. Despite an apparent win-win between conservation and profitability at the aggregate scale, food production, employment, and well-being of marginalized stakeholders were differentially influenced by management decisions leading to trade-offs. Some of these trade-offs were suggested to be ``taboo'' trade-offs between morally incommensurable values, such as between profits and the well-being of marginalized women. These were not previously recognized as management issues. Stakeholders explored and deliberated over trade-offs supported by an interactive ``toy model'' representing key system trade-offs, alongside qualitative narrative scenarios of the future. The concept of taboo trade-offs suggests that psychological bias and social sensitivity may exclude key issues from decision making, which can result in policies that are difficult to implement. Our participatory modeling and scenarios approach has the potential to increase awareness of such trade-offs, promote discussion of what is acceptable, and potentially identify and reduce obstacles to management compliance.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-22 23:30:47},
  urldate = {2015-05-22},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  author = {Daw, Tim M. and Coulthard, Sarah and Cheung, William W. L. and Brown, Katrina and Abunge, Caroline and Galafassi, Diego and Peterson, Garry D. and {McClanahan}, Tim R. and Omukoto, Johnstone O. and Munyi, Lydiah},
  month = may,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {coral reef fisheries,Ecosystem-based management,Gender,participatory modeling,Scenarios},
  pages = {201414900},
  file = {Daw et al. - 2015 - Evaluating taboo trade-offs in ecosystems services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/45GRSIHT/Daw et al. - 2015 - Evaluating taboo trade-offs in ecosystems services.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/QXMEUPDH/1414900112.abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{foley_improving_2013,
  title = {Improving Ocean Management through the Use of Ecological Principles and Integrated Ecosystem Assessments},
  volume = {63},
  issn = {0006-3568, 1525-3244},
  url = {http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/63/8/619},
  doi = {10.1525/bio.2013.63.8.5},
  abstract = {The US National Ocean Policy calls for ecosystem-based management (EBM) of the ocean to help realize the vision advanced in the 2010 Executive Order on the Stewardship of the Ocean, Our Coasts, and the Great Lakes. However, no specific approach for incorporating EBM into planning was provided. We explore how a set of ecological principles and ecosystem vulnerability concepts can be integrated into emerging comprehensive assessment frameworks, including Australia's National Marine Bioregional Assessments, California's Marine Life Protection Act Initiative's regional profiles, Canada's Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management Initiative, and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) program, to transition to ecosystem-based ocean planning. We examine NOAA's IEA framework to demonstrate how these concepts could be incorporated into existing frameworks. Although our discussion is focused on US ocean policy, comprehensive ecological assessments are applicable to a wide array of management strategies and planning processes.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:25:58},
  number = {8},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {{BioScience}},
  author = {Foley, Melissa M. and Armsby, Matthew H. and Prahler, Erin E. and Caldwell, Margaret R. and Erickson, Ashley L. and Kittinger, John N. and Crowder, Larry B. and Levin, Phillip S.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Ecological principles,ecosystem vulnerability,Integrated ecosystem assessment,National Ocean Policy},
  pages = {619--631},
  file = {Foley et al - 2013 - Improving Ocean Management through the Use of Ecological Principles and.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/D5T9JSBU/Foley et al - 2013 - Improving Ocean Management through the Use of Ecological Principles and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/D7P5H2ZN/619.html:text/html}
}

@article{rudd_scientists_2015,
  title = {Scientists' framing of the ocean science{\textendash}policy interface},
  volume = {33},
  issn = {0959-3780},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378015000588},
  doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.04.006},
  abstract = {Scientists' ideas, beliefs, and discourses form the frames that shape their choices about which research to pursue, their approaches to collaboration and communicating results, and how they evaluate research outputs and outcomes. To achieve ocean sustainability, there are increasing calls for new levels of engagement and collaboration between scientists and policy-makers; scientists' willingness to engage depends on their current and evolving frames. Here, I present results about how scientists involved in diverse fields of ocean research perceived their role as scientists working at or near the ocean science{\textendash}policy interface and how this related to their perceptions regarding ocean research priorities. The survey of 2187 physical, ecological and social scientists from 94 countries showed that scientists held different perspectives about their appropriate level of engagement at the ocean science{\textendash}policy interface and the relative primacy of science versus politics in formulating ocean policy. Six clusters of scientists varied in their frames; three clusters accounted for 94\% of the sample. Of 67 research questions identified from 22 research prioritization and horizon scanning exercises, the top eight were shared among all three clusters, showing consistency in research priorities across scientists with different framings of their role at the science{\textendash}policy interface. Five focused on the mechanisms and effects of global change on oceans, two focused on data collection and management for long-term ocean monitoring, and one focused on the links between biodiversity and ecological function at different scales. The results from this survey demonstrated that scientists' framings of the role of ocean science at the science{\textendash}policy interface can be quantified in surveys, that framing varies among scientists, and that research priorities vary according to the framings.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-22 23:34:50},
  urldate = {2015-05-22},
  journal = {Global Environmental Change},
  author = {Rudd, Murray A.},
  month = jul,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Frames,Knowledge production,Ocean research,Research priorities,Science{\textendash}policy interface},
  pages = {44--60},
  file = {Rudd - 2015 - Scientists’ framing of the ocean science–policy in.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/XW56TSXN/Rudd - 2015 - Scientists’ framing of the ocean science–policy in.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lyth_place_2015,
  title = {Place influences in framing and understanding climate change adaptation challenges},
  volume = {0},
  issn = {1354-9839},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2015.1015974},
  doi = {10.1080/13549839.2015.1015974},
  abstract = {The climate change literature emphasises the importance of geographical understanding for guiding adaptation, in which ``place'' perspectives are particularly significant. After ``scale'', the term ``place'' within the climate change adaptation literature is most often implicitly used in reference to a delineated and localised region, such as place-based risk assessment or place-based adaptation planning. Here, we use a case study of the Australian island-state of Tasmania to demonstrate the importance and particularity of place in the formation of climate change adaptation issues, problem definition and framing, and the dynamics of knowledge and praxis development across a range of research and industry sectors. We describe the significance of the place Tasmania with regard to its geographical location; its portrayal as an island place; and its cultural meaning and relations. Through a synthesis of climate change adaptation research, policy literature and engagement with researchers and stakeholders, we identify three emergent thematic place characterisations of Tasmania. We find that these characterisations have contributed directly or indirectly to the: initiation and extent of research and practical activities; the framing of adaptation issues and perspectives on potential adaptation responses in different sectors including the marine biodiversity and resources sector, small business and human health sectors. Exposing these influences is essential for focusing future adaptation activities, including research, planning, investment and practice, in Tasmania and other locations where place is a central issue.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-23 00:12:11},
  number = {0},
  urldate = {2015-05-23},
  journal = {Local Environment},
  author = {Lyth, Anna and Harwood, Andrew and Hobday, Alistair J. and {McDonald}, Jan},
  month = feb,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {1--22},
  file = {Lyth et al. - 2015 - Place influences in framing and understanding clim.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2AV9JU3M/Lyth et al. - 2015 - Place influences in framing and understanding clim.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9IDWHRRD/13549839.2015.html:text/html}
}

@article{bundy_decision_2015,
  title = {A decision support tool for response to global change in marine systems: the {IMBER}-{ADApT} Framework},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2015 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
  issn = {1467-2979},
  shorttitle = {A decision support tool for response to global change in marine systems},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/faf.12110/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/faf.12110},
  abstract = {Global change is occurring now, often with consequences far beyond those anticipated. Although there is a wide range of assessment approaches available to address-specific aspects of global change, there is currently no framework to identify what governance responses have worked and where, what has facilitated change and what preventative options are possible. To respond to this need, we present an integrated assessment framework that builds on knowledge learned from past experience of responses to global change in marine systems, to enable decision-makers, researchers, managers and local stakeholders to: (i) make decisions efficiently; (ii) triage and improve their responses; and (iii) evaluate where to most effectively allocate resources to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience of coastal people. This integrated assessment framework, IMBER-ADApT is intended to enable and enhance decision-making through the development, a typology of case-studies providing lessons on how the natural, social and governance systems respond to the challenges of global change. The typology is developed from a database of case-studies detailing the systems affected by change, responses to change and, critically, an appraisal of these responses, generating knowledge-based solutions that can be applied to other comparable situations. Fisheries, which suffer from multiple pressures, are the current focus of the proposed framework, but it could be applied to a wide range of global change issues. IMBER-ADApT has the potential to contribute to timely, cost-effective policy and governing decision-making and response. It offers cross-scale learning to help ameliorate, and eventually prevent, loss of livelihoods, food sources and habitat.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-23 00:38:02},
  urldate = {2015-05-23},
  journal = {Fish and Fisheries},
  author = {Bundy, Alida and Chuenpagdee, Ratana and Cooley, Sarah R and Defeo, Omar and Glaeser, Bernhard and Guillotreau, Patrice and Isaacs, Moenieba and Mitsutaku, Makino and Perry, R Ian},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Appraisal,Fisheries,Global change,IMBER-ADApT,interactive governance,response,Systems approach},
  pages = {n/a--n/a},
  file = {Bundy et al. - 2015 - A decision support tool for response to global cha.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PVVT4GHM/Bundy et al. - 2015 - A decision support tool for response to global cha.pdf:application/pdf;IMBER-ADApT / Human Dimensions / Working Groups / Science / Home - IMBER:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/H5CR9J9W/IMBER-ADApT.html:text/html;IMBER-ADApT_Q_Oct2014.docx:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ECJN9R35/IMBER-ADApT_Q_Oct2014.docx:application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IMFNQI9A/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{brown_trade_2001,
  title = {Trade-off analysis for marine protected area management},
  volume = {37},
  issn = {0921-8009},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800900002937},
  doi = {10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00293-7},
  abstract = {This paper outlines an approach to natural resource management that incorporates multiple objectives for protected area management within a decision-making framework. Both regulators and other major stakeholders are directly incorporated into the approach to enhance decision-making processes. We call this approach trade-off analysis. The approach uses a framework based on multi-criteria analysis (MCA) but involves stakeholders at all stages. This holistic approach is appropriate for multiple use, complex systems such as marine protected areas (MPAs), where many different users are apparently in conflict and where linkages and feedbacks between different aspects of the ecosystem and economy exist. The paper applies trade-off analysis to the case of Buccoo Reef Marine Park (BRMP) in Tobago. Stakeholder analysis is undertaken, and social, economic and ecological criteria identified. The impacts of four different development scenarios are evaluated for these criteria. Stakeholders are asked to weight different criteria and then the outcomes of different stakeholder weightings in the MCA are used to explore different management options. For BRMP, the MCA suggests consensus around development options characterised as limited tourism development for the area surrounding the park in association with the implementation of complementary environmental management. The approach has been used to enhance stakeholder involvement in decision-making and develop consensus-based approaches to management of the MPA.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:26:10},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Ecological Economics},
  author = {Brown, Katrina and Adger, W. Neil and Tompkins, Emma and Bacon, Peter and Shim, David and Young, Kathy},
  month = jun,
  year = {2001},
  keywords = {Caribbean,Coral reefs,Multi-criteria analysis,Participatory approaches,Stakeholders,Tobago,tourism},
  pages = {417--434},
  file = {Brown et al - 2001 - Trade-off analysis for marine protected area management.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/N9XQUFZK/Brown et al - 2001 - Trade-off analysis for marine protected area management.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kittinger_practical_2014,
  title = {A practical approach for putting people in ecosystem-based ocean planning},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {1540-9295},
  url = {http://www.esajournals.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/abs/10.1890/130267},
  doi = {10.1890/130267},
  abstract = {Marine and coastal ecosystems provide important benefits and services to coastal communities across the globe, but assessing the diversity of social relationships with oceans can prove difficult for conservation scientists and practitioners. This presents barriers to incorporating social dimensions of marine ecosystems into ecosystem-based planning processes, which can in turn affect the success of planning and management initiatives. Following a global assessment of social research and related planning practices in ocean environments, we present a step-by-step approach for natural resource planning practitioners to more systematically incorporate social data into ecosystem-based ocean planning. Our approach includes three sequential steps: (1) develop a typology of ocean-specific human uses that occur within the planning region of interest; (2) characterize the complexity of these uses, including the spatiotemporal variability, intensity, and diversity thereof, as well as associated conflicts and compatibility; and (3) integrate social and ecological information to assess trade-offs necessary for successful implementation of ecosystem-based ocean planning. We conclude by showing how systematic engagement of social data {\textendash} together with ecological information {\textendash} can create advantages for practitioners to improve planning and management outcomes.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:02:02},
  number = {8},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
  author = {Kittinger, John N and Koehn, J Zachary and Le Cornu, Elodie and Ban, Natalie C and Gopnik, Morgan and Armsby, Matt and Brooks, Cassandra and Carr, Mark H and Cinner, Joshua E and Cravens, Amanda and D'Iorio, Mimi and Erickson, Ashley and Finkbeiner, Elena M and Foley, Melissa M and Fujita, Rod and Gelcich, Stefan and Martin, Kevin St and Prahler, Erin and Reineman, Daniel R and Shackeroff, Janna and White, Crow and Caldwell, Margaret R and Crowder, Larry B},
  month = sep,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {448--456},
  file = {Kittinger et al - 2014 - A practical approach for putting people in ecosystem-based ocean planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GIRSP7UJ/Kittinger et al - 2014 - A practical approach for putting people in ecosystem-based ocean planning.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/6K9S87DP/130267.html:text/html}
}

@article{mcshane_hard_2011,
  series = {The New Conservation Debate: Beyond Parks vs. People},
  title = {Hard choices: Making trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and human well-being},
  volume = {144},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  shorttitle = {Hard choices},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320710001849},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.038},
  abstract = {Win{\textendash}win solutions that both conserve biodiversity and promote human well-being are difficult to realize. Trade-offs and the hard choices they entail are the norm. Since 2008, the Advancing Conservation in a Social Context (ACSC) research initiative has been investigating the complex trade-offs that exist between human well-being and biodiversity conservation goals, and between conservation and other economic, political and social agendas across multiple scales. Resolving trade-offs is difficult because social problems {\textendash} of which conservation is one {\textendash} can be perceived and understood in a variety of disparate ways, influenced (in part at least) by how people are raised and educated, their life experiences, and the options they have faced. Pre-existing assumptions about the ``right'' approach to conservation often obscure important differences in both power and understanding, and can limit the success of policy and programmatic interventions. The new conservation debate challenges conservationists to be explicit about losses, costs, and hard choices so they can be openly discussed and honestly negotiated. Not to do so can lead to unrealized expectations, and ultimately to unresolved conflict. This paper explores the background and limitations of win{\textendash}win approaches to conservation and human well-being, discusses the prospect of approaching conservation challenges in terms of trade-offs and hard choices, and presents a set of guiding principles that can serve to orient strategic analysis and communication regarding trade-offs.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:26:15},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {{McShane}, Thomas O. and Hirsch, Paul D. and Trung, Tran Chi and Songorwa, Alexander N. and Kinzig, Ann and Monteferri, Bruno and Mutekanga, David and Thang, Hoang Van and Dammert, Juan Luis and Pulgar-Vidal, Manuel and Welch-Devine, Meredith and Peter Brosius, J. and Coppolillo, Peter and O'Connor, Sheila},
  month = mar,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Biodiversity conservation,development,human well-being,Trade-offs},
  pages = {966--972},
  file = {McShane et al - 2011 - Hard choices.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8XRTGQ4N/McShane et al - 2011 - Hard choices.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{decesare_role_2011,
  title = {The Role of Translocation in Recovery of Woodland Caribou Populations},
  volume = {25},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2010 Society for Conservation Biology},
  issn = {1523-1739},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01609.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01609.x},
  abstract = {Abstract:\hspace{0.6em}Maintenance of viable populations of many endangered species will require conservation action in perpetuity. Efforts to conserve these species are more likely to be successful if their reliance on conservation actions is assessed at the population level. Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) were extirpated recently from Banff National Park, Canada, and translocations of caribou to Banff and neighboring Jasper National Park are being considered. We used population viability analysis to assess the relative need for and benefits from translocation of individuals among caribou populations. We measured stochastic growth rates and the probability of quasi extinction of four populations of woodland caribou with and without translocation. We used two vital rates in our analysis: mean adult female survival and mean number of calves per breeding-age female as estimates of mean fecundity. We isolated process variance for each vital rate. Our results suggested the Tonquin caribou population in Jasper is likely to remain viable without translocation, but that translocation is probably insufficient to prevent eventual extirpation of the two other populations in Jasper. Simulated reintroductions of caribou into Banff resulted in a 53{\textendash}98\% probability of \ensuremath{>}8 females remaining after 20 years, which suggests translocation may be an effective recovery tool for some caribou populations.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:26:23},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Decesare, Nicholas J. and Whittington, Jesse and Hebblewhite, Mark and Robinson, Hugh and Bradley, Mark and Neufeld, Lalenia and Musiani, Marco},
  month = apr,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {allee effect,{\'a}rea protegida,AVP,conservation reliant species,efecto Allee,especies dependientes de la conservaci{\'o}n,plan de recuperaci{\'o}n,Protected area,PVA,Rangifer tarandus,recovery plan,reintroducci{\'o}n,reintroduction,translocaci{\'o}n,Translocation},
  pages = {365--373},
  file = {Decesare et al - 2011 - The Role of Translocation in Recovery of Woodland Caribou Populations.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NCTGPHJ9/Decesare et al - 2011 - The Role of Translocation in Recovery of Woodland Caribou Populations.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/M94H4GFN/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{groot_exploring_2007,
  series = {Multifunctionality of Agriculture: Tools and Methods for Impact Assessment and Valuation},
  title = {Exploring multi-scale trade-offs between nature conservation, agricultural profits and landscape quality{\textemdash}A methodology to support discussions on land-use perspectives},
  volume = {120},
  issn = {0167-8809},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880906003896},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.037},
  abstract = {Intensively managed agricultural areas in North-Western Europe have been undergoing a shift from solely production oriented use to provision of multiple services and functions. Design and assessment of multifunctional agricultural landscapes could be supported by exploration of trade-offs between financial returns from agriculture, landscape quality, nature conservation and environmental quality. This paper presents the Landscape IMAGES methodology for spatially explicit exploration of options for multifunctional agriculture in landscapes at a scale of a few km2. The framework has been developed to support discussions and inform decision making by local and regional policy makers, land owners and land managers. Other relevant stakeholders could include non-governmental organizations representing nature conservation and environmental protection objectives.

The structure of the Landscape IMAGES framework prototype is elaborated and its functioning is illustrated with a near-real example of a grassland-dominated landscape with hedgerows bordering the fields. In this landscape, four objectives are being pursued by adjusting land-use intensity and hedgerow presence: (1) acceptable agronomic yields for farms, (2) diversification of the botanical composition of fields and hedgerows, (3) variation in plant communities in the fields and half-openness of the landscape, and (4) reduction of nutrient losses to the environment. For exploration of the trade-offs between multiple objectives a heuristic search method (i.e., differential evolution) is employed, which yields a large range of alternative, acceptable configurations of the landscape. The framework provides explicit insight in the trade-off between the objectives and is implemented in a visual application that enables the comparison of alternative options. The method can be applied to a range of spatially explicit land-use and nature allocation problems and will further evolve as a result of anticipated interactions with stakeholders.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:26:25},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems \& Environment},
  author = {Groot, Jeroen C. J. and Rossing, Walter A. H. and Jellema, Andr{\'e} and Stobbelaar, Derk Jan and Renting, Henk and Van Ittersum, Martin K.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {Discussion support,Landscape,learning,Multifunctional agriculture,Nature Conservation,Optimization,Scales},
  pages = {58--69},
  file = {Groot et al - 2007 - Exploring multi-scale trade-offs between nature conservation, agricultural.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/K2D94CJT/Groot et al - 2007 - Exploring multi-scale trade-offs between nature conservation, agricultural.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{decesare_role_2011a,
  title = {The Role of Translocation in Recovery of Woodland Caribou Populations},
  volume = {25},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2010 Society for Conservation Biology},
  issn = {1523-1739},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01609.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01609.x},
  abstract = {Abstract:\hspace{0.6em}Maintenance of viable populations of many endangered species will require conservation action in perpetuity. Efforts to conserve these species are more likely to be successful if their reliance on conservation actions is assessed at the population level. Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) were extirpated recently from Banff National Park, Canada, and translocations of caribou to Banff and neighboring Jasper National Park are being considered. We used population viability analysis to assess the relative need for and benefits from translocation of individuals among caribou populations. We measured stochastic growth rates and the probability of quasi extinction of four populations of woodland caribou with and without translocation. We used two vital rates in our analysis: mean adult female survival and mean number of calves per breeding-age female as estimates of mean fecundity. We isolated process variance for each vital rate. Our results suggested the Tonquin caribou population in Jasper is likely to remain viable without translocation, but that translocation is probably insufficient to prevent eventual extirpation of the two other populations in Jasper. Simulated reintroductions of caribou into Banff resulted in a 53{\textendash}98\% probability of \ensuremath{>}8 females remaining after 20 years, which suggests translocation may be an effective recovery tool for some caribou populations.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:26:31},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Decesare, Nicholas J. and Whittington, Jesse and Hebblewhite, Mark and Robinson, Hugh and Bradley, Mark and Neufeld, Lalenia and Musiani, Marco},
  month = apr,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {allee effect,{\'a}rea protegida,AVP,conservation reliant species,efecto Allee,especies dependientes de la conservaci{\'o}n,plan de recuperaci{\'o}n,Protected area,PVA,Rangifer tarandus,recovery plan,reintroducci{\'o}n,reintroduction,translocaci{\'o}n,Translocation},
  pages = {365--373},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/6A63JDBH/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{sacchelli_bioenergy_2013,
  title = {Bioenergy production and forest multifunctionality: A trade-off analysis using multiscale {GIS} model in a case study in Italy},
  volume = {104},
  issn = {0306-2619},
  shorttitle = {Bioenergy production and forest multifunctionality},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261912008318},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.11.038},
  abstract = {Environmental assessment needs of Decision Support Systems (DSSs) able to consider several aspects in a unique analysis framework. The complexity of interaction among ecological, economic and political variables and a widespread lack of data availability lead to difficulty in bringing together large scale analysis and local planning systems. This loop can be solved through flexible tools able to relate large scale environmental assessment with medium and small scale DSS, useful for local decisions makers.

The present research aims at creating a spatial model, based on Geographic Information Systems (GISs), capable to quantify the potential amount of woody biomass from forest sector at several evaluation scales, to consider the theoretical impact of biomass removal on forest multifunctionality and to estimate the potential trade-off between forest functions in case of bioenergy chain development.

The model is carried out basing on multifunctionality aspects and their potential relationship with biomass energy production. The forest functions considered in the model are: (i) soil and water protection, (ii) biodiversity and habitat conservation, (iii) fire risk prevention, (iv) tourist and recreational function and (v) economic evaluation related to timber and bioenergy processing. The structure of the model is based on sub-models that enable biomass chain analysis from large scale to small scale. Large scale analysis is developed using forest yield data, protected areas and main and forest roads localization, geomorphological variables and fire risk maps. An increase of input data (economic and logistic variables) is requested for medium and small scale analysis. The model is tested from national (Italy) to regional (Tuscany region in Central Italy) and provincial scale (province of Trento in North-Eastern Italian Alps). Results stress how the model can be able to depict territorial differences in several contexts and to consider respective influence on estimation of biomass availability. Finally, the Compromise Programming (CP) methodology permits defining the optimal quantity of residues removal in different compartments according to priority forest function.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:26:33},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  author = {Sacchelli, Sandro and De Meo, Isabella and Paletto, Alessandro},
  month = apr,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Forest bioenergy,GIS modeling,Multifunctionality trade-off,Multiscale analysis},
  pages = {10--20},
  file = {Sacchelli et al - 2013 - Bioenergy production and forest multifunctionality.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HKW4JA5C/Sacchelli et al - 2013 - Bioenergy production and forest multifunctionality.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{white_ecosystem_2012,
  pmid = {22392996},
  pmcid = {PMC3311352},
  title = {Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial planning for multiple ocean uses},
  volume = {109},
  issn = {0027-8424},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3311352/},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1114215109},
  abstract = {Marine spatial planning (MSP) is an emerging responsibility of resource managers around the United States and elsewhere. A key proposed advantage of MSP is that it makes tradeoffs in resource use and sector (stakeholder group) values explicit, but doing so requires tools to assess tradeoffs. We extended tradeoff analyses from economics to simultaneously assess multiple ecosystem services and the values they provide to sectors using a robust, quantitative, and transparent framework. We used the framework to assess potential conflicts among offshore wind energy, commercial fishing, and whale-watching sectors in Massachusetts and identify and quantify the value from choosing optimal wind farm designs that minimize conflicts among these sectors. Most notably, we show that using MSP over conventional planning could prevent \ensuremath{>}\$1 million dollars in losses to the incumbent fishery and whale-watching sectors and could generate \ensuremath{>}\$10 billion in extra value to the energy sector. The value of MSP increased with the greater the number of sectors considered and the larger the area under management. Importantly, the framework can be applied even when sectors are not measured in dollars (e.g., conservation). Making tradeoffs explicit improves transparency in decision-making, helps avoid unnecessary conflicts attributable to perceived but weak tradeoffs, and focuses debate on finding the most efficient solutions to mitigate real tradeoffs and maximize sector values. Our analysis demonstrates the utility, feasibility, and value of MSP and provides timely support for the management transitions needed for society to address the challenges of an increasingly crowded ocean environment.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:26:41},
  number = {12},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  author = {White, Crow and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Kappel, Carrie V.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {4696--4701},
  file = {White et al - 2012 - Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DGT47QDX/White et al - 2012 - Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ziv_trading_2012,
  pmid = {22393001},
  pmcid = {PMC3326487},
  title = {Trading-off fish biodiversity, food security, and hydropower in the Mekong River Basin},
  volume = {109},
  issn = {0027-8424},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3326487/},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1201423109},
  abstract = {The Mekong River Basin, site of the biggest inland fishery in the world, is undergoing massive hydropower development. Planned dams will block critical fish migration routes between the river's downstream floodplains and upstream tributaries. Here we estimate fish biomass and biodiversity losses in numerous damming scenarios using a simple ecological model of fish migration. Our framework allows detailing trade-offs between dam locations, power production, and impacts on fish resources. We find that the completion of 78 dams on tributaries, which have not previously been subject to strategic analysis, would have catastrophic impacts on fish productivity and biodiversity. Our results argue for reassessment of several dams planned, and call for a new regional agreement on tributary development of the Mekong River Basin.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:27:25},
  number = {15},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  author = {Ziv, Guy and Baran, Eric and Nam, So and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Iturbe, Ignacio and Levin, Simon A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {5609--5614},
  file = {Ziv et al - 2012 - Trading-off fish biodiversity, food security, and hydropower in the Mekong.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IE83AT33/Ziv et al - 2012 - Trading-off fish biodiversity, food security, and hydropower in the Mekong.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lester_evaluating_2013,
  title = {Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning},
  volume = {38},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X12001200},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.022},
  abstract = {A central challenge for natural resource management is developing rigorous yet practical approaches for balancing the costs and benefits of diverse human uses of ecosystems. Economic theory has a long history of evaluating tradeoffs in returns from different assets to identify optimal investment strategies. There has been recent progress applying this framework to the delivery of ecosystem services in land use planning. However, despite growing national and international interest in marine spatial planning, there is a lack of parallel frameworks in the marine realm. This paper reviews an ecosystem service tradeoff analysis framework and provides a more comprehensive synthesis for how it can be applied to marine spatial planning and marine ecosystem-based management. A tradeoff analysis approach can reveal inferior management options, demonstrate the benefits of comprehensive planning for multiple, interacting services over managing single services, and identify `compatible' services that provide win{\textendash}win management options.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:27:31},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Lester, Sarah E. and Costello, Christopher and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Gaines, Steven D. and White, Crow and Barth, John A.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Economics,Ecosystem-based management,Ecosystem services,Efficiency frontier,Marine spatial planning,Tradeoff analysis},
  pages = {80--89},
  file = {Lester et al - 2013 - Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/285WGK2J/Lester et al - 2013 - Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hou_uncertainties_2013,
  series = {Integrated land-use and regional resource management {\textendash} A cross-disciplinary dialogue on future perspectives for a sustainable development of regional resources},
  title = {Uncertainties in landscape analysis and ecosystem service assessment},
  volume = {127, Supplement},
  issn = {0301-4797},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479712006263},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.12.002},
  abstract = {Landscape analysis and ecosystem service assessment have drawn increasing concern from research and application at the landscape scale. Thanks to the continuously emerging assessments as well as studies aiming at evaluation method improvement, policy makers and landscape managers have an increasing interest in integrating ecosystem services into their decisions. However, the plausible assessments carry numerous sources of uncertainties, which regrettably tend to be ignored or disregarded by the actors or researchers. In order to cope with uncertainties and make them more transparent for landscape managers, we demonstrate them by reviewing literature, describing an example and proposing approaches for uncertainty analysis. Additionally, we conclude with potential actions to reduce the insecurities accompanying landscape analysis and ecosystem service assessments.

As for landscape analysis, the fundamental uncertainty origins are landscape complexity and methodological uncertainties. Concerning the uncertainty sources of ecosystem service assessments, the complexity of the natural system, respondents' preferences and technical problems play essential roles. By analyzing the assessment process, we find that initial data uncertainty pervades the whole assessment and argue that the limited knowledge about the complexity of ecosystems is the focal origin of uncertainties. For analyzing uncertainties in assessments, we propose systems analysis, scenario simulation and the comparison method as promising strategies. To reduce uncertainties, we assume that actions should integrate continuous learning, expanding respondent numbers and sources, considering representativeness, improving and standardizing assessment methods and optimizing spatial and geobiophysical data.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:27:33},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  author = {Hou, Y. and Burkhard, B. and M{\"u}ller, F.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Complexity,ecosystem service assessment,landscape management,Model,Scale,Uncertainty},
  pages = {S117--S131},
  file = {Hou et al - 2013 - Uncertainties in landscape analysis and ecosystem service assessment.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/KRBNRXU3/Hou et al - 2013 - Uncertainties in landscape analysis and ecosystem service assessment.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{yates_ocean_2015,
  title = {Ocean zoning for conservation, fisheries and marine renewable energy: Assessing trade-offs and co-location opportunities},
  volume = {152},
  issn = {0301-4797},
  shorttitle = {Ocean zoning for conservation, fisheries and marine renewable energy},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479715000614},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.045},
  abstract = {Oceans, particularly coastal areas, are getting busier and within this increasingly human-dominated seascape, marine biodiversity continues to decline. Attempts to maintain and restore marine biodiversity are becoming more spatial, principally through the designation of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs compete for space with other uses, and the emergence of new industries, such as marine renewable energy generation, will increase competition for space. Decision makers require guidance on how to zone the ocean to conserve biodiversity, mitigate conflict and accommodate multiple uses. Here we used empirical data and freely available planning software to identified priority areas for multiple ocean zones, which incorporate goals for biodiversity conservation, two types of renewable energy, and three types of fishing. We developed an approached to evaluate trade-offs between industries and we investigated the impacts of co-locating some fishing activities within renewable energy sites. We observed non-linear trade-offs between industries. We also found that different subsectors within those industries experienced very different trade-off curves. Incorporating co-location resulted in significant reductions in cost to the fishing industry, including fisheries that were not co-located. Co-location also altered the optimal location of renewable energy zones with planning solutions. Our findings have broad implications for ocean zoning and marine spatial planning. In particular, they highlight the need to include industry subsectors when assessing trade-offs and they stress the importance of considering co-location opportunities from the outset. Our research reinforces the need for multi-industry ocean-zoning and demonstrates how it can be undertaken within the framework of strategic conservation planning.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:02:22},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  author = {Yates, Katherine L. and Schoeman, David S. and Klein, Carissa J.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Fisheries management,Marine protected areas,Marine spatial planning,Off-shore wind farms,Tidal energy},
  pages = {201--209},
  file = {Yates et al - 2015 - Ocean zoning for conservation, fisheries and marine renewable energy.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WXHWBQH9/Yates et al - 2015 - Ocean zoning for conservation, fisheries and marine renewable energy.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{collie_marine_2013a,
  title = {Marine spatial planning in practice},
  volume = {117},
  issn = {0272-7714},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771412004441},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecss.2012.11.010},
  abstract = {Multiple competing uses of continental-shelf environments have led to a proliferation of marine spatial planning initiatives, together with expert guidance on marine spatial planning. This study provides an empirical review of marine spatial plans, their attributes, and the extent to which the expert guidance is actually being followed. We performed a structured review of 16 existing marine spatial plans and created an idealized marine spatial plan from the steps included in recent expert papers. A cluster analysis of the yes/no answers to 28 questions was used to ordinate the 16 marine spatial plans and to compare them with the idealized plan. All the plans that have been implemented have a high-level government mandate and the authority to implement spatial planning vested in existing institutions. Almost all the plans used data with clear criteria for data inclusion. Stakeholders were included in almost all the plans; they did not participate in all stages of the planning process but their roles were generally clearly defined. Decision-support tools were applied inconsistently across plans and were seldom used dynamically over time. Most spatial planning processes did not select specific outcomes, such as preferred use scenarios. Success is defined inconsistently across plans; in half the cases there are no metrics of success with reference benchmarks. Although monitoring is included in the majority of plans, only in some cases do monitoring results feed back into management decisions. The process of marine spatial planning had advanced in that some of the more recent plans were developed more quickly and contain more desirable attributes than earlier plans. Even so, existing marine spatial plans are heterogeneous{\textemdash}there are essential ingredients, but no single recipe for success.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:27:37},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science},
  author = {Collie, Jeremy S. and (Vic) Adamowicz, W. L. and Beck, Michael W. and Craig, Bethany and Essington, Timothy E. and Fluharty, David and Rice, Jake and Sanchirico, James N.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {decision-support tools,Ecosystem management,Marine spatial planning,performance assessment,policies,Tradeoffs},
  pages = {1--11},
  file = {Collie et al - 2013 - Marine spatial planning in practice.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/U8WX6MX4/Collie et al - 2013 - Marine spatial planning in practice.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{booshehrian_vismon_2012,
  title = {Vismon: Facilitating Analysis of Trade-Offs, Uncertainty, and Sensitivity In Fisheries Management Decision Making},
  volume = {31},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2012 The Author(s) Computer Graphics Forum {\textcopyright} 2012 The Eurographics Association and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.},
  issn = {1467-8659},
  shorttitle = {Vismon},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2012.03116.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8659.2012.03116.x},
  abstract = {In this design study, we present an analysis and abstraction of the data and task in the domain of fisheries management, and the design and implementation of the Vismon tool to address the identified requirements. Vismon was designed to support sophisticated data analysis of simulation results by managers who are highly knowledgeable about the fisheries domain but not experts in simulation software and statistical data analysis. The previous workflow required the scientists who built the models to spearhead the analysis process. The features of Vismon include sensitivity analysis, comprehensive and global trade-offs analysis, and a staged approach to the visualization of the uncertainty of the underlying simulation model. The tool was iteratively refined through a multi-year engagement with fisheries scientists with a two-phase approach, where an initial diverging experimentation phase to test many alternatives was followed by a converging phase where the set of multiple linked views that proved effective were integrated together in a useable way. Several fisheries scientists have used Vismon to communicate with policy makers, and it is scheduled for deployment to policy makers in Alaska.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:27:39},
  number = {3pt3},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Computer Graphics Forum},
  author = {Booshehrian, Maryam and M{\"o}ller, Torsten and Peterman, Randall M. and Munzner, Tamara},
  month = jun,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {H.5.2 {[}Information Interfaces and Presentation] Graphical User Interfaces (GUI), Evaluation/methodology,I.3.8 {[}Computer Graphics] Applications},
  pages = {1235--1244},
  file = {Booshehrian et al - 2012 - Vismon.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4QB3DNVN/Booshehrian et al - 2012 - Vismon.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NSCC2S6V/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{dowling_low_2013,
  title = {From low- to high-value fisheries: Is it possible to quantify the trade-off between management cost, risk and catch?},
  volume = {40},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {From low- to high-value fisheries},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X12002503},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2012.12.009},
  abstract = {Fishery managers are faced with the challenge of maintaining sustainable fisheries at the lowest possible cost while conforming to international and national obligations. Given that fisheries range from low to high value, there is a real need to understand how to trade ecological and economic risks, and the various costs associated with their management, against the benefits from catch. Key to this is an understanding of (a) the costs corresponding to a given level of acceptable risk, or conversely, (b) the change in risk given a change in cost investment. This paper first defines biological, economic and ecosystem risk at a whole-of-fishery level, and then develops a simple model to quantify the trade-offs between risk, cost and catch. Using as case studies Australia's federally managed fisheries that range from data-rich to data-poor, risk was quantified for target species in terms of both their limit and target reference points (defined as ``biological risk'' and ``economic risk'', respectively), and for ecosystems in terms of overall ecological impact (defined as ``ecosystem risk''). A statistical linear model was used to quantify the risk{\textendash}cost{\textendash}catch frontier for each of the three forms of risk. The most parsimonious models were statistically significant for each. However, the management and research costs were mostly positively correlated with risk, indicating that these tended to be reactive to risk, as opposed to risk decreasing in response to increased costs. The only model where this was not the case was for the ecosystem risk, which is probably because these risks have only recently been assessed and the management response to these risks across all the fisheries has so far been limited. For target species risks, it was not possible to develop a model for proactive use. However, the method itself has merit and, if the costs were defined to a greater level of resolution, and/or a time-dynamic modelling approach considered, these issues could potentially be addressed.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:27:44},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Dowling, N. A. and Dichmont, C. M. and Venables, W. and Smith, A. D. M. and Smith, D. C. and Power, D. and Galeano, D.},
  month = jul,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Fishery risk,Management costs,Statistical model,trade-off},
  pages = {41--52},
  file = {Dowling et al - 2013 - From low- to high-value fisheries.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MV768DK3/Dowling et al - 2013 - From low- to high-value fisheries.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{schmitz_conserving_2015,
  title = {Conserving Biodiversity: Practical Guidance about Climate Change Adaptation Approaches in Support of Land-use Planning},
  volume = {35},
  issn = {0885-8608},
  shorttitle = {Conserving Biodiversity},
  url = {http://www.bioone.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/abs/10.3375/043.035.0120},
  doi = {10.3375/043.035.0120},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT:   As species' geographic ranges and ecosystem functions are altered in response to climate change, there is a need to integrate biodiversity conservation approaches that promote natural adaptation into land use planning. Successful conservation will need to embrace multiple climate adaptation approaches, but to date they have not been conveyed in an integrated way to help support immediate conservation planning and action in the face of inherent spatial uncertainty about future conditions. Instead, these multiple approaches are often conveyed as competing or contradictory alternatives, when in fact, they are complementary. We present a framework that synthesizes six promising spatially explicit adaptation approaches for conserving biodiversity. We provide guidance on implementing these adaptation approaches and include case studies that highlight how biodiversity conservation can be used in planning. We conclude with general guidance on choosing appropriate climate adaptation approaches to amend for conservation planning.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:27:46},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Natural Areas Journal},
  author = {Schmitz, Oswald J. and Lawler, Joshua J. and Beier, Paul and Groves, Craig and Knight, Gary and Boyce, Douglas A. and Bulluck, Jason and Johnston, Kevin M. and Klein, Mary L. and Muller, Kit and Pierce, D. John and Singleton, William R. and Strittholt, James R. and Theobald, David M. and Trombulak, Stephen C. and Trainor, Anne},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {190--203},
  file = {Schmitz et al - 2015 - Conserving Biodiversity.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NUPR49XT/Schmitz et al - 2015 - Conserving Biodiversity.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PUKD37GN/043.035.html:text/html}
}

@article{arponen_effects_2012,
  title = {Effects of Connectivity and Spatial Resolution of Analyses on Conservation Prioritization across Large Extents},
  volume = {26},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright}2012 Society for Conservation Biology},
  issn = {1523-1739},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01814.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01814.x},
  abstract = {Abstract:\hspace{0.6em}The outcome of analyses that prioritize locations for conservation on the basis of distributions of species, land cover, or other elements is influenced by the spatial resolution of data used in the analyses. We explored the influence of data resolution on prioritization of Finnish forests with Zonation, a software program that ranks the priority of cells in a landscape for conservation. We used data on the distribution of different forest types that were aggregated to nine different resolutions ranging from 0.1 {\texttimes} 0.1 km to 25.6 {\texttimes} 25.6 km. We analyzed data at each resolution with two variants of Zonation that had different criteria for prioritization, with and without accounting for connectivity and with and without adjustment for the effect on the analysis of edges between areas at the project boundary and adjacent areas for which data do not exist. Spatial overlap of the 10\% of cells ranked most highly when data were analyzed at different resolutions varied approximately from 15\% to 60\% and was greatest among analyses with similar resolutions. Inclusion of connectivity or edge adjustment changed the location of areas that were prioritized for conservation. Even though different locations received high priority for conservation in analyses with and without accounting for connectivity, accounting for connectivity did not reduce the representation of different forest types. Inclusion of connectivity influenced most the outcome of fine-resolution analyses because the connectivity extents that we based on dispersal distances of typical forest species were small. When we kept the area set aside for conservation constant, representation of the forest types increased as resolution increased. We do not think it is necessary to avoid use of high-resolution data in spatial conservation prioritization. Our results show that large extent, fine-resolution analyses are computationally feasible, and we suggest they can give more flexibility to implementation of well-connected reserve networks.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:27:48},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Arponen, Anni and Lehtom{\"a}ki, Joona and Lepp{\"a}nen, Jarno and Tomppo, Erkki and Moilanen, Atte},
  month = apr,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {escala,fine resolution,Grain,grano,high resolution,incertidumbre,optimizaci{\'o}n espacial,Reserve selection,resoluci{\'o}n alta,resoluci{\'o}n fina,Scale,selecci{\'o}n de reservas,software Zonation,spatial optimization,Uncertainty,Zonation software},
  pages = {294--304},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SQJ53APR/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{jackson_polyscape_2013,
  title = {Polyscape: A {GIS} mapping framework providing efficient and spatially explicit landscape-scale valuation of multiple ecosystem services},
  volume = {112},
  issn = {0169-2046},
  shorttitle = {Polyscape},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204612003532},
  doi = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.12.014},
  abstract = {This paper introduces a GIS framework (Polyscape) designed to explore spatially explicit synergies and trade-offs amongst ecosystem services to support landscape management (from individual fields through to catchments of ca 10,000 km2 scale). Algorithms are described and results presented from a case study application within an upland Welsh catchment (Pontbren). Polyscape currently includes algorithms to explore the impacts of land cover change on flood risk, habitat connectivity, erosion and associated sediment delivery to receptors, carbon sequestration and agricultural productivity. Algorithms to trade these single-criteria landscape valuations against each other are also provided, identifying where multiple service synergies exist or could be established. Changes in land management can be input to the tool and ``traffic light'' coded impact maps produced, allowing visualisation of the impact of different decisions. Polyscape hence offers a means for prioritising existing feature preservation and identifying opportunities for landscape change. The basic algorithms can be applied using widely available national scale digital elevation, land use and soil data. Enhanced output is possible where higher resolution data are available (e.g., LIDAR, detailed land use or soil surveys). Deficiencies in the data are reduced by incorporating local stakeholder knowledge (increasing stakeholder participation in the negotiation process).},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:27:50},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  author = {Jackson, Bethanna and Pagella, Timothy and Sinclair, Fergus and Orellana, Barbara and Henshaw, Alex and Reynolds, Brian and Mcintyre, Neil and Wheater, Howard and Eycott, Amy},
  month = apr,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Ecosystem service negotiation,GIS,Multi-criteria decision support,Rural land management},
  pages = {74--88},
  file = {Jackson et al - 2013 - Polyscape.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/UXQTWPPP/Jackson et al - 2013 - Polyscape.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{boumans_multiscale_2015,
  title = {The Multiscale Integrated Model of Ecosystem Services ({MIMES}): Simulating the interactions of coupled human and natural systems},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {2212-0416},
  shorttitle = {The Multiscale Integrated Model of Ecosystem Services ({MIMES})},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212041615000054},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.01.004},
  abstract = {In coupled human and natural systems ecosystem services form the link between ecosystem function and what humans want and need from their surroundings. Interactions between natural and human components are bidirectional and define the dynamics of the total system. Here we describe the MIMES, an analytical framework designed to assess the dynamics associated with ecosystem service function and human activities. MIMES integrate diverse types of knowledge and elucidate how benefits from ecosystem services are gained and lost. In MIMES, users formalize how materials are transformed between natural, human, built, and social capitals. This information is synthesized within a systems model to forecast ecosystem services and human-use dynamics under alternative scenarios. The MIMES requires that multiple ecological and human dynamics be specified, and that outputs may be understood through different temporal and spatial lenses to assess the effects of different actions in the short and long term and at different spatial scales. Here we describe how MIMES methodologies were developed in association with three case studies: a global application, a watershed model, and a marine application. We discuss the advantages and disadvantage of the MIMES approach and compare it to other broadly used ecosystem service assessment tools.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:02:27},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Ecosystem Services},
  author = {Boumans, Roelof and Roman, Joe and Altman, Irit and Kaufman, Les},
  month = apr,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Forecasts,Landscape,Production functions,Simulation modeling},
  pages = {30--41},
  file = {Boumans et al - 2015 - The Multiscale Integrated Model of Ecosystem Services (MIMES).pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Q9SUT6KZ/Boumans et al - 2015 - The Multiscale Integrated Model of Ecosystem Services (MIMES).pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tulloch_incorporating_2013,
  title = {Incorporating uncertainty associated with habitat data in marine reserve design},
  volume = {162},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713000700},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2013.03.003},
  abstract = {One of the most pervasive forms of uncertainty in data used to make conservation decisions is error associated with mapping of conservation features. Whilst conservation planners should consider uncertainty associated with ecological data to make informed decisions, mapping error is rarely, if ever, accommodated in the planning process. Here, we develop a spatial conservation prioritization approach that accounts for the uncertainty inherent in coral reef habitat maps and apply it in the Kubulau District fisheries management area, Fiji. We use accuracy information describing the probability of occurrence of each habitat type, derived from remote sensing data validated by field surveys, to design a marine reserve network that has a high probability of protecting a fixed percentage (10{\textendash}90\%) of every habitat type. We compare the outcomes of our approach to those of standard reserve design approaches, where habitat-mapping errors are not known or ignored. We show that the locations of priority areas change between the standard and probabilistic approaches, with errors of omission and commission likely to occur if reserve design does not accommodate mapping accuracy. Although consideration of habitat mapping accuracy leads to bigger reserve networks, they are unlikely to miss habitat conservation targets. We explore the trade-off between conservation feature representation and reserve network area, with smaller reserve networks possible if we give up on trying to meet targets for habitats mapped with a low accuracy. The approach can be used with any habitat type at any scale to inform more robust and defensible conservation decisions in marine or terrestrial environments.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:28:08},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {Tulloch, Vivitskaia J. and Possingham, Hugh P. and Jupiter, Stacy D. and Roelfsema, Chris and Tulloch, Ayesha I. T. and Klein, Carissa J.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Conservation planning,Coral reef mapping,marine protected area,Marxan,Reserve design,Uncertainty},
  pages = {41--51},
  file = {Tulloch et al - 2013 - Incorporating uncertainty associated with habitat data in marine reserve design.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/AES2MGE5/Tulloch et al - 2013 - Incorporating uncertainty associated with habitat data in marine reserve design.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{whitehead_integrating_2014,
  title = {Integrating Biological and Social Values When Prioritizing Places for Biodiversity Conservation},
  volume = {28},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 Society for Conservation Biology},
  issn = {1523-1739},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/cobi.12257/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/cobi.12257},
  abstract = {The consideration of information on social values in conjunction with biological data is critical for achieving both socially acceptable and scientifically defensible conservation planning outcomes. However, the influence of social values on spatial conservation priorities has received limited attention and is poorly understood. We present an approach that incorporates quantitative data on social values for conservation and social preferences for development into spatial conservation planning. We undertook a public participation GIS survey to spatially represent social values and development preferences and used species distribution models for 7 threatened fauna species to represent biological values. These spatially explicit data were simultaneously included in the conservation planning software Zonation to examine how conservation priorities changed with the inclusion of social data. Integrating spatially explicit information about social values and development preferences with biological data produced prioritizations that differed spatially from the solution based on only biological data. However, the integrated solutions protected a similar proportion of the species' distributions, indicating that Zonation effectively combined the biological and social data to produce socially feasible conservation solutions of approximately equivalent biological value. We were able to identify areas of the landscape where synergies and conflicts between different value sets are likely to occur. Identification of these synergies and conflicts will allow decision makers to target communication strategies to specific areas and ensure effective community engagement and positive conservation outcomes. Integraci{\'o}n de Valores Biol{\'o}gicos y Sociales al Priorizar Sitios para la Conservaci{\'o}n de la Biodiversidad},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:28:14},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Whitehead, Amy L. and Kujala, Heini and Ives, Christopher D. and Gordon, Ascelin and Lentini, Pia E. and Wintle, Brendan A. and Nicholson, Emily and Raymond, Christopher M.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {biodiversidad,Biodiversity,Conservation planning,development preferences,participaci{\'o}n p{\'u}blica,planeaci{\'o}n de la conservaci{\'o}n,preferencias de desarrollo,priorizaci{\'o}n espacial,public participation GIS,SIG,social values,spatial prioritization,valores sociales,Zonation},
  pages = {992--1003},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NX8E2J94/abstract.html:text/html;Whitehead et al - 2014 - Integrating Biological and Social Values When Prioritizing Places for.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ZSK2RCGV/Whitehead et al - 2014 - Integrating Biological and Social Values When Prioritizing Places for.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{macmartin_management_2013,
  title = {Management of trade-offs in geoengineering through optimal choice of non-uniform radiative forcing},
  volume = {3},
  copyright = {Copyright Nature Publishing Group Apr 2013},
  issn = {1758678X},
  url = {http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/docview/1321449247/abstract/8F8AA0E0F98747F3PQ/1?accountid=10598},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/10.1038/nclimate1722},
  abstract = {Solar radiation management could be used to offset some or all anthropogenic radiative forcing, with the goal of reducing some of the associated climatic change. However, the degree of compensation will vary, with residual climate changes larger in some regions than others. Similarly, the insolation reduction that best compensates climate changes in one region may not be the same as for another, leading to concerns about equity. Here we show that optimizing the latitudinal and seasonal distribution of solar reduction can improve the fidelity with which solar radiation management offsets anthropogenic climate change. Using the HadCM3L general circulation model, we explore several trade-offs. First, residual temperature and precipitation changes in the worst-off region can be reduced by 30\% relative to uniform solar reduction, with only a modest impact on global root-mean-square changes; this has implications for moderating regional inequalities. Second, the same root-mean-square residual climate changes can be obtained with up to 30\% less insolation reduction, implying that it may be possible to reduce solar radiation management side-effects and risks (for example, ozone depletion if stratospheric sulphate aerosols are used). Finally, allowing spatial and temporal variability increases the range of trade-offs to be considered, raising the question of how to weight different objectives.},
  language = {English},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:28:16},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  author = {Macmartin, Douglas G. and Keith, David W. and Kravitz, Ben and Caldeira, Ken},
  month = apr,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {meteorology},
  pages = {365--368},
  file = {Macmartin et al - 2013 - Management of trade-offs in geoengineering through optimal choice of.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GIZQ3KUZ/Macmartin et al - 2013 - Management of trade-offs in geoengineering through optimal choice of.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Z4FCUDRW/1.html:text/html}
}

@article{starrfelt_bet_2012,
  title = {Bet-hedging{\textemdash}a triple trade-off between means, variances and correlations},
  volume = {87},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2012 The Authors. Biological Reviews {\textcopyright} 2012 Cambridge Philosophical Society},
  issn = {1469-185X},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00225.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00225.x},
  abstract = {In unpredictably varying environments, strategies that have a reduced variance in fitness can invade a population consisting of individuals that on average do better. Such strategies `hedge their evolutionary bets' against the variability of the environment. The idea of bet-hedging arises from the fact that appropriate measure of long-term fitness is sensitive to variance, leading to the potential for strategies with a reduced mean fitness to invade and increase in frequency. Our aim is to review the conceptual foundation of bet-hedging as a mechanism that influences short- and long-term evolutionary processes. We do so by presenting a general model showing how evolutionary changes are affected by variance in fitness and how genotypic variance in fitness can be separated into variance in fitness at the level of the individuals and correlations in fitness among them. By breaking down genotypic fitness variance in this way the traditional divisions between conservative and diversified strategies are more easily intuited, and it is also shown that this division can be considered a false dichotomy, and is better viewed as two extreme points on a continuum. The model also sheds light on the ideas of within- and between-generation bet-hedging, which can also be generalized to be seen as two ends of a different continuum. We use a simple example to illustrate the virtues of our general model, as well as discuss the implications for systems where bet-hedging has been invoked as an explanation.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:28:24},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Biological Reviews},
  author = {Starrfelt, Jostein and Kokko, Hanna},
  month = aug,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {bet-hedging,diversification,environmental variability,fitness,Uncertainty},
  pages = {742--755},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HZEHEB3S/abstract.html:text/html;Starrfelt_Kokko - 2012 - Bet-hedging—a triple trade-off between means, variances and correlations.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/JPQZ7B4M/Starrfelt_Kokko - 2012 - Bet-hedging—a triple trade-off between means, variances and correlations.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{scarff_new_2015,
  title = {The new mode of marine planning in the {UK}: Aspirations and challenges},
  volume = {51},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {The new mode of marine planning in the {UK}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X14002000},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2014.07.026},
  abstract = {Since 2009, there has been a shift in UK marine governance with the Marine and Coastal Access Act in which a core mechanism is marine planning, designed to replace a fragmented, ad hoc, and bureaucratic process of marine management with a strategic, integrated, and centralised system. This shift has been justified by the UK government as a more efficient procedure for delivering sustainable development (SD), which is the overarching objective of UK environmental policy. This article, which is based on data from key informant interviews and secondary sources, analyses the shift to understand its aspirations and the challenges facing it. The issues focused on include its holistic approach; its centralising tendencies; its streamlining processes; and its implicit commitment to renewable energy. In these four issues there are tensions between aspirations and challenges, and the conclusion is that the success of the new mode of marine governance depends on satisfactorily resolving these tensions.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:02:30},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Scarff, Gavin and Fitzsimmons, Clare and Gray, Tim},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {centralisation,holism,Marine management organisation (MMO),Marine spatial planning (MSP),offshore wind farm policy,UK marine governance},
  pages = {96--102},
  file = {Scarff et al - 2015 - The new mode of marine planning in the UK.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HJP9AJ9J/Scarff et al - 2015 - The new mode of marine planning in the UK.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@phdthesis{ramirez_analyzing_2013,
  title = {Analyzing offshore wind collaboration opportunities for North and South Carolina},
  url = {http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/6601},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:49:01},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  school = {Duke University},
  author = {Ramirez, Vanessa},
  year = {2013},
  file = {Ramirez - 2013 - Analyzing offshore wind collaboration opportunities for North and South Carolina.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4XMAWEF7/Ramirez - 2013 - Analyzing offshore wind collaboration opportunities for North and South Carolina.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3M2CU8WT/6601.html:text/html}
}

@article{feinberg_evaluating_2014,
  title = {Evaluating Offshore Wind Energy Feasibility off the California Central Coast},
  url = {https://www.bren.ucsb.edu/research/2014Group_Projects/documents/20140402_CalWind_FINAL2_MT_YX.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:49:27},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  author = {Feinberg, Luke and Jylkka, Zach and Tao, Mengya and White, Ben and Xu, Yingda and Kendall, Bruce},
  year = {2014},
  file = {Bren 2014 Group Project:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/QC6KIKVZ/~calwind.html:text/html;calwind_brief.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FIZGXNKU/calwind_brief.pdf:application/pdf;Feinberg et al - 2014 - Evaluating Offshore Wind Energy Feasibility off the California Central Coast.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/RPTTQI42/Feinberg et al - 2014 - Evaluating Offshore Wind Energy Feasibility off the California Central Coast.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kim_catching_2012a,
  title = {Catching the Right Wave: Evaluating Wave Energy Resources and Potential Compatibility with Existing Marine and Coastal Uses},
  volume = {7},
  shorttitle = {Catching the Right Wave},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047598},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0047598},
  abstract = {Many hope that ocean waves will be a source for clean, safe, reliable and affordable energy, yet wave energy conversion facilities may affect marine ecosystems through a variety of mechanisms, including competition with other human uses. We developed a decision-support tool to assist siting wave energy facilities, which allows the user to balance the need for profitability of the facilities with the need to minimize conflicts with other ocean uses. Our wave energy model quantifies harvestable wave energy and evaluates the net present value (NPV) of a wave energy facility based on a capital investment analysis. The model has a flexible framework and can be easily applied to wave energy projects at local, regional, and global scales. We applied the model and compatibility analysis on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada to provide information for ongoing marine spatial planning, including potential wave energy projects. In particular, we conducted a spatial overlap analysis with a variety of existing uses and ecological characteristics, and a quantitative compatibility analysis with commercial fisheries data. We found that wave power and harvestable wave energy gradually increase offshore as wave conditions intensify. However, areas with high economic potential for wave energy facilities were closer to cable landing points because of the cost of bringing energy ashore and thus in nearshore areas that support a number of different human uses. We show that the maximum combined economic benefit from wave energy and other uses is likely to be realized if wave energy facilities are sited in areas that maximize wave energy NPV and minimize conflict with existing ocean uses. Our tools will help decision-makers explore alternative locations for wave energy facilities by mapping expected wave energy NPV and helping to identify sites that provide maximal returns yet avoid spatial competition with existing ocean uses.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:02:49},
  number = {11},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Kim, Choong-Ki and Toft, Jodie E. and Papenfus, Michael and Verutes, Gregory and Guerry, Anne D. and Ruckelshaus, Marry H. and Arkema, Katie K. and Guannel, Gregory and Wood, Spencer A. and Bernhardt, Joanna R. and Tallis, Heather and Plummer, Mark L. and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Pinsky, Malin L. and Beck, Michael W. and Chan, Francis and Chan, Kai M. A. and Levin, Phil S. and Polasky, Stephen},
  month = nov,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {e47598},
  file = {Kim et al - 2012 - Catching the Right Wave.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WPX2NF6J/Kim et al - 2012 - Catching the Right Wave.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{grilli_offshore_2012,
  title = {Offshore wind farm macro and micro siting protocol application to Rhode Island},
  volume = {1},
  url = {https://journals.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/6831},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:03:07},
  number = {33},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Coastal Engineering Proceedings},
  author = {Grilli, Annette Renee and Spaulding, Malcolm and O'Reilly, Christopher and Potty, Gopu},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {management--73},
  file = {Grilli et al - 2012 - Offshore wind farm macro and micro siting protocol application to Rhode Island.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DBBIDC53/Grilli et al - 2012 - Offshore wind farm macro and micro siting protocol application to Rhode Island.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DE54MVB3/6831.html:text/html}
}

@article{ban_socialecological_2013,
  title = {A social{\textendash}ecological approach to conservation planning: embedding social considerations},
  volume = {11},
  issn = {1540-9295},
  shorttitle = {A social{\textendash}ecological approach to conservation planning},
  url = {http://www.esajournals.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/abs/10.1890/110205},
  doi = {10.1890/110205},
  abstract = {Many conservation plans remain unimplemented, in part because of insufficient consideration of the social processes that influence conservation decisions. Complementing social considerations with an integrated understanding of the ecology of a region can result in a more complete conservation approach. We suggest that linking conservation planning to a social{\textendash}ecological systems (SES) framework can lead to a more thorough understanding of human{\textendash}environment interactions and more effective integration of social considerations. By characterizing SES as a set of subsystems, and their interactions with each other and with external factors, the SES framework can improve our understanding of the linkages between social and ecological influences on the environment. Using this framework can help to identify socially and ecologically focused conservation actions that will benefit ecosystems and human communities, and assist in the development of more consistent evidence for evaluating conservation actions by comparing conservation case studies.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:56:35},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
  author = {Ban, Natalie C and Mills, Morena and Tam, Jordan and Hicks, Christina C and Klain, Sarah and Stoeckl, Natalie and Bottrill, Madeleine C and Levine, Jordan and Pressey, Robert L and Satterfield, Terre and Chan, Kai {MA}},
  month = jan,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {194--202},
  file = {Ban et al - 2013 - A social–ecological approach to conservation planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MIVWJZ8Z/Ban et al - 2013 - A social–ecological approach to conservation planning.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/THND5TQA/110205.html:text/html}
}

@article{allan_joint_2013,
  pmid = {23248308},
  title = {Joint analysis of stressors and ecosystem services to enhance restoration effectiveness},
  volume = {110},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  url = {http://www.pnas.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/content/110/1/372},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1213841110},
  abstract = {With increasing pressure placed on natural systems by growing human populations, both scientists and resource managers need a better understanding of the relationships between cumulative stress from human activities and valued ecosystem services. Societies often seek to mitigate threats to these services through large-scale, costly restoration projects, such as the over one billion dollar Great Lakes Restoration Initiative currently underway. To help inform these efforts, we merged high-resolution spatial analyses of environmental stressors with mapping of ecosystem services for all five Great Lakes. Cumulative ecosystem stress is highest in near-shore habitats, but also extends offshore in Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Michigan. Variation in cumulative stress is driven largely by spatial concordance among multiple stressors, indicating the importance of considering all stressors when planning restoration activities. In addition, highly stressed areas reflect numerous different combinations of stressors rather than a single suite of problems, suggesting that a detailed understanding of the stressors needing alleviation could improve restoration planning. We also find that many important areas for fisheries and recreation are subject to high stress, indicating that ecosystem degradation could be threatening key services. Current restoration efforts have targeted high-stress sites almost exclusively, but generally without knowledge of the full range of stressors affecting these locations or differences among sites in service provisioning. Our results demonstrate that joint spatial analysis of stressors and ecosystem services can provide a critical foundation for maximizing social and ecological benefits from restoration investments.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:56:38},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  author = {Allan, J. David and {McIntyre}, Peter B. and Smith, Sigrid D. P. and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Boyer, Gregory L. and Buchsbaum, Andy and Burton, G. A. and Campbell, Linda M. and Chadderton, W. Lindsay and Ciborowski, Jan J. H. and Doran, Patrick J. and Eder, Tim and Infante, Dana M. and Johnson, Lucinda B. and Joseph, Christine A. and Marino, Adrienne L. and Prusevich, Alexander and Read, Jennifer G. and Rose, Joan B. and Rutherford, Edward S. and Sowa, Scott P. and Steinman, Alan D.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {cumulative impact,fresh water,Laurentian Great Lakes,Marine spatial planning},
  pages = {372--377},
  file = {Allan et al - 2013 - Joint analysis of stressors and ecosystem services to enhance restoration.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2ZB8JAHN/Allan et al - 2013 - Joint analysis of stressors and ecosystem services to enhance restoration.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5NSZQNEX/372.html:text/html}
}

@article{ruckelshaus_securing_2013,
  title = {Securing ocean benefits for society in the face of climate change},
  volume = {40},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X13000183},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2013.01.009},
  abstract = {Benefits humans rely on from the ocean {\textendash} marine ecosystem services {\textendash} are increasingly vulnerable under future climate. This paper reviews how three valued services have, and will continue to, shift under climate change: (1) capture fisheries, (2) food from aquaculture, and (3) protection from coastal hazards such as storms and sea-level rise. Climate adaptation planning is just beginning for fisheries, aquaculture production, and risk mitigation for coastal erosion and inundation. A few examples are highlighted, showing the promise of considering multiple ecosystem services in developing approaches to adapt to sea-level rise, ocean acidification, and rising sea temperatures.

Ecosystem-based adaptation in fisheries and along coastlines and changes in aquaculture practices can improve resilience of species and habitats to future environmental challenges. Opportunities to use market incentives {\textendash} such as compensation for services or nutrient trading schemes {\textendash} are relatively untested in marine systems. Relocation of communities in response to rising sea levels illustrates the urgent need to manage human activities and investments in ecosystems to provide a sustainable flow of benefits in the face of future climate change.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:56:44},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Ruckelshaus, M. and Doney, S. C. and Galindo, H. M. and Barry, J. P. and Chan, F. and Duffy, J. E. and English, C. A. and Gaines, S. D. and Grebmeier, J. M. and Hollowed, A. B. and Knowlton, N. and Polovina, J. and Rabalais, N. N. and Sydeman, W. J. and Talley, L. D.},
  month = jul,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Climate adaptation,Coastal hazards,Ecosystem services,Fisheries,tourism,Trade-offs},
  pages = {154--159},
  file = {Ruckelshaus et al - 2013 - Securing ocean benefits for society in the face of climate change.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/63E9ZS6M/Ruckelshaus et al - 2013 - Securing ocean benefits for society in the face of climate change.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{luck_identifying_2012,
  pmid = {24555017},
  pmcid = {PMC3814920},
  title = {Identifying spatial priorities for protecting ecosystem services},
  volume = {1},
  issn = {2046-1402},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3814920/},
  doi = {10.12688/f1000research.1-17.v1},
  abstract = {Priorities for protecting ecosystem services must be identified to ensure future human well-being. Approaches to broad-scale spatial prioritization of ecosystem services are becoming increasingly popular and are a vital precursor to identifying locations where further detailed analyses of the management of ecosystem services is required (e.g., examining trade-offs among management actions). Prioritization approaches often examine the spatial congruence between priorities for protecting ecosystem services and priorities for protecting biodiversity; therefore, the spatial prioritization method used is crucial because it will influence the alignment of service protection and conservation goals. While spatial prioritization of ecosystem services and prioritization for conservation share similarities, such as the need to document threats and costs, the former differs substantially from the latter owing to the requirement to measure the following components: supply of services; availability of human-derived alternatives to service provision; capacity to meet beneficiary demand; and site dependency in and scale of service delivery. We review studies that identify broad-scale spatial priorities for managing ecosystem services and demonstrate that researchers have used different approaches and included various measures for identifying priorities, and most studies do not consider all of the components listed above. We describe a conceptual framework for integrating each of these components into spatial prioritization of ecosystem services and illustrate our approach using a worked example for water provision. A fuller characterization of the biophysical and social context for ecosystem services that we call for should improve future prioritization and the identification of locations where ecosystem-service management is especially important or cost effective.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:56:49},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {F1000Research},
  author = {Luck, Gary W and Chan, Kai {MA} and Klien, Carissa J},
  month = sep,
  year = {2012},
  file = {Luck et al - 2012 - Identifying spatial priorities for protecting ecosystem services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/EACFFXAH/Luck et al - 2012 - Identifying spatial priorities for protecting ecosystem services.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{samhouri_lessons_2014,
  title = {Lessons learned from developing integrated ecosystem assessments to inform marine ecosystem-based management in the {USA}},
  volume = {71},
  issn = {1054-3139, 1095-9289},
  url = {http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/content/71/5/1205},
  doi = {10.1093/icesjms/fst141},
  abstract = {Borne out of a collective movement towards ecosystem-based management (EBM), multispecies and multi-sector scientific assessments of the ocean are emerging around the world. In the USA, integrated ecosystem assessments (IEAs) were formally defined 5 years ago to serve as a scientific foundation for marine EBM. As outlined by the US National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration in 2008, an IEA is a cyclical process consisting of setting goals and targets, defining indicators, analysing status, trends, and risk, and evaluating alternative potential future management and environmental scenarios to enhance information needed for effective EBM. These steps should be hierarchical, iterative, non-prescriptive about technical implementation, and adaptable to existing information for any ecosystem. Despite these strengths and some initial successes, IEAs and EBM have yet to be fully realized in the USA. We propose eight tenets that can be adopted by scientists, policy-makers, and managers to enhance the use of IEAs in implementing EBM. These tenets include (i) engage with stakeholders, managers, and policy-makers early, often, and continually; (ii) conduct rigorous human dimensions research; (iii) recognize the importance of transparently selecting indicators; (iv) set ecosystem targets to create a system of EBM accountability; (v) establish a formal mechanism(s) for the review of IEA science; (vi) serve current management needs, but not at the expense of more integrative ocean management; (vii) provide a venue for EBM decision-making that takes full advantage of IEA products; and (viii) embrace realistic expectations about IEA science and its implementation. These tenets are framed in a way that builds on domestic and international experiences with ocean management. With patience, persistence, political will, funding, and augmented capacity, IEAs will provide a general approach for allowing progressive science to lead conventional ocean management to new waters.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:56:51},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {{ICES} Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil},
  author = {Samhouri, Jameal F. and Haupt, Alison J. and Levin, Phillip S. and Link, Jason S. and Shuford, Rebecca},
  month = aug,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Ecosystem-based management,Indicator,Integrated ecosystem assessment,Marine policy,Risk,sustainable marine management and conservation},
  pages = {1205--1215},
  file = {Samhouri et al - 2014 - Lessons learned from developing integrated ecosystem assessments to inform.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/M6JUPUIX/Samhouri et al - 2014 - Lessons learned from developing integrated ecosystem assessments to inform.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/C9TJQIUE/1205.html:text/html}
}

@article{white_value_2012,
  title = {The value of coordinated management of interacting ecosystem services},
  volume = {15},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/{CNRS}},
  issn = {1461-0248},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01773.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01773.x},
  abstract = {Ecology Letters (2012) 
Abstract
Coordinating decisions and actions among interacting sectors is a critical component of ecosystem-based management, but uncertainty about coordinated management's effects is compromising its perceived value and use. We constructed an analytical framework for explicitly calculating how coordination affects management decisions, ecosystem state and the provision of ecosystem services in relation to ecosystem dynamics and socio-economic objectives. The central insight is that the appropriate comparison strategy to optimal coordinated management is optimal uncoordinated management, which can be identified at the game theoretic Nash equilibrium. Using this insight we can calculate coordination's effects in relation to uncoordinated management and other reference scenarios. To illustrate how this framework can help identify ecosystem and socio-economic conditions under which coordination is most influential and valuable, we applied it to a heuristic case study and a simulation model for the California Current Marine Ecosystem. Results indicate that coordinated management can more than double an ecosystem's societal value, especially when sectors can effectively manipulate resources that interact strongly. However, societal gains from coordination will need to be reconciled with observations that it also leads to strategic simplification of the ecological food web, and generates both positive and negative impacts on individual sectors and non-target species.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:56:53},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  author = {White, Crow and Costello, Christopher and Kendall, Bruce E. and Brown, Christopher J.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {bioeconomic model,coordinated management,Ecosystem-based management,Ecosystem services,game theory,joint social value,Natural resource management,single-sector management,species coexistence,trophic cascade},
  pages = {509--519},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/VWIFT9ZM/abstract.html:text/html;White et al. - 2012 - The value of coordinated management of interacting.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8ZX97ZTE/White et al. - 2012 - The value of coordinated management of interacting.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ruijs_trade_2013,
  series = {Special Issue on Mapping and Modelling Ecosystem Services},
  title = {Trade-off analysis of ecosystem services in Eastern Europe},
  volume = {4},
  issn = {2212-0416},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212041613000223},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.04.002},
  abstract = {In this paper we assess trade-offs between ecosystem services in a spatially explicit manner. From a supply side perspective, we estimate opportunity costs, which reflect in monetary terms the trade-offs between ecosystem services due to a marginal land use change. These are based on estimation of the frontier function, which gives the feasible bundles of ecosystem services that can be generated. For this, a two-stage semi-parametric method is applied and spatial data are used on agricultural revenues, cultural services, carbon sequestration and biodiversity for 18 Central and Eastern European countries. Based on the estimates, we assess which regions are most suitable for expanding any of the ecosystem services. Where opportunity costs are low, a further expansion of any of the ecosystem services is cost-effective. If areas are targeted carefully, joint improvement of several ecosystem services can be reached. If carbon sequestration levels are to be increased, it is best to focus on areas already having high sequestration levels because opportunity costs of carbon sequestration decrease with increasing sequestration levels. For biodiversity and cultural services the pattern is less clear as low opportunity cost were found both in areas rich and poor with these services.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:56:56},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Ecosystem Services},
  author = {Ruijs, A. and Wossink, A. and Kortelainen, M. and Alkemade, R. and Schulp, C. J. E.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Biodiversity,carbon sequestration,Non-parametric estimation,Opportunity costs,Production possibility frontiers},
  pages = {82--94},
  file = {Ruijs et al - 2013 - Trade-off analysis of ecosystem services in Eastern Europe.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/M9DVRKJ3/Ruijs et al - 2013 - Trade-off analysis of ecosystem services in Eastern Europe.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{foley_improving_2013a,
  title = {Improving Ocean Management through the Use of Ecological Principles and Integrated Ecosystem Assessments},
  volume = {63},
  issn = {0006-3568, 1525-3244},
  url = {http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/content/63/8/619},
  doi = {10.1525/bio.2013.63.8.5},
  abstract = {The US National Ocean Policy calls for ecosystem-based management (EBM) of the ocean to help realize the vision advanced in the 2010 Executive Order on the Stewardship of the Ocean, Our Coasts, and the Great Lakes. However, no specific approach for incorporating EBM into planning was provided. We explore how a set of ecological principles and ecosystem vulnerability concepts can be integrated into emerging comprehensive assessment frameworks, including Australia's National Marine Bioregional Assessments, California's Marine Life Protection Act Initiative's regional profiles, Canada's Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management Initiative, and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) program, to transition to ecosystem-based ocean planning. We examine NOAA's IEA framework to demonstrate how these concepts could be incorporated into existing frameworks. Although our discussion is focused on US ocean policy, comprehensive ecological assessments are applicable to a wide array of management strategies and planning processes.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:57:00},
  number = {8},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {{BioScience}},
  author = {Foley, Melissa M. and Armsby, Matthew H. and Prahler, Erin E. and Caldwell, Margaret R. and Erickson, Ashley L. and Kittinger, John N. and Crowder, Larry B. and Levin, Phillip S.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Ecological principles,ecosystem vulnerability,Integrated ecosystem assessment,National Ocean Policy},
  pages = {619--631},
  file = {Foley et al - 2013 - Improving Ocean Management through the Use of Ecological Principles and.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/KKV5UQVM/Foley et al - 2013 - Improving Ocean Management through the Use of Ecological Principles and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/U6ETQW4I/619.html:text/html}
}

@article{grilli_protocol_2013,
  title = {Protocol to Include Ecosystem Service Constraints in a Wind Farm Cost Model},
  volume = {139},
  issn = {0733-9372, 1943-7870},
  url = {http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/\%28ASCE\%29EE.1943-7870.0000599},
  doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000599},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:57:09},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering},
  author = {Grilli, Annette R. and Insua, Tania Lado and Spaulding, Malcolm},
  month = feb,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {176--186},
  file = {Grilli et al - 2013 - Protocol to Include Ecosystem Service Constraints in a Wind Farm Cost Model.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BDAWBVFH/Grilli et al - 2013 - Protocol to Include Ecosystem Service Constraints in a Wind Farm Cost Model.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{grilli_wind_2014,
  title = {Toward wind farm monitoring optimization: assessment of ecological zones from marine landscapes using machine learning algorithms},
  issn = {0018-8158, 1573-5117},
  shorttitle = {Toward wind farm monitoring optimization},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10750-014-2139-3},
  doi = {10.1007/s10750-014-2139-3},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:57:09},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Hydrobiologia},
  author = {Grilli, Annette R. and Shumchenia, Emily J.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2014},
  file = {Grilli_Shumchenia - 2014 - Toward wind farm monitoring optimization.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BBHBUZB9/Grilli_Shumchenia - 2014 - Toward wind farm monitoring optimization.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{watson_performance_2014,
  title = {The performance and potential of protected areas},
  volume = {515},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  url = {http://www.nature.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/nature/journal/v515/n7525/full/nature13947.html},
  doi = {10.1038/nature13947},
  abstract = {Originally conceived to conserve iconic landscapes and wildlife, protected areas are now expected to achieve an increasingly diverse set of conservation, social and economic objectives. The amount of land and sea designated as formally protected has markedly increased over the past century, but there is still a major shortfall in political commitments to enhance the coverage and effectiveness of protected areas. Financial support for protected areas is dwarfed by the benefits that they provide, but these returns depend on effective management. A step change involving increased recognition, funding, planning and enforcement is urgently needed if protected areas are going to fulfil their potential.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:57:59},
  number = {7525},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Nature},
  author = {Watson, James E. M. and Dudley, Nigel and Segan, Daniel B. and Hockings, Marc},
  month = nov,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Conservation,Ecology},
  pages = {67--73},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9W68H6UW/nature13947.html:text/html;Watson et al - 2014 - The performance and potential of protected areas.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FCTDMUPZ/Watson et al - 2014 - The performance and potential of protected areas.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inproceedings{oreilly_offshore_2012,
  title = {Offshore wind farm siting using a genetic algorithm},
  doi = {10.1109/ICGT.2012.6477974},
  abstract = {This study uses a genetic algorithm to optimize a wind farm layout considering the engineering challenges and the ecosystem services as constraints to the turbine siting. Included is an analysis of how wake effects influence the power produced using a simple wake model called the WAsP model. The current study considers the location of the proposed Deep Water Wind Inc. Offshore Wind Farm Project, southeast of Block Island, Rhode Island. The proposed project consists of six, 6MW Siemens wind turbines located within the Rhode Island State waters that extend roughly 4.8 km off of the Block Island coast. The optimum solution produces turbine locations best conforming to areas of low technical, ecological, and social costs, while simultaneously distributing the turbines to minimize turbine wake interaction. Future model improvements will consist of more accurately describing wind conditions within the wind farm and incorporating turbine cable interconnection installation costs.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:58:30},
  booktitle = {2012 International Conference on Green Technologies ({ICGT})},
  author = {O'Reilly, C.M. and Grilli, A.R. and Potty, G.R.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {Block Island coast,Deep Water Wind Inc,ecological cost,Ecology,Ecosystem services,engineering challenges,Genetic algorithm,genetic algorithms,Layout,offshore installations,offshore wind farm project,Optimization,power 6 MW,power generation economics,power system interconnection,Rhode Island State,Siemens wind turbines,simple wake model,social cost,technical cost,turbine cable interconnection installation costs,turbine locations,turbine siting,turbine wake interaction,wake effects,WAsP model,wind conditions,wind farm layout optimization,Wind farms,wind power plants,Wind speed,wind turbines},
  pages = {208--214},
  file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7M8J8P4R/login.html:text/html}
}

@article{needles_managing_2013,
  title = {Managing Bay and Estuarine Ecosystems for Multiple Services},
  volume = {38},
  issn = {1559-2723, 1559-2731},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12237-013-9602-7},
  doi = {10.1007/s12237-013-9602-7},
  abstract = {Managers are moving from a model of managing individual sectors, human activities, or ecosystem services to an ecosystem-based management (EBM) approach which attempts to balance the range of services provided by ecosystems. Applying EBM is often difficult due to inherent tradeoffs in managing for different services. This challenge particularly holds for estuarine systems, which have been heavily altered in most regions and are often subject to intense management interventions. Estuarine managers can often choose among a range of management tactics to enhance a particular service; although some management actions will result in strong tradeoffs, others may enhance multiple services simultaneously. Management of estuarine ecosystems could be improved by distinguishing between optimal management actions for enhancing multiple services and those that have severe tradeoffs. This requires a framework that evaluates tradeoff scenarios and identifies management actions likely to benefit multiple services. We created a management action-services matrix as a first step towards assessing tradeoffs and providing managers with a decision support tool. We found that management actions that restored or enhanced natural vegetation (e.g., salt marsh and mangroves) and some shellfish (particularly oysters and oyster reef habitat) benefited multiple services. In contrast, management actions such as desalination, salt pond creation, sand mining, and large container shipping had large net negative effects on several of the other services considered in the matrix. Our framework provides resource managers a simple way to inform EBM decisions and can also be used as a first step in more sophisticated approaches that model service delivery.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:58:33},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Estuaries and Coasts},
  author = {Needles, Lisa A. and Lester, Sarah E. and Ambrose, Richard and Andren, Anders and Beyeler, Marc and Connor, Michael S. and Eckman, James E. and Costa-Pierce, Barry A. and Gaines, Steven D. and Lafferty, Kevin D. and Lenihan, Hunter S. and Parrish, Julia and Peterson, Mark S. and Scaroni, Amy E. and Weis, Judith S. and Wendt, Dean E.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Bay,Coastal Sciences,Decision support tool,Ecology,Ecosystem-based management,Ecosystem function,Ecosystem services,environmental management,Environment, general,estuary,Freshwater \& Marine Ecology,Marine spatial planning,Tradeoff analysis,Water and Health},
  pages = {35--48},
  file = {Needles et al - 2013 - Managing Bay and Estuarine Ecosystems for Multiple Services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/JTPU4T6H/Needles et al - 2013 - Managing Bay and Estuarine Ecosystems for Multiple Services.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WIE8W3UW/10.html:text/html}
}

@article{carcamo_using_2014,
  title = {Using stakeholders' perspective of ecosystem services and biodiversity features to plan a marine protected area},
  volume = {40},
  issn = {1462-9011},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901114000604},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2014.03.003},
  abstract = {The definition of a common vision that includes social and environmental goals, ecosystem services and/or biodiversity features that people are interested in maintaining or restoring is a great challenge for marine protected areas (MPAs). Recent initiatives have promoted broadening the focus from biodiversity conservation alone to the conservation of both ecosystem services and biodiversity, indicating that this integration should improve support and compliance from stakeholders. Using a Multiple-Use Coastal Marine Protected Area recently proposed in northern Chile, we investigated (i) stakeholders' perceptions of the valuation of ecosystem services, threats to their provision, and the prioritization of ecosystem services, biodiversity features, and uses in a planning scenario, and (ii) stakeholders' expectations for the establishment of a new MPA. The perceptions of different groups of stakeholders were compared and statistically analyzed, and the relationships among prioritizations were studied using a network approach. Stakeholders identified and valued 13 ecosystem services, 28 biodiversity features, 20 uses and activities, and 22 threats. Significant differences among the valuations and prioritizations of different stakeholder groups were attributable principally to artisanal fishermen's perceptions of some components that are directly related to their activities and livelihoods. High expectations of benefits from a new MPA implementation were observed for all categories of stakeholders. To relate the different valuated components, we proposed a network-based conceptual model that reduces complexity, and also as a strategy to communicate relationships and trade-offs occurring in this particular social{\textendash}ecological system to the several stakeholders. We strongly recommend early stakeholder engagement so as to understand the variability in environmental perceptions and then reflect that variation in the planning and management actions of MPAs, thus improving support for their implementation and achieving conservation and societal goals. Our findings indicate that stakeholders' perceptions and prioritizations of ecosystem services, biodiversity features and uses should be used as the basis for starting the MPA implementation and planning process.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:58:36},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
  author = {C{\'a}rcamo, P. Francisco and Garay-Fl{\"u}hmann, Rosa and Squeo, Francisco A. and Gaymer, Carlos F.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Biodiversity,Chile,Ecosystem services,Fishermen,Multiple-Use Coastal Marine Protected Area,Stakeholders' perceptions},
  pages = {116--131},
  file = {Cárcamo et al - 2014 - Using stakeholders’ perspective of ecosystem services and biodiversity features.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FF79JNGU/Cárcamo et al - 2014 - Using stakeholders’ perspective of ecosystem services and biodiversity features.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wedding_principles_2013,
  pmid = {24197407},
  pmcid = {PMC3826217},
  title = {From principles to practice: a spatial approach to systematic conservation planning in the deep sea},
  volume = {280},
  issn = {0962-8452},
  shorttitle = {From principles to practice},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3826217/},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.1684},
  abstract = {Increases in the demand and price for industrial metals, combined with advances in technological capabilities have now made deep-sea mining more feasible and economically viable. In order to balance economic interests with the conservation of abyssal plain ecosystems, it is becoming increasingly important to develop a systematic approach to spatial management and zoning of the deep sea. Here, we describe an expert-driven systematic conservation planning process applied to inform science-based recommendations to the International Seabed Authority for a system of deep-sea marine protected areas (MPAs) to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem function in an abyssal Pacific region targeted for nodule mining (e.g. the Clarion{\textendash}Clipperton fracture zone, CCZ). Our use of geospatial analysis and expert opinion in forming the recommendations allowed us to stratify the proposed network by biophysical gradients, maximize the number of biologically unique seamounts within each subregion, and minimize socioeconomic impacts. The resulting proposal for an MPA network (nine replicate 400 {\texttimes} 400 km MPAs) covers 24\% (1 440 000 km2) of the total CCZ planning region and serves as example of swift and pre-emptive conservation planning across an unprecedented area in the deep sea. As pressure from resource extraction increases in the future, the scientific guiding principles outlined in this research can serve as a basis for collaborative international approaches to ocean management.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:58:39},
  number = {1773},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Wedding, L. M. and Friedlander, A. M. and Kittinger, J. N. and Watling, L. and Gaines, S. D. and Bennett, M. and Hardy, S. M. and Smith, C. R.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2013},
  file = {Wedding et al - 2013 - From principles to practice.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/H3VDAU8T/Wedding et al - 2013 - From principles to practice.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mcbride_krill_2014,
  title = {Krill, climate, and contrasting future scenarios for Arctic and Antarctic fisheries},
  volume = {71},
  issn = {1054-3139, 1095-9289},
  url = {http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/content/71/7/1934},
  doi = {10.1093/icesjms/fsu002},
  abstract = {Arctic and Antarctic marine systems have in common high latitudes, large seasonal changes in light levels, cold air and sea temperatures, and sea ice. In other ways, however, they are strikingly different, including their: age, extent, geological structure, ice stability, and foodweb structure. Both regions contain very rapidly warming areas and climate impacts have been reported, as have dramatic future projections. However, the combined effects of a changing climate on oceanographic processes and foodweb dynamics are likely to influence their future fisheries in very different ways. Differences in the life-history strategies of the key zooplankton species (Antarctic krill in the Southern Ocean and Calanus copepods in the Arctic) will likely affect future productivity of fishery species and fisheries. To explore future scenarios for each region, this paper: (i) considers differing characteristics (including geographic, physical, and biological) that define polar marine ecosystems and reviews known and projected impacts of climate change on key zooplankton species that may impact fished species; (ii) summarizes existing fishery resources; (iii) synthesizes this information to generate future scenarios for fisheries; and (iv) considers the implications for future fisheries management. Published studies suggest that if an increase in open water during summer in Arctic and Subarctic seas results in increased primary and secondary production, biomass may increase for some important commercial fish stocks and new mixes of species may become targeted. In contrast, published studies suggest that in the Southern Ocean the potential for existing species to adapt is mixed and that the potential for the invasion of large and highly productive pelagic finfish species appears low. Thus, future Southern Ocean fisheries may largely be dependent on existing species. It is clear from this review that new management approaches will be needed that account for the changing dynamics in these regions under climate change.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:58:45},
  number = {7},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {{ICES} Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil},
  author = {{McBride}, Margaret M. and Dalpadado, Padmini and Drinkwater, Kenneth F. and God{\o}, Olav Rune and Hobday, Alistair J. and Hollowed, Anne B. and Kristiansen, Trond and Murphy, Eugene J. and Ressler, Patrick H. and Subbey, Sam and Hofmann, Eileen E. and Loeng, Harald},
  month = oct,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {climate change,Fish,Fisheries,foodwebs,Polar regions,Zooplankton},
  pages = {1934--1955},
  file = {McBride et al - 2014 - Krill, climate, and contrasting future scenarios for Arctic and Antarctic.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/93U3Q73I/McBride et al - 2014 - Krill, climate, and contrasting future scenarios for Arctic and Antarctic.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8NQVD8MS/1934.html:text/html}
}

@article{sanchirico_conservation_2013,
  title = {Conservation values in marine ecosystem-based management},
  volume = {38},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X12001753},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2012.08.008},
  abstract = {Proactive ecosystem-based management represents a turning point in ocean management, because it formally recognizes the need to balance the potentially competing uses of the ocean, including aquaculture, energy production, conservation, fishing, and recreation. A significant challenge in implementing this balancing act arises from explicitly incorporating conservation in a decision-making framework that embraces assessments of trade-offs between benefits from conservation and conventional commercial uses of marine resources. An economic efficiency-based framework for evaluating trade-offs is utilized, and, for illustration, applied to assess the relative benefits and costs of conservation actions for the endangered western stock of the Steller Sea Lion (wSSL) in Alaska, USA. The example highlights many scientific and political challenges of using empirical estimates of the benefits and costs to evaluate conservation actions in the decision process, particularly given the public's large conservation values for the wSSL. The example also highlights the need to engage in stakeholder discussions on how to incorporate conservation into ecosystem-based management, and more specifically, coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP). Without explicit consideration of these issues, it is unclear whether CMSP will better conserve and utilize ocean resources than the status quo.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:58:47},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Sanchirico, James N. and Lew, Daniel K. and Haynie, Alan C. and Kling, David M. and Layton, David F.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Commercial fisheries,Endangered species,Marine policy,Non-market valuation,North Pacific,Steller Sea Lion},
  pages = {523--530}
}

@article{jin_empirical_2013,
  title = {An empirical analysis of the economic value of ocean space associated with commercial fishing},
  volume = {42},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X13000237},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2013.01.014},
  abstract = {Understanding the economic value of ocean space is critical for implementing marine spatial planning (MSP). Empirical data from 1999 to 2008 are compiled on the economic values arising from commercial fishing in the Gulf of Maine and adjacent areas. The data are analyzed to characterize factors affecting the spatial and temporal distribution of measures of economic productivity and fishing effort. The analysis consisted of four components: (1) estimation of net revenue at the 10-min square level by season and gear; (2) assessment of variability for catch revenue and catch per unit effort; (3) mapping net revenue and variability in the study area; and (4) estimation of interactions among catch, effort, season, and gear type. The results indicated that, at each location, average fishing efforts exhibited a positive response to increases in expected revenues and a negative response to variability in revenues. Most of the variability in catch revenue can be explained by changes in fishing effort, implying that the spatial patterns of fishery resources are relatively stable at the 10-min square level. An important conclusion is that a spatial scale of at least the 10-min square is appropriate for undertaking MSP involving allocations of commercial fisheries.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:58:49},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Jin, Di and Hoagland, Porter and Wikgren, Brooke},
  month = nov,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {economic value,Fisheries,Marine spatial planning},
  pages = {74--84},
  file = {Jin et al - 2013 - An empirical analysis of the economic value of ocean space associated with.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MKG5ETXR/Jin et al - 2013 - An empirical analysis of the economic value of ocean space associated with.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cornu_current_2014,
  title = {Current Practice and Future Prospects for Social Data in Coastal and Ocean Planning},
  volume = {28},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 Society for Conservation Biology},
  issn = {1523-1739},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/cobi.12310/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/cobi.12310},
  abstract = {Coastal and ocean planning comprises a broad field of practice. The goals, political processes, and approaches applied to planning initiatives may vary widely. However, all planning processes ultimately require adequate information on both the biophysical and social attributes of a planning region. In coastal and ocean planning practice, there are well-established methods to assess biophysical attributes; however, less is understood about the role and assessment of social data. We conducted the first global assessment of the incorporation of social data in coastal and ocean planning. We drew on a comprehensive review of planning initiatives and a survey of coastal and ocean practitioners. There was significantly more incorporation of social data in multiuse versus conservation-oriented planning. Practitioners engaged a wide range of social data, including governance, economic, and cultural attributes of planning regions and human impacts data. Less attention was given to ecosystem services and social{\textendash}ecological linkages, both of which could improve coastal and ocean planning practice. Although practitioners recognize the value of social data, little funding is devoted to its collection and incorporation in plans. Increased capacity and sophistication in acquiring critical social and ecological data for planning is necessary to develop plans for more resilient coastal and ocean ecosystems and communities. We suggest that improving social data monitoring, and in particular spatial social data, to complement biophysical data, is necessary for providing holistic information for decision-support tools and other methods. Moving beyond people as impacts to people as beneficiaries, through ecosystem services assessments, holds much potential to better incorporate the tenets of ecosystem-based management into coastal and ocean planning by providing targets for linked biodiversity conservation and human welfare outcomes. La Pr{\'a}ctica Actual y los Prospectos Futuros para los Datos Sociales en la Planeaci{\'o}n Costera y Oce{\'a}nica},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:58:51},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Cornu, Elodie Le and Kittinger, John N. and Koehn, J. Zachary and Finkbeiner, Elena M. and Crowder, Larry B.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {{\'a}reas marinas protegidas,coastal and ocean planning,conservation practice,datos sociales,dimensiones humanas,Ecosystem services,human dimensions,Marine protected areas,Marine spatial planning,planeaci{\'o}n costera y oce{\'a}nica,pr{\'a}ctica de la conservaci{\'o}n,servicios ecosist{\'e}micos,sistemas socio-ecol{\'o}gicos,social data,Social{\textendash}ecological systems},
  pages = {902--911},
  file = {Cornu et al - 2014 - Current Practice and Future Prospects for Social Data in Coastal and Ocean.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5HPVWK8P/Cornu et al - 2014 - Current Practice and Future Prospects for Social Data in Coastal and Ocean.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GRGJAA85/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{mouchet_interdisciplinary_2014,
  title = {An interdisciplinary methodological guide for quantifying associations between ecosystem services},
  volume = {28},
  issn = {0959-3780},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378014001393},
  doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.012},
  abstract = {Considering the increasing uptake of the concept of ``ecosystem services'' in landscape management and environmental policies, it is urgent to establish a consensual framework to assess the complex relationships among ecosystem services, considering both the supply- and the demand-sides. A diversity of approaches have been proposed to evaluate ecosystem services associations, but not all methods are equivalent and methodological choices need to be made depending on the scientific and policy questions at hand, as well as the type of data available.

Based on previous classifications of ecosystem service associations, we propose to characterize three broad types of associations considering the ecological (supply side) and socio-economical (demand side) aspects of ecosystem services: supply{\textendash}supply, supply{\textendash}demand and demand{\textendash}demand. We then review quantitative methods available and propose guidelines to assess those three categories of relationships among ecosystem services and identify their explanatory variables following three steps: (i) detecting ecosystem services associations, (ii) defining bundles and (iii) identifying the explanatory variables of ecosystem services associations. For each step, strengths and weaknesses of different statistical analysis and machine learning methods are described.

The proposed interdisciplinary methodological approach takes one step toward embracing such complexity of socio-ecological systems as it considers ecosystem services delivery (supply{\textendash}supply), stakeholders' needs (demand{\textendash}demand), and on how stakeholders can benefit from the ecosystem services delivery (supply{\textendash}demand). We illustrate how such a diverse spectrum of methods may apply for land management.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:58:53},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Global Environmental Change},
  author = {Mouchet, Maud A. and Lamarque, P{\'e}n{\'e}lope and Mart{\'\i}n-L{\'o}pez, Berta and Crouzat, Emilie and Gos, Pierre and Byczek, Coline and Lavorel, Sandra},
  month = sep,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Bundle,Ecosystem services,Methodological framework,Synergy,Trade-off assessment},
  pages = {298--308},
  file = {Mouchet et al - 2014 - An interdisciplinary methodological guide for quantifying associations between.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2T9CVGR7/Mouchet et al - 2014 - An interdisciplinary methodological guide for quantifying associations between.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{yang_optimal_2015,
  title = {Optimal Wind Turbines Micrositing in Onshore Wind Farms Using Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm},
  copyright = {Copyright {\textcopyright} 2015 Jun Yang et al. Jun Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.},
  issn = {1024123X},
  url = {http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/docview/1663497603?pq-origsite=summon\&accountid=10598},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/10.1155/2015/324203},
  abstract = {With the fast growth in the number and size of installed wind farms (WFs) around the world, optimal wind turbines (WTs) micrositing has become a challenge from both technological and mathematical points of view. An appropriate layout of wind turbines is crucial to obtain adequate performance with respect to the development and operation of the wind power plant during its life span. This work presents a fuzzy genetic algorithm (FGA) for maximizing the economic profitability of the project. The algorithm considers a new WF model including several important factors to the design of the layout. The model consists of wake loss, terrain effect, and economic benefits, which can be calculated by locations of wind turbines. The results demonstrate that the algorithm performs better than genetic algorithm, in terms of maximum values of net annual value of wind power plants and computational burden.},
  language = {English},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:48:43},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Mathematical Problems in Engineering},
  author = {Yang, Jun and Zhang, Rui and Sun, Qiuye and Zhang, Huaguang},
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Alternative energy sources,Engineering,Mathematical models,Mathematics,Methods,Monte Carlo simulation,Mutation,Optimization algorithms,Studies,Turbines,Wind farms,Wind Power},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/39CQ5U2S/1663497603.html:text/html;Yang et al - 2015 - Optimal Wind Turbines Micrositing in Onshore Wind Farms Using Fuzzy Genetic.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/W23NE3AW/Yang et al - 2015 - Optimal Wind Turbines Micrositing in Onshore Wind Farms Using Fuzzy Genetic.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{martinez-harms_making_2015,
  title = {Making decisions for managing ecosystem services},
  volume = {184},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320715000452},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.024},
  abstract = {Numerous assessments have quantified, mapped, and valued the services provided by ecosystems that are important for human wellbeing. However, much of the literature does not clarify how the information gathered in such assessments could be used to inform decisions that will impact ecosystem services. We propose that the process of making management decisions for ecosystem services comprises five core steps: identification of the problem and its social{\textendash}ecological context; specification of objectives and associated performance measures; defining alternative management actions and evaluating the consequences of these actions; assessment of trade-offs and prioritization of alternative management actions; and making management decisions. We synthesize the degree to which the peer-reviewed ecosystem services literature has captured these steps. For the ecosystem service paradigm to gain traction in science and policy arenas, future ecosystem service assessments should have clearly articulated objectives, seek to evaluate the consequences of alternative management actions, and facilitate closer engagement between scientists and stakeholders.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:58:55},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {Martinez-Harms, Maria Jose and Bryan, Brett A. and Balvanera, Patricia and Law, Elizabeth A. and Rhodes, Jonathan R. and Possingham, Hugh P. and Wilson, Kerrie A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Ecosystem services,Management actions,Objectives,Structured decision-making,Trade-offs},
  pages = {229--238},
  file = {Martinez-Harms et al - 2015 - Making decisions for managing ecosystem services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4JVVTBIF/Martinez-Harms et al - 2015 - Making decisions for managing ecosystem services.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{andersen_baltic_2015,
  title = {Baltic Sea biodiversity status vs. cumulative human pressures},
  volume = {161},
  issn = {0272-7714},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771415001511},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecss.2015.05.002},
  abstract = {Many studies have tried to explain spatial and temporal variations in biodiversity status of marine areas from a single-issue perspective, such as fishing pressure or coastal pollution, yet most continental seas experience a wide range of human pressures. Cumulative impact assessments have been developed to capture the consequences of multiple stressors for biodiversity, but the ability of these assessments to accurately predict biodiversity status has never been tested or ground-truthed. This relationship has similarly been assumed for the Baltic Sea, especially in areas with impaired status, but has also never been documented. Here we provide a first tentative indication that cumulative human impacts relate to ecosystem condition, i.e. biodiversity status, in the Baltic Sea. Thus, cumulative impact assessments offer a promising tool for informed marine spatial planning, designation of marine protected areas and ecosystem-based management, and may prove useful for setting limits on allowable levels of human impact on ecosystems.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 17:58:34},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science},
  author = {Andersen, Jesper H. and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Korpinen, Samuli and Murray, Ciar{\'a}n and Reker, Johnny},
  month = aug,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Baltic Sea,Cumulative effects,Impacts,marine biodiversity,multiple stressors,pressures},
  pages = {88--92},
  file = {Andersen et al. - 2015 - Baltic Sea biodiversity status vs. cumulative huma.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/95AW7TN9/Andersen et al. - 2015 - Baltic Sea biodiversity status vs. cumulative huma.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CDIW7NPV/S0272771415001511.html:text/html}
}

@article{stokes_conservation_2014,
  title = {Conservation of migratory Magellanic penguins requires marine zoning},
  volume = {170},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000632071300445X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.024},
  abstract = {Conservation of migratory species requires an understanding of their migration path and pattern. We used band returns and satellite tracking to characterize the seasonal migration of Magellanic penguins breeding in southern Argentina, with the purpose of identifying an effective conservation approach for this species. Band returns show these penguins migrate annually to the coastal waters of northern Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, an average one-way distance of approximately 2000 km, and a modal distance of 2300{\textendash}2400 km. Satellite data indicate that the penguins follow a migration corridor within 250 km of shore. Mean migration distance varied among years. Juveniles migrated farther on average than older birds, although migration distance of different age classes overlapped substantially. Mortality rates during migration were higher among younger birds, and juvenile mortality rate during migration was inversely correlated with cohort survival, indicating that mortality during migration is an important determinant of population recruitment. A minimum of 13\% of the migration-period mortality we recorded resulted from fisheries bycatch and oil pollution. Because of the penguin's mode of travel (swimming at or near the surface), the large spatial extent of its migration, and the intensity of human use of the area, effective conservation through conventional coastal marine reserves is unlikely. Marine zoning is an alternative that could provide the spatial scale and flexibility necessary to accommodate both penguin migration and human activities. As the waters traversed by Magellanic penguins are among the most threatened in Latin America, zoning for protection of this wide-ranging and charismatic species can also protect regional biodiversity.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:59:03},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {Stokes, David L. and Boersma, P. Dee and Lopez de Casenave, Javier and Garc{\'\i}a-Borboroglu, Pablo},
  month = feb,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Bycatch,Magellanic penguin,Marine zoning,Migration,oil pollution,Penguin},
  pages = {151--161},
  file = {Stokes et al - 2014 - Conservation of migratory Magellanic penguins requires marine zoning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/J9FCRA2C/Stokes et al - 2014 - Conservation of migratory Magellanic penguins requires marine zoning.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{liu_systems_2015,
  pmid = {25722418},
  title = {Systems integration for global sustainability},
  volume = {347},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  url = {http://www.sciencemag.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/content/347/6225/1258832},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1258832},
  abstract = {Global sustainability challenges, from maintaining biodiversity to providing clean air and water, are closely interconnected yet often separately studied and managed. Systems integration{\textemdash}holistic approaches to integrating various components of coupled human and natural systems{\textemdash}is critical to understand socioeconomic and environmental interconnections and to create sustainability solutions. Recent advances include the development and quantification of integrated frameworks that incorporate ecosystem services, environmental footprints, planetary boundaries, human-nature nexuses, and telecoupling. Although systems integration has led to fundamental discoveries and practical applications, further efforts are needed to incorporate more human and natural components simultaneously, quantify spillover systems and feedbacks, integrate multiple spatial and temporal scales, develop new tools, and translate findings into policy and practice. Such efforts can help address important knowledge gaps, link seemingly unconnected challenges, and inform policy and management decisions.
BACKGROUND Many key global sustainability challenges are closely intertwined (examples are provided in the figure). These challenges include air pollution, biodiversity loss, climate change, energy and food security, disease spread, species invasion, and water shortages and pollution. They are interconnected across three dimensions (organizational levels, space, and time) but are often separately studied and managed. Systems integration{\textemdash}holistic approaches to integrating various components of coupled human and natural systems (for example, social-ecological systems and human-environment systems) across all dimensions{\textemdash}is necessary to address complex interconnections and identify effective solutions to sustainability challenges.
ADVANCES One major advance has been recognizing Earth as a large, coupled human and natural system consisting of many smaller coupled systems linked through flows of information, matter, and energy and evolving through time as a set of interconnected complex adaptive systems. A number of influential integrated frameworks (such as ecosystem services, environmental footprints, human-nature nexus, planetary boundaries, and telecoupling) and tools for systems integration have been developed and tested through interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary inquiries. Systems integration has led to fundamental discoveries and sustainability actions that are not possible by using conventional disciplinary, reductionist, and compartmentalized approaches. These include findings on emergent properties and complexity; interconnections among multiple key issues (such as air, climate, energy, food, land, and water); assessment of multiple, often conflicting, objectives; and synergistic interactions in which, for example, economic efficiency can be enhanced while environmental impacts are mitigated. In addition, systems integration allows for clarification and reassignment of environmental responsibilities (for example, among producers, consumers, and traders); mediation of trade-offs and enhancement of synergies; reduction of conflicts; and design of harmonious conservation and development policies and practices.
OUTLOOK Although some studies have recognized spillover effects (effects spilling over from interactions among other systems) or spatial externalities, there is a need to simultaneously consider socioeconomic and environmental effects rather than considering them separately. Furthermore, identifying causes, agents, and flows behind the spillover effects can help us to understand better and hence manage the effects across multiple systems and scales. Integrating spillover systems with sending and receiving systems through network analysis and other advanced analytical methods can uncover hidden interrelationships and lead to important insights. Human-nature feedbacks, including spatial feedbacks (such as those among sending, receiving, and spillover systems), are the core elements of coupled systems and thus are likely to play important roles in global sustainability. Systems integration for global sustainability is poised for more rapid development, and transformative changes aimed at connecting disciplinary silos are needed to sustain an increasingly telecoupled world. View larger version: In this page In a new window Download PowerPoint Slide for Teaching Illustrative representation of systems integration.Among Brazil, China, the Caribbean, and the Sahara Desert in Africa, there are complex human-nature interactions across space, time, and organizational levels. Deforestation in Brazil due to soybean production provides food for people and livestock in China. Food trade between Brazil and China also contributes to changes in the global food market, which affects other areas around the world, including the Caribbean and Africa, that also engage in trade with China and Brazil. Dust particles from the Sahara Desert in Africa{\textemdash}aggravated by agricultural practices{\textemdash}travel via the air to the Caribbean, where they contribute to the decline in coral reefs and soil fertility and increase asthma rates. These in turn affect China and Brazil, which have both invested heavily in Caribbean tourism, infrastructure, and transportation. Nutrient-rich dust from Africa also reaches Brazil, where it improves forest productivity. {[}Photo credits clockwise from right top photo: Caitlin Jacobs, Brandon Prince, Rhett Butler, and David Burdick, used with permission]
Seeking systems-based solutions
Without sustainable solutions, the world's most pressing environmental concerns will continue to persist or worsen. Achieving the goal of sustainability involves so many factors{\textemdash}from economics to ecology{\textemdash}that investigating one or even a handful of variables at a time often overlooks major parts of the problem. Liu et al. review systems-based approaches that are beginning to provide tenable ways to assess sustainability. Further integrating coupled human and natural components of a problem across multiple dimensions, including how one solution can create unintended consequences elsewhere, is essential for developing effective policies that seek global sustainability.
Science, this issue 10.1126/science.1258832},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:59:05},
  number = {6225},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Science},
  author = {Liu, Jianguo and Mooney, Harold and Hull, Vanessa and Davis, Steven J. and Gaskell, Joanne and Hertel, Thomas and Lubchenco, Jane and Seto, Karen C. and Gleick, Peter and Kremen, Claire and Li, Shuxin},
  month = feb,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {1258832},
  file = {Liu et al - 2015 - Systems integration for global sustainability.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/M2DMFCZB/Liu et al - 2015 - Systems integration for global sustainability.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/48PHSMHI/1258832.html:text/html}
}

@article{cavender-bares_sustainability_2015,
  title = {A sustainability framework for assessing trade-offs in ecosystem services},
  volume = {20},
  issn = {1708-3087},
  url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol20/iss1/art17/},
  doi = {10.5751/ES-06917-200117},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:00:14},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Ecology and Society},
  author = {Cavender-Bares, Jeannine and Polasky, Stephen and King, Elizabeth and Balvanera, Patricia},
  year = {2015},
  file = {Cavender-Bares et al - 2015 - A sustainability framework for assessing trade-offs in ecosystem services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IXTSISSK/Cavender-Bares et al - 2015 - A sustainability framework for assessing trade-offs in ecosystem services.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{polasky_where_2008,
  title = {Where to put things? Spatial land management to sustain biodiversity and economic returns},
  volume = {141},
  issn = {00063207},
  shorttitle = {Where to put things?},
  url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320708001213},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2008.03.022},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:00:14},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {Polasky, Stephen and Nelson, Erik and Camm, Jeff and Csuti, Blair and Fackler, Paul and Lonsdorf, Eric and Montgomery, Claire and White, Denis and Arthur, Jeff and Garber-Yonts, Brian and Haight, Robert and Kagan, Jimmy and Starfield, Anthony and Tobalske, Claudine},
  month = jun,
  year = {2008},
  pages = {1505--1524},
  file = {Polasky et al - 2008 - Where to put things.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/AHGX3ITF/Polasky et al - 2008 - Where to put things.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{white_ecosystem_2012a,
  title = {Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial planning for multiple ocean uses},
  volume = {109},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1114215109},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1114215109},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:00:14},
  number = {12},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  author = {White, C. and Halpern, B. S. and Kappel, C. V.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {4696--4701},
  file = {White et al - 2012 - Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CSF4GDX4/White et al - 2012 - Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{rassweiler_integrating_2014,
  pmid = {24573841},
  title = {Integrating scientific guidance into marine spatial planning},
  volume = {281},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
  url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/content/281/1781/20132252},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.2252},
  abstract = {Marine spatial planning (MSP), whereby areas of the ocean are zoned for different uses, has great potential to reduce or eliminate conflicts between competing management goals, but only if strategically applied. The recent literature overwhelmingly agrees that including stakeholders in these planning processes is critical to success; but, given the countless alternative ways even simple spatial regulations can be configured, how likely is it that a stakeholder-driven process will generate plans that deliver on the promise of MSP? Here, we use a spatially explicit, dynamic bioeconomic model to show that stakeholder-generated plans are doomed to fail in the absence of strong scientific guidance. While strategically placed spatial regulations can improve outcomes remarkably, the vast majority of possible plans fail to achieve this potential. Surprisingly, existing scientific rules of thumb do little to improve outcomes. Here, we develop an alternative approach in which models are used to identify efficient plans, which are then modified by stakeholders. Even if stakeholders alter these initial proposals considerably, results hugely outperform plans guided by scientific rules of thumb. Our results underscore the importance of spatially explicit dynamic models for the management of marine resources and illustrate how such models can be harmoniously integrated into a stakeholder-driven MSP process.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:00:45},
  number = {1781},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Rassweiler, Andrew and Costello, Christopher and Hilborn, Ray and Siegel, David A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {20132252},
  file = {Rassweiler et al - 2014 - Integrating scientific guidance into marine spatial planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2S826V9K/Rassweiler et al - 2014 - Integrating scientific guidance into marine spatial planning.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3RS2P3SV/20132252.html:text/html}
}

@article{tuda_resolving_2014,
  title = {Resolving coastal conflicts using marine spatial planning},
  volume = {133},
  issn = {0301-4797},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479713006828},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.10.029},
  abstract = {We applied marine spatial planning (MSP) to manage conflicts in a multi-use coastal area of Kenya. MSP involves several steps which were supported by using geographical information systems (GISs), multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and optimization. GIS was used in identifying overlapping coastal uses and mapping conflict hotspots. MCDA was used to incorporate the preferences of user groups and managers into a formal decision analysis procedure. Optimization was applied in generating optimal allocation alternatives to competing uses. Through this analysis three important objectives that build a foundation for future planning of Kenya's coastal waters were achieved: 1) engaging competing stakeholders; 2) illustrating how MSP can be adapted to aid decision-making in multi-use coastal regions; and 3) developing a draft coastal use allocation plan. The successful application of MSP to resolve conflicts in coastal regions depends on the level of stakeholder involvement, data availability and the existing knowledge base.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:00:50},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  author = {Tuda, Arthur O. and Stevens, Tim F. and Rodwell, Lynda D.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {coastal management,Geographical information systems,Kenya,Multi-criteria decision analysis,Optimization,stakeholder engagement},
  pages = {59--68},
  file = {Tuda et al - 2014 - Resolving coastal conflicts using marine spatial planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/AKMQJVN5/Tuda et al - 2014 - Resolving coastal conflicts using marine spatial planning.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{feng_modelling_2015,
  title = {Modelling Wind for Wind Farm Layout Optimization Using Joint Distribution of Wind Speed and Wind Direction},
  volume = {8},
  copyright = {Copyright {MDPI} {AG} 2015},
  url = {http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/docview/1676103455/abstract/EDE228AF7C5042C2PQ/1?accountid=10598},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/10.3390/en8043075},
  abstract = {Reliable wind modelling is of crucial importance for wind farm development. The common practice of using sector-wise Weibull distributions has been found inappropriate for wind farm layout optimization. In this study, we propose a simple and easily implementable method to construct joint distributions of wind speed and wind direction, which is based on the parameters of sector-wise Weibull distributions and interpolations between direction sectors. It is applied to the wind measurement data at Horns Rev and three different joint distributions are obtained, which all fit the measurement data quite well in terms of the coefficient of determination . Then, the best of these joint distributions is used in the layout optimization of the Horns Rev 1 wind farm and the choice of bin sizes for wind speed and wind direction is also investigated. It is found that the choice of bin size for wind direction is especially critical for layout optimization and the recommended choice of bin sizes for wind speed and wind direction is finally presented.},
  language = {English},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:52:46},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Energies},
  author = {Feng, Ju and Shen, Wen Zhong},
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Energy},
  pages = {3075--3092},
  file = {Feng_Shen - 2015 - Modelling Wind for Wind Farm Layout Optimization Using Joint Distribution of.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/N3KN75CT/Feng_Shen - 2015 - Modelling Wind for Wind Farm Layout Optimization Using Joint Distribution of.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Z33J5P6H/1.html:text/html}
}

@article{stelzenmuller_quantitative_2015,
  title = {Quantitative environmental risk assessments in the context of marine spatial management: current approaches and some perspectives},
  volume = {72},
  issn = {1054-3139, 1095-9289},
  shorttitle = {Quantitative environmental risk assessments in the context of marine spatial management},
  url = {http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/3/1022},
  doi = {10.1093/icesjms/fsu206},
  abstract = {Marine spatial planning (MSP) requires spatially explicit environmental risk assessment (ERA) frameworks with quantitative or probabilistic measures of risk, enabling an evaluation of spatial management scenarios. ERAs comprise the steps of risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation. A review of ERAs in in the context of spatial management revealed a synonymous use of the concepts of risk, vulnerability and impact, a need to account for uncertainty and a lack of a clear link between risk analysis and risk evaluation. In a case study, we addressed some of the identified gaps and predicted the risk of changing the current state of benthic disturbance by bottom trawling due to future MSP measures in the German EEZ of the North Sea. We used a quantitative, dynamic, and spatially explicit approach where we combined a Bayesian belief network with GIS to showcase the steps of risk characterization, risk analysis, and risk evaluation. We distinguished 10 benthic communities and 6 international fishing fleets. The risk analysis produced spatially explicit estimates of benthic disturbance, which was computed as a ratio between relative local mortality by benthic trawling and the recovery potential after a trawl event. Results showed great differences in spatial patterns of benthic disturbance when accounting for different environmental impacts of the respective fleets. To illustrate a risk evaluation process, we simulated a spatial shift of the international effort of two beam trawl fleets, which are affected the most by future offshore wind development. The Bayesian belief network (BN) model was able to predict the proportion of the area where benthic disturbance likely increases. In conclusion, MSP processes should embed ERA frameworks which allow for the integration of multiple risk assessments and the quantification of related risks as well as uncertainties at a common spatial scale.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:26:07},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {{ICES} Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil},
  author = {Stelzenm{\"u}ller, V. and Fock, H. O. and Gimpel, A. and Rambo, H. and Diekmann, R. and Probst, W. N. and Callies, U. and Bockelmann, F. and Neumann, H. and Kr{\"o}ncke, I.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Bayesian belief network,fishing frequency,GIS,Marine spatial planning,review},
  pages = {1022--1042},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/S6UFFPGM/1022.html:text/html;Stelzenmüller et al - 2015 - Quantitative environmental risk assessments in the context of marine spatial.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GTJMMZ49/Stelzenmüller et al - 2015 - Quantitative environmental risk assessments in the context of marine spatial.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{luck_identifying_2012a,
  pmid = {24555017},
  pmcid = {PMC3814920},
  title = {Identifying spatial priorities for protecting ecosystem services},
  volume = {1},
  issn = {2046-1402},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3814920/},
  doi = {10.12688/f1000research.1-17.v1},
  abstract = {Priorities for protecting ecosystem services must be identified to ensure future human well-being. Approaches to broad-scale spatial prioritization of ecosystem services are becoming increasingly popular and are a vital precursor to identifying locations where further detailed analyses of the management of ecosystem services is required (e.g., examining trade-offs among management actions). Prioritization approaches often examine the spatial congruence between priorities for protecting ecosystem services and priorities for protecting biodiversity; therefore, the spatial prioritization method used is crucial because it will influence the alignment of service protection and conservation goals. While spatial prioritization of ecosystem services and prioritization for conservation share similarities, such as the need to document threats and costs, the former differs substantially from the latter owing to the requirement to measure the following components: supply of services; availability of human-derived alternatives to service provision; capacity to meet beneficiary demand; and site dependency in and scale of service delivery. We review studies that identify broad-scale spatial priorities for managing ecosystem services and demonstrate that researchers have used different approaches and included various measures for identifying priorities, and most studies do not consider all of the components listed above. We describe a conceptual framework for integrating each of these components into spatial prioritization of ecosystem services and illustrate our approach using a worked example for water provision. A fuller characterization of the biophysical and social context for ecosystem services that we call for should improve future prioritization and the identification of locations where ecosystem-service management is especially important or cost effective.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 19:53:44},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {F1000Research},
  author = {Luck, Gary W and Chan, Kai {MA} and Klien, Carissa J},
  month = sep,
  year = {2012},
  file = {Luck et al - 2012 - Identifying spatial priorities for protecting ecosystem services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8VIQBWGZ/Luck et al - 2012 - Identifying spatial priorities for protecting ecosystem services.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tulloch_why_2015,
  title = {Why do we map threats? Linking threat mapping with actions to make better conservation decisions},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1540-9295},
  shorttitle = {Why do we map threats?},
  url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/140022},
  doi = {10.1890/140022},
  abstract = {Spatial representations of threatening processes {\textendash} ``threat maps'' {\textendash} can identify where biodiversity is at risk, and are often used to identify priority locations for conservation. In doing so, decision makers are prone to making errors, either by assuming that the level of threat dictates spatial priorities for action or by relying primarily on the location of mapped threats to choose possible actions. We show that threat mapping can be a useful tool when incorporated within a transparent and repeatable structured decision-making (SDM) process. SDM ensures transparent and defendable conservation decisions by linking objectives to biodiversity outcomes, and by considering constraints, consequences of actions, and uncertainty. If used to make conservation decisions, threat maps are best developed with an understanding of how species respond to actions that mitigate threats. This approach will ensure that conservation actions are prioritized where they are most cost-effective or have the greatest impact, rather than where threat levels are highest.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:03:39},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
  author = {Tulloch, Vivitskaia {JD} and Tulloch, Ayesha {IT} and Visconti, Piero and Halpern, Benjamin S and Watson, James {EM} and Evans, Megan C and Auerbach, Nancy A and Barnes, Megan and Beger, Maria and Chad{\`e}s, Iadine and Giakoumi, Sylvaine and {McDonald}-Madden, Eve and Murray, Nicholas J and Ringma, Jeremy and Possingham, Hugh P},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {91--99},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7J7NZIQM/140022.html:text/html;Tulloch et al - 2015 - Why do we map threats.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9NUMEDKI/Tulloch et al - 2015 - Why do we map threats.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{levin_marine_2015,
  title = {Marine ecosystem regime shifts: challenges and opportunities for ecosystem-based management},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  shorttitle = {Marine ecosystem regime shifts},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130275},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0275},
  abstract = {Regime shifts have been observed in marine ecosystems around the globe. These phenomena can result in dramatic changes in the provision of ecosystem services to coastal communities. Accounting for regime shifts in management clearly requires integrative, ecosystem-based management (EBM) approaches. EBM has emerged as an accepted paradigm for ocean management worldwide, yet, despite the rapid and intense development of EBM theory, implementation has languished, and many implemented or proposed EBM schemes largely ignore the special characteristics of regime shifts. Here, we first explore key aspects of regime shifts that are of critical importance to EBM, and then suggest how regime shifts can be better incorporated into EBM using the concept of integrated ecosystem assessment (IEA). An IEA uses approaches that determine the likelihood that ecological or socio-economic properties of systems will move beyond or return to acceptable bounds as defined by resource managers and policy makers. We suggest an approach for implementing IEAs for cases of regime shifts where the objectives are either avoiding an undesired state or returning to a desired condition. We discuss the suitability and short-comings of methods summarizing the status of ecosystem components, screening and prioritizing potential risks, and evaluating alternative management strategies. IEAs are evolving as an EBM approach that can address regime shifts; however, advances in statistical, analytical and simulation modelling are needed before IEAs can robustly inform tactical management in systems characterized by regime shifts.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:26:22},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Levin, Phillip S. and M{\"o}llmann, Christian},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130275},
  file = {Levin_Möllmann - 2015 - Marine ecosystem regime shifts.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/36AS82A3/Levin_Möllmann - 2015 - Marine ecosystem regime shifts.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GBEX3A79/20130275.html:text/html}
}

@article{white_ecologists_2014,
  title = {Ecologists should not use statistical significance tests to interpret simulation model results},
  volume = {123},
  copyright = {Published 2013. This article is a {US} Government work and is in the public domain in the {USA}},
  issn = {1600-0706},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.01073.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.01073.x},
  abstract = {Simulation models are widely used to represent the dynamics of ecological systems. A common question with such models is how changes to a parameter value or functional form in the model alter the results. Some authors have chosen to answer that question using frequentist statistical hypothesis tests (e.g. ANOVA). This is inappropriate for two reasons. First, p-values are determined by statistical power (i.e. replication), which can be arbitrarily high in a simulation context, producing minuscule p-values regardless of the effect size. Second, the null hypothesis of no difference between treatments (e.g. parameter values) is known a priori to be false, invalidating the premise of the test. Use of p-values is troublesome (rather than simply irrelevant) because small p-values lend a false sense of importance to observed differences. We argue that modelers should abandon this practice and focus on evaluating the magnitude of differences between simulations. Synthesis Researchers analyzing field or lab data often test ecological hypotheses using frequentist statistics (t-tests, ANOVA, etc.) that focus on p-values. Field and lab data usually have limited sample sizes, and p-values are valuable for quantifying the probability of making incorrect inferences in that situation. However, modern ecologists increasingly rely on simulation models to address complex questions, and those who were trained in frequentist statistics often apply the hypothesis-testing approach inappropriately to their simulation results. Our paper explains why p-values are not informative for interpreting simulation models, and suggests better ways to evaluate the ecological significance of model results.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:13:00},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Oikos},
  author = {White, J. Wilson and Rassweiler, Andrew and Samhouri, Jameal F. and Stier, Adrian C. and White, Crow},
  month = apr,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {385--388},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/QPBBMG6T/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{wedding_principles_2013a,
  pmid = {24197407},
  title = {From principles to practice: a spatial approach to systematic conservation planning in the deep sea},
  volume = {280},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2013 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
  shorttitle = {From principles to practice},
  url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1773/20131684},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.1684},
  abstract = {Increases in the demand and price for industrial metals, combined with advances in technological capabilities have now made deep-sea mining more feasible and economically viable. In order to balance economic interests with the conservation of abyssal plain ecosystems, it is becoming increasingly important to develop a systematic approach to spatial management and zoning of the deep sea. Here, we describe an expert-driven systematic conservation planning process applied to inform science-based recommendations to the International Seabed Authority for a system of deep-sea marine protected areas (MPAs) to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem function in an abyssal Pacific region targeted for nodule mining (e.g. the Clarion{\textendash}Clipperton fracture zone, CCZ). Our use of geospatial analysis and expert opinion in forming the recommendations allowed us to stratify the proposed network by biophysical gradients, maximize the number of biologically unique seamounts within each subregion, and minimize socioeconomic impacts. The resulting proposal for an MPA network (nine replicate 400 {\texttimes} 400 km MPAs) covers 24\% (1 440 000 km2) of the total CCZ planning region and serves as example of swift and pre-emptive conservation planning across an unprecedented area in the deep sea. As pressure from resource extraction increases in the future, the scientific guiding principles outlined in this research can serve as a basis for collaborative international approaches to ocean management.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:27:03},
  number = {1773},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Wedding, L. M. and Friedlander, A. M. and Kittinger, J. N. and Watling, L. and Gaines, S. D. and Bennett, M. and Hardy, S. M. and Smith, C. R.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {20131684},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/I7JF3ZFJ/20131684.html:text/html;Wedding et al - 2013 - From principles to practice.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/EGV64JPE/Wedding et al - 2013 - From principles to practice.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kittinger_practical_2014a,
  title = {A practical approach for putting people in ecosystem-based ocean planning},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {1540-9295},
  url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/130267},
  doi = {10.1890/130267},
  abstract = {Marine and coastal ecosystems provide important benefits and services to coastal communities across the globe, but assessing the diversity of social relationships with oceans can prove difficult for conservation scientists and practitioners. This presents barriers to incorporating social dimensions of marine ecosystems into ecosystem-based planning processes, which can in turn affect the success of planning and management initiatives. Following a global assessment of social research and related planning practices in ocean environments, we present a step-by-step approach for natural resource planning practitioners to more systematically incorporate social data into ecosystem-based ocean planning. Our approach includes three sequential steps: (1) develop a typology of ocean-specific human uses that occur within the planning region of interest; (2) characterize the complexity of these uses, including the spatiotemporal variability, intensity, and diversity thereof, as well as associated conflicts and compatibility; and (3) integrate social and ecological information to assess trade-offs necessary for successful implementation of ecosystem-based ocean planning. We conclude by showing how systematic engagement of social data {\textendash} together with ecological information {\textendash} can create advantages for practitioners to improve planning and management outcomes.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:13:09},
  number = {8},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
  author = {Kittinger, John N and Koehn, J Zachary and Le Cornu, Elodie and Ban, Natalie C and Gopnik, Morgan and Armsby, Matt and Brooks, Cassandra and Carr, Mark H and Cinner, Joshua E and Cravens, Amanda and D'Iorio, Mimi and Erickson, Ashley and Finkbeiner, Elena M and Foley, Melissa M and Fujita, Rod and Gelcich, Stefan and Martin, Kevin St and Prahler, Erin and Reineman, Daniel R and Shackeroff, Janna and White, Crow and Caldwell, Margaret R and Crowder, Larry B},
  month = sep,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {448--456},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3DVD9FJT/130267.html:text/html}
}

@article{lester_evaluating_2013a,
  title = {Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning},
  volume = {38},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X12001200},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.022},
  abstract = {A central challenge for natural resource management is developing rigorous yet practical approaches for balancing the costs and benefits of diverse human uses of ecosystems. Economic theory has a long history of evaluating tradeoffs in returns from different assets to identify optimal investment strategies. There has been recent progress applying this framework to the delivery of ecosystem services in land use planning. However, despite growing national and international interest in marine spatial planning, there is a lack of parallel frameworks in the marine realm. This paper reviews an ecosystem service tradeoff analysis framework and provides a more comprehensive synthesis for how it can be applied to marine spatial planning and marine ecosystem-based management. A tradeoff analysis approach can reveal inferior management options, demonstrate the benefits of comprehensive planning for multiple, interacting services over managing single services, and identify `compatible' services that provide win{\textendash}win management options.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:14:07},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Lester, Sarah E. and Costello, Christopher and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Gaines, Steven D. and White, Crow and Barth, John A.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Economics,Ecosystem-based management,Ecosystem services,Efficiency frontier,Marine spatial planning,Tradeoff analysis},
  pages = {80--89},
  file = {Lester et al - 2013 - Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/AV2WFBT7/Lester et al - 2013 - Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hamalainen_portfolio_2013,
  title = {Portfolio Modeling in Environmental Decision Making},
  url = {http://sal.aalto.fi/publications/pdf-files/toll13_public.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:16:29},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  author = {H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Raimo P.},
  year = {2013},
  file = {Hämäläinen - 2013 - Portfolio Modeling in Environmental Decision Making.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GR97RI4E/Hämäläinen - 2013 - Portfolio Modeling in Environmental Decision Making.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{infante_building_2014,
  title = {Building an ecosystem services value at risk conceptual framework for sustainability, efficiency and fairness in resource management: starting values from marine ecosystems},
  shorttitle = {Building an ecosystem services value at risk conceptual framework for sustainability, efficiency and fairness in resource management},
  url = {http://elk.library.ubc.ca/handle/2429/46587},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:17:01},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  author = {Infante, Maria Cristina},
  year = {2014},
  file = {Infante - 2014 - Building an ecosystem services value at risk conceptual framework for.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BFPNJN42/Infante - 2014 - Building an ecosystem services value at risk conceptual framework for.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/I5RE2NUJ/46587.html:text/html}
}

@techreport{ruijs_opportunity_2012,
  title = {Opportunity cost estimation of ecosystem services},
  url = {http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/economics/discussionpapers/EDP-1222.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:17:13},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  institution = {Economics, The University of Manchester},
  author = {Ruijs, A. and Kortelainen, Mika and Wossink, Ada and Schulp, C. J. E. and Alkemade, R. and Madden, Paul},
  year = {2012},
  file = {Ruijs et al - 2012 - Opportunity cost estimation of ecosystem services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BQKHQ6ET/Ruijs et al - 2012 - Opportunity cost estimation of ecosystem services.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gaymer_using_2014,
  title = {Using stakeholders' perspective of ecosystem services and biodiversity features to plan a marine protected area},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/profile/P_Carcamo/publication/261373175_Using_stakeholders_perspective_of_ecosystem_services_and_biodiversity_features_to_plan_a_marine_protected_area/links/0c960534bd330a44a2000000.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:18:54},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  author = {Gaymer, Carlos F.},
  year = {2014},
  file = {Gaymer - 2014 - Using stakeholders’ perspective of ecosystem services and biodiversity features.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7D8SMKJH/Gaymer - 2014 - Using stakeholders’ perspective of ecosystem services and biodiversity features.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{white_value_2012a,
  title = {The value of coordinated management of interacting ecosystem services},
  volume = {15},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/{CNRS}},
  issn = {1461-0248},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01773.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01773.x},
  abstract = {Ecology Letters (2012) 
Abstract
Coordinating decisions and actions among interacting sectors is a critical component of ecosystem-based management, but uncertainty about coordinated management's effects is compromising its perceived value and use. We constructed an analytical framework for explicitly calculating how coordination affects management decisions, ecosystem state and the provision of ecosystem services in relation to ecosystem dynamics and socio-economic objectives. The central insight is that the appropriate comparison strategy to optimal coordinated management is optimal uncoordinated management, which can be identified at the game theoretic Nash equilibrium. Using this insight we can calculate coordination's effects in relation to uncoordinated management and other reference scenarios. To illustrate how this framework can help identify ecosystem and socio-economic conditions under which coordination is most influential and valuable, we applied it to a heuristic case study and a simulation model for the California Current Marine Ecosystem. Results indicate that coordinated management can more than double an ecosystem's societal value, especially when sectors can effectively manipulate resources that interact strongly. However, societal gains from coordination will need to be reconciled with observations that it also leads to strategic simplification of the ecological food web, and generates both positive and negative impacts on individual sectors and non-target species.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:19:19},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  author = {White, Crow and Costello, Christopher and Kendall, Bruce E. and Brown, Christopher J.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {bioeconomic model,coordinated management,Ecosystem-based management,Ecosystem services,game theory,joint social value,Natural resource management,single-sector management,species coexistence,trophic cascade},
  pages = {509--519},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/6MKK7NI5/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{martinez-harms_making_2015a,
  title = {Making decisions for managing ecosystem services},
  volume = {184},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320715000452},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.024},
  abstract = {Numerous assessments have quantified, mapped, and valued the services provided by ecosystems that are important for human wellbeing. However, much of the literature does not clarify how the information gathered in such assessments could be used to inform decisions that will impact ecosystem services. We propose that the process of making management decisions for ecosystem services comprises five core steps: identification of the problem and its social{\textendash}ecological context; specification of objectives and associated performance measures; defining alternative management actions and evaluating the consequences of these actions; assessment of trade-offs and prioritization of alternative management actions; and making management decisions. We synthesize the degree to which the peer-reviewed ecosystem services literature has captured these steps. For the ecosystem service paradigm to gain traction in science and policy arenas, future ecosystem service assessments should have clearly articulated objectives, seek to evaluate the consequences of alternative management actions, and facilitate closer engagement between scientists and stakeholders.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:19:49},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {Martinez-Harms, Maria Jose and Bryan, Brett A. and Balvanera, Patricia and Law, Elizabeth A. and Rhodes, Jonathan R. and Possingham, Hugh P. and Wilson, Kerrie A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Ecosystem services,Management actions,Objectives,Structured decision-making,Trade-offs},
  pages = {229--238},
  file = {Martinez-Harms et al - 2015 - Making decisions for managing ecosystem services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9UG4Z2ZE/Martinez-Harms et al - 2015 - Making decisions for managing ecosystem services.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/KJ2MRBQC/S0006320715000452.html:text/html}
}

@article{rassweiler_integrating_2014a,
  pmid = {24573841},
  title = {Integrating scientific guidance into marine spatial planning},
  volume = {281},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
  url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1781/20132252},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.2252},
  abstract = {Marine spatial planning (MSP), whereby areas of the ocean are zoned for different uses, has great potential to reduce or eliminate conflicts between competing management goals, but only if strategically applied. The recent literature overwhelmingly agrees that including stakeholders in these planning processes is critical to success; but, given the countless alternative ways even simple spatial regulations can be configured, how likely is it that a stakeholder-driven process will generate plans that deliver on the promise of MSP? Here, we use a spatially explicit, dynamic bioeconomic model to show that stakeholder-generated plans are doomed to fail in the absence of strong scientific guidance. While strategically placed spatial regulations can improve outcomes remarkably, the vast majority of possible plans fail to achieve this potential. Surprisingly, existing scientific rules of thumb do little to improve outcomes. Here, we develop an alternative approach in which models are used to identify efficient plans, which are then modified by stakeholders. Even if stakeholders alter these initial proposals considerably, results hugely outperform plans guided by scientific rules of thumb. Our results underscore the importance of spatially explicit dynamic models for the management of marine resources and illustrate how such models can be harmoniously integrated into a stakeholder-driven MSP process.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:19:57},
  number = {1781},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Rassweiler, Andrew and Costello, Christopher and Hilborn, Ray and Siegel, David A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {20132252},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PZB6SS2D/20132252.html:text/html}
}

@article{rodriguez-labajos_climate_2013,
  title = {Climate change, ecosystem services, and costs of action and inaction: scoping the interface},
  volume = {4},
  copyright = {Copyright {\textcopyright} 2013 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  issn = {1757-7799},
  shorttitle = {Climate change, ecosystem services, and costs of action and inaction},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.247/abstract},
  doi = {10.1002/wcc.247},
  abstract = {Cost calculations related to climate change have accrued much intellectual effort. However, few works approach the assessment from the point of view of the effects of climate variability and change in ecosystem service provision. Failure to act plausibly leads to ecological, social, and economic damages as a result of ecosystem change. The necessary actions to cope with unavoidable damages from such change generate adaptation costs, while mitigation costs are associated with actions to tackle undesired future changes in the ecosystems. Examples of these effects and related costs, based on representative studies, are reviewed following the organizing scheme of the ecosystem services approach. The examination of case examples reveals the potential and limits of monetary versus non-monetary estimations of impacts in human wellbeing from climate change-related changes in the ecosystems, trade-offs between types of ecosystem service provision and implications of timing in action. This article  further discusses the necessary steps to advance in an inclusive scrutiny of the costs associated with the effects of climate change on ecosystem service provision. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:555{\textendash}573. doi: 10.1002/wcc.247 Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:20:19},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change},
  author = {Rodr{\'\i}guez-Labajos, Beatriz},
  month = nov,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {555--573},
  file = {Rodríguez-Labajos - 2013 - Climate change, ecosystem services, and costs of action and inaction.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9766CRJW/Rodríguez-Labajos - 2013 - Climate change, ecosystem services, and costs of action and inaction.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5GXRUVH6/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{voss_assessing_2014,
  title = {Assessing Social {\textendash} Ecological Trade-Offs to Advance Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management},
  volume = {9},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107811},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0107811},
  abstract = {Modern resource management faces trade-offs in the provision of various ecosystem goods and services to humanity. For fisheries management to develop into an ecosystem-based approach, the goal is not only to maximize economic profits, but to consider equally important conservation and social equity goals. We introduce such a triple-bottom line approach to the management of multi-species fisheries using the Baltic Sea as a case study. We apply a coupled ecological-economic optimization model to address the actual fisheries management challenge of trading-off the recovery of collapsed cod stocks versus the health of ecologically important forage fish populations. Management strategies based on profit maximization would rebuild the cod stock to high levels but may cause the risk of stock collapse for forage species with low market value, such as Baltic sprat (Fig. 1A). Economically efficient conservation efforts to protect sprat would be borne almost exclusively by the forage fishery as sprat fishing effort and profits would strongly be reduced. Unless compensation is paid, this would challenge equity between fishing sectors (Fig. 1B). Optimizing equity while respecting sprat biomass precautionary levels would reduce potential profits of the overall Baltic fishery, but may offer an acceptable balance between overall profits, species conservation and social equity (Fig. 1C). Our case study shows a practical example of how an ecosystem-based fisheries management will be able to offer society options to solve common conflicts between different resource uses. Adding equity considerations to the traditional trade-off between economy and ecology will greatly enhance credibility and hence compliance to management decisions, a further footstep towards healthy fish stocks and sustainable fisheries in the world ocean.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:20:29},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Voss, Rudi and Quaas, Martin F. and Schmidt, J{\"o}rn O. and Tahvonen, Olli and Lindegren, Martin and M{\"o}llmann, Christian},
  month = sep,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {e107811},
  file = {Voss et al - 2014 - Assessing Social – Ecological Trade-Offs to Advance Ecosystem-Based Fisheries.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ZVPXRWCH/Voss et al - 2014 - Assessing Social – Ecological Trade-Offs to Advance Ecosystem-Based Fisheries.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hu_saores_2014,
  title = {{SAORES}: a spatially explicit assessment and optimization tool for regional ecosystem services},
  volume = {30},
  issn = {0921-2973, 1572-9761},
  shorttitle = {{SAORES}},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10980-014-0126-8},
  doi = {10.1007/s10980-014-0126-8},
  abstract = {Context The concept of ecosystem services (ES) has become mainstreamed in environmental planning and management recently, and with that various tools for quantifying ecosystem services have emerged. However, designing the tools for integrated assessment and optimization of multiple ES has become a challenging task. Objectives In order to promote the efficiency of ecosystem planning and management, we develop a spatial decision support tool named SAORES, which provides a platform for exploratory scenario analysis and optimal planning design, rather than ES assessment. Method SAORES is formed with four modules: the scenario development module, the integrated ecosystem service model base, the ecosystem service trade-off analysis module, and the multi-objective spatial optimization module based on NSGA-II. Using SAORES, we make a case study on the Yangou catchment of the Loess Plateau, China. Based on impact assessment of the Grain to green program (GTGP), we optimize the farmland retiring planning, involving multiple objectives which include the eco-compensation and the key ES. Results The integrated assessment shows that, the aim of the GTGP, the water and soil retention are prominent improved. Optimization for GTGP provides a series of optimal solutions, which are better than other single optimized solutions, and are twice the cost-effectiveness of the actual situation. Conclusions SAORES, as a decision support tool, can improve the scenario analysis and multi-objective optimal planning design for ecosystem management and planning. The case study demonstrates the potential and effectiveness of SAORES and spatial multi-objective optimization model for ecosystem service management, especially in the Loess Plateau.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:20:50},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Landscape Ecology},
  author = {Hu, Haitang and Fu, Bojie and L{\"u}, Yihe and Zheng, Zhenmin},
  month = dec,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Decision support tool,Ecology,Ecosystem management,ecosystem service assessment,Ecosystem services,Forestry,Forestry Management,Landscape ecology,Multi-objective optimization,Plant ecology,Plant Sciences,spatial optimization},
  pages = {547--560},
  file = {Hu et al - 2014 - SAORES.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/TSGSMNZN/Hu et al - 2014 - SAORES.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HKHMMJMW/s10980-014-0126-8.html:text/html}
}

@article{martinez-harms_making_2015b,
  title = {Making decisions for managing ecosystem services},
  volume = {184},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320715000452},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.024},
  abstract = {Numerous assessments have quantified, mapped, and valued the services provided by ecosystems that are important for human wellbeing. However, much of the literature does not clarify how the information gathered in such assessments could be used to inform decisions that will impact ecosystem services. We propose that the process of making management decisions for ecosystem services comprises five core steps: identification of the problem and its social{\textendash}ecological context; specification of objectives and associated performance measures; defining alternative management actions and evaluating the consequences of these actions; assessment of trade-offs and prioritization of alternative management actions; and making management decisions. We synthesize the degree to which the peer-reviewed ecosystem services literature has captured these steps. For the ecosystem service paradigm to gain traction in science and policy arenas, future ecosystem service assessments should have clearly articulated objectives, seek to evaluate the consequences of alternative management actions, and facilitate closer engagement between scientists and stakeholders.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:29:24},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {Martinez-Harms, Maria Jose and Bryan, Brett A. and Balvanera, Patricia and Law, Elizabeth A. and Rhodes, Jonathan R. and Possingham, Hugh P. and Wilson, Kerrie A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Ecosystem services,Management actions,Objectives,Structured decision-making,Trade-offs},
  pages = {229--238},
  file = {Martinez-Harms et al - 2015 - Making decisions for managing ecosystem services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SJ4BDQHH/Martinez-Harms et al - 2015 - Making decisions for managing ecosystem services.pdf:application/pdf;Martinez-Harms et al - 2015 - Making decisions for managing ecosystem services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/VCKGUGD7/Martinez-Harms et al - 2015 - Making decisions for managing ecosystem services.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8HKQZG22/S0006320715000452.html:text/html}
}

@article{petruny_getting_2014,
  title = {Getting it right for the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis): A last opportunity for effective marine spatial planning?},
  volume = {85},
  copyright = {Copyright {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0025-326X},
  shorttitle = {Getting it right for the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis)},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24998798},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.004},
  abstract = {The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) faces increasing pressure from commercial shipping traffic and proposed marine renewable energy developments. Drawing upon the successful Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary model, we propose a multi-stakeholder marine spatial planning process that considers both appropriate positioning of offshore wind farms and redefining commercial shipping lanes relative to whale migration routes: placement of wind turbines within certain right whale habitats may prove beneficial for the species. To that end, it may be advisable to initially relocate the shipping lanes for the benefit of the whales prior to selecting wind energy areas. The optimal end-state is the commercial viability of renewable energy, as well as a safe shipping infrastructure, with minimal risk of collision and exposure to shipping noise for the whales. This opportunity to manage impacts on right whales could serve as a model for other problematic interactions between marine life and commercial activities.},
  language = {English},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:22:13},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
  author = {Petruny, Loren M. and Wright, Andrew J. and Smith, Courtney E.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {AN, North Atlantic,Anthropogenic noise,ANW, USA, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Bay, Stellwagen Bank,Banks,Cetacea,Conservation,development,Energy,Environmental planning,Environment management,Eubalaena glacialis,Farms,habitat,Infrastructure,Marine,marine environment,marine pollution,Marine spatial planning,Migration,Models,Model Studies,National planning,Nature Conservation,noise,Noise levels,Offshore wind,Planning,Pressure,renewable energy,Renewable resources,Resource management,Rights,Right whale,Sanctuaries,Shipping,Shipping lanes,spatial distribution,Traffic,Turbines,Water Pollution,Whales,wind,Wind energy,Wind farm},
  pages = {24 -- 32},
  file = {Petruny et al - 2014 - Getting it right for the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis).pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7F5RH8TS/Petruny et al - 2014 - Getting it right for the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis).pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{white_value_2012b,
  title = {The value of coordinated management of interacting ecosystem services},
  volume = {15},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/{CNRS}},
  issn = {1461-0248},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01773.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01773.x},
  abstract = {Ecology Letters (2012) 
Abstract
Coordinating decisions and actions among interacting sectors is a critical component of ecosystem-based management, but uncertainty about coordinated management's effects is compromising its perceived value and use. We constructed an analytical framework for explicitly calculating how coordination affects management decisions, ecosystem state and the provision of ecosystem services in relation to ecosystem dynamics and socio-economic objectives. The central insight is that the appropriate comparison strategy to optimal coordinated management is optimal uncoordinated management, which can be identified at the game theoretic Nash equilibrium. Using this insight we can calculate coordination's effects in relation to uncoordinated management and other reference scenarios. To illustrate how this framework can help identify ecosystem and socio-economic conditions under which coordination is most influential and valuable, we applied it to a heuristic case study and a simulation model for the California Current Marine Ecosystem. Results indicate that coordinated management can more than double an ecosystem's societal value, especially when sectors can effectively manipulate resources that interact strongly. However, societal gains from coordination will need to be reconciled with observations that it also leads to strategic simplification of the ecological food web, and generates both positive and negative impacts on individual sectors and non-target species.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:23:47},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  author = {White, Crow and Costello, Christopher and Kendall, Bruce E. and Brown, Christopher J.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {bioeconomic model,coordinated management,Ecosystem-based management,Ecosystem services,game theory,joint social value,Natural resource management,single-sector management,species coexistence,trophic cascade},
  pages = {509--519},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SRI39SNN/abstract.html:text/html;White et al - 2012 - The value of coordinated management of interacting ecosystem services.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/M9Q7ARD2/White et al - 2012 - The value of coordinated management of interacting ecosystem services.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{rassweiler_integrating_2014b,
  pmid = {24573841},
  title = {Integrating scientific guidance into marine spatial planning},
  volume = {281},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
  url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1781/20132252},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.2252},
  abstract = {Marine spatial planning (MSP), whereby areas of the ocean are zoned for different uses, has great potential to reduce or eliminate conflicts between competing management goals, but only if strategically applied. The recent literature overwhelmingly agrees that including stakeholders in these planning processes is critical to success; but, given the countless alternative ways even simple spatial regulations can be configured, how likely is it that a stakeholder-driven process will generate plans that deliver on the promise of MSP? Here, we use a spatially explicit, dynamic bioeconomic model to show that stakeholder-generated plans are doomed to fail in the absence of strong scientific guidance. While strategically placed spatial regulations can improve outcomes remarkably, the vast majority of possible plans fail to achieve this potential. Surprisingly, existing scientific rules of thumb do little to improve outcomes. Here, we develop an alternative approach in which models are used to identify efficient plans, which are then modified by stakeholders. Even if stakeholders alter these initial proposals considerably, results hugely outperform plans guided by scientific rules of thumb. Our results underscore the importance of spatially explicit dynamic models for the management of marine resources and illustrate how such models can be harmoniously integrated into a stakeholder-driven MSP process.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:29:49},
  number = {1781},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Rassweiler, Andrew and Costello, Christopher and Hilborn, Ray and Siegel, David A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {20132252},
  file = {Rassweiler et al - 2014 - Integrating scientific guidance into marine spatial planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Q39GJ7D7/Rassweiler et al - 2014 - Integrating scientific guidance into marine spatial planning.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BMXCXFHK/20132252.html:text/html}
}

@article{white_matching_2010,
  title = {Matching spatial property rights fisheries with scales of fish dispersal},
  volume = {21},
  issn = {1051-0761},
  url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/09-1188.1},
  doi = {10.1890/09-1188.1},
  abstract = {Regulation of fisheries using spatial property rights can alleviate competition for high-value patches that hinders economic efficiency in quota-based, rights-based, and open-access management programs. However, efficiency gains erode when delineation of spatial rights constitutes incomplete ownership of the resource, thereby degrading its local value and promoting overexploitation. Incomplete ownership may be particularly prevalent in the spatial management of mobile fishery species. We developed a game-theoretic bioeconomic model of spatial property rights representing territorial user rights fisheries (TURF) management of nearshore marine fish and invertebrate species with mobile adult and larval life history stages. Strategic responses by fisheries in neighboring management units result in overexploitation of the stock and reduced yields for each fishery compared with those attainable without resource mobility or with coordination or sole control in fishing effort. High dispersal potential of the larval stage, a common trait among nearshore fishery species, coupled with scaling of management units to only capture adult mobility, a common characteristic of many nearshore TURF programs, in particular substantially reduced stock levels and yields. In a case study of hypothetical TURF programs of nearshore fish and invertebrate species, management units needed to be tens of kilometers in alongshore length to minimize larval export and generate reasonable returns to fisheries. Cooperation and quota regulations represent solutions to the problem that need to be quantified in cost and integrated into the determination of the acceptability of spatial property rights management of fisheries.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:33:14},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  author = {White, Crow and Costello, Christopher},
  month = apr,
  year = {2010},
  pages = {350--362},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/64A7F4HK/09-1188.html:text/html}
}

@article{voss_assessing_2014a,
  title = {Assessing Social {\textendash} Ecological Trade-Offs to Advance Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management},
  volume = {9},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107811},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0107811},
  abstract = {Modern resource management faces trade-offs in the provision of various ecosystem goods and services to humanity. For fisheries management to develop into an ecosystem-based approach, the goal is not only to maximize economic profits, but to consider equally important conservation and social equity goals. We introduce such a triple-bottom line approach to the management of multi-species fisheries using the Baltic Sea as a case study. We apply a coupled ecological-economic optimization model to address the actual fisheries management challenge of trading-off the recovery of collapsed cod stocks versus the health of ecologically important forage fish populations. Management strategies based on profit maximization would rebuild the cod stock to high levels but may cause the risk of stock collapse for forage species with low market value, such as Baltic sprat (Fig. 1A). Economically efficient conservation efforts to protect sprat would be borne almost exclusively by the forage fishery as sprat fishing effort and profits would strongly be reduced. Unless compensation is paid, this would challenge equity between fishing sectors (Fig. 1B). Optimizing equity while respecting sprat biomass precautionary levels would reduce potential profits of the overall Baltic fishery, but may offer an acceptable balance between overall profits, species conservation and social equity (Fig. 1C). Our case study shows a practical example of how an ecosystem-based fisheries management will be able to offer society options to solve common conflicts between different resource uses. Adding equity considerations to the traditional trade-off between economy and ecology will greatly enhance credibility and hence compliance to management decisions, a further footstep towards healthy fish stocks and sustainable fisheries in the world ocean.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:34:06},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Voss, Rudi and Quaas, Martin F. and Schmidt, J{\"o}rn O. and Tahvonen, Olli and Lindegren, Martin and M{\"o}llmann, Christian},
  month = sep,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {e107811},
  file = {Voss et al - 2014 - Assessing Social – Ecological Trade-Offs to Advance Ecosystem-Based Fisheries.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HCI7BPB8/Voss et al - 2014 - Assessing Social – Ecological Trade-Offs to Advance Ecosystem-Based Fisheries.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{caldow_biogeographic_2015,
  title = {Biogeographic assessments: A framework for information synthesis in marine spatial planning},
  volume = {51},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {Biogeographic assessments},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X14001973},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2014.07.023},
  abstract = {This paper presents the Biogeographic Assessment Framework (BAF), a decision support process for marine spatial planning (MSP), developed through two decades of close collaborations between scientists and marine managers. Spatial planning is a considerable challenge for marine stewardship agencies because of the need to synthesize information on complex socio-ecological patterns across geographically broad spatial scales. This challenge is compounded by relatively short time-frames for implementation and limited financial and technological resources. To address this pragmatically, BAF provides a rapid, flexible and multi-disciplinary approach to integrate geospatial information into formats and visualization tools readily useable for spatial planning. Central to BAF is four sequential components: (1) Planning; (2) Data Evaluation; (3) Ecosystem Characterization; and (4) Management Applications. The framework has been applied to support the development of several marine spatial plans in the United States and Territories. This paper describes the structure of the BAF framework and the associated analytical techniques. Two management applications are provided to demonstrate the utility of BAF in supporting decision making in MSP.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:35:00},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Caldow, Chris and Monaco, Mark E. and Pittman, Simon J. and Kendall, Matthew S. and Goedeke, Theresa L. and Menza, Charles and Kinlan, Brian P. and Costa, Bryan M.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Coastal and marine spatial planning,Ecosystem-based management,Human uses,Seascape ecology,Spatial predictive modeling},
  pages = {423--432},
  file = {Caldow et al - 2015 - Biogeographic assessments.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/93SJNJPI/Caldow et al - 2015 - Biogeographic assessments.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{huang_regional_2015,
  title = {Regional economic and environmental analysis as a decision support for marine spatial planning in Xiamen},
  volume = {51},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X14002395},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2014.09.006},
  abstract = {The study explores the environmental input{\textendash}output (EIO) model as a decision-support tool for marine spatial planning at the regional level. Using empirical data, an EIO model is developed to examine the economic and environmental impacts associated with two leading ocean industries in Xiamen. Results of the study show that, under select economic and environmental scenarios, waterfront tourism is generally preferable to marine transportation in terms of unit environmental and resource effects. Thus, it is more beneficial for the region to promote the growth of the waterfront tourism sector.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:36:56},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Huang, Wei and Corbett, James J. and Jin, Di},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Decision support,Environmental input{\textendash}output analysis,Marine principal functional use,Marine spatial planning,Xiamen},
  pages = {555--562},
  file = {Huang et al - 2015 - Regional economic and environmental analysis as a decision support for marine.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FMGEU255/Huang et al - 2015 - Regional economic and environmental analysis as a decision support for marine.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{shucksmith_regional_2014,
  title = {Regional marine spatial planning {\textendash} The data collection and mapping process},
  volume = {50, Part A},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X14001420},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2014.05.012},
  abstract = {Marine spatial planning (MSP) is increasingly being recognised as an important tool in the sustainable management of marine ecosystems. In preparation for the development of MSP across Scotland, the Scottish Government, via Marine Scotland, first piloted regional marine planning in 2006, through the Scottish Sustainable Marine Environment Initiative (SSMEI). The overarching aim of SSMEI was to develop and test the effectiveness of differing management approaches to deliver sustainable development in Scotland׳s coastal and marine environment. The Shetland Islands׳ Marine Spatial Plan (SMSP) was first developed under the SSMEI programme, and in 2014 the Shetland Islands Council is intending to adopt the fourth edition of the SMSP on a statutory basis as Supplementary Guidance to its Local Development Plan. Using Geographic Information Systems (GISs) the SMSP has incorporated spatial data on existing marine and coastal environmental, socio-economic and cultural features and activities into the decision making process, and is an example of place based management. This has required collecting and collating 127 data sets from a range of data sources, and has utilised local stakeholders to verify evidence. This process has required significant resources by a dedicated marine spatial planning team, as well as by local stakeholders. The data within the SMSP has also been used to develop spatially-specific policies to guide the future development of Shetland׳s coastal and marine environment. It has been used by a range of users including developers and decision makers in planning and assessing areas for development, allowing potential conflicts to be avoided or mitigated early in the development process.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 18:37:22},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Shucksmith, Rachel and Gray, Lorraine and Kelly, Christina and Tweddle, Jacqueline F.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {data,Integrated Coastal Zone Management,Mapping,Marine spatial planning,Regional planning,Scotland},
  pages = {1--9},
  file = {Shucksmith et al - 2014 - Regional marine spatial planning – The data collection and mapping process.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3A3HTJFH/Shucksmith et al - 2014 - Regional marine spatial planning – The data collection and mapping process.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{murdoch_maximizing_2007,
  title = {Maximizing return on investment in conservation},
  volume = {139},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320707002790},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2007.07.011},
  abstract = {Global conservation needs far exceed the available resources, so scarce resources must be used cost-effectively. Although many conservation priory-setting frameworks used by NGO's or public agencies explicitly claim to emphasize efficiency or wise investment, none actually incorporates costs in a formal return-on-investment (ROI) framework. We illustrate here how an ROI framework can be applied to real world resource allocation decisions faced by conservation organizations. We present two examples: (1) allocating resources to purchase land in 21 ecoregions that make up the Temperate Forest Habitat in the US; (2) allocating resources among a variety of conservation actions (not just land purchase) in Mediterranean habitats, with rates of habitat loss factored into the analysis. An important feature of both case studies is that costs vary by orders of magnitude, depending on where or how one is doing conservation. Second, because costs and biodiversity are not well correlated, enormous savings are possible by applying an ROI analysis. Moreover, recommended priorities after including costs in the calculations often deviate substantially from priorities based solely on biodiversity measures. Hence we argue that a major effort of conservationist biologists should be to include and record the costs of conservation actions. If serious attention is not given to returns on investment, it implies that ``money is no object.''},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:17:13},
  number = {3{\textendash}4},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {Murdoch, William and Polasky, Stephen and Wilson, Kerrie A. and Possingham, Hugh P. and Kareiva, Peter and Shaw, Rebecca},
  month = oct,
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {Benefit,Conservation planning,Cost,Maximizing gain,Minimizing loss,Species{\textendash}area curve,Species{\textendash}investment curve},
  pages = {375--388},
  file = {Murdoch et al - 2007 - Maximizing return on investment in conservation.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/A6VHIZRC/Murdoch et al - 2007 - Maximizing return on investment in conservation.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{_efficient_,
  title = {Efficient Frontier - Risk Encyclopedia},
  url = {http://www.riskencyclopedia.com/articles/efficient_frontier/},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:17:41},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  file = {Efficient Frontier - Risk Encyclopedia:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3SIUZD3Z/efficient_frontier.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_efficient_a,
  title = {Efficient frontier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia},
  url = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_frontier},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:17:48},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  file = {Efficient frontier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SRUPBCFZ/Efficient_frontier.html:text/html}
}

@article{markowitz_portfolio_1952,
  title = {Portfolio Selection},
  volume = {7},
  copyright = {Copyright {\textcopyright} 1952 American Finance Association},
  issn = {0022-1082},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2975974},
  doi = {10.2307/2975974},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:18:53},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {The Journal of Finance},
  author = {Markowitz, Harry},
  month = mar,
  year = {1952},
  pages = {77--91},
  file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NMHCFP5S/Markowitz - 1952 - Portfolio Selection.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ban_social_2013,
  title = {A social-ecological approach to conservation planning: embedding social considerations},
  volume = {11},
  shorttitle = {A social-ecological approach to conservation planning},
  url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/110205},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:22:28},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
  author = {Ban, Natalie C. and Mills, Morena and Tam, Jordan and Hicks, Christina C. and Klain, Sarah and Stoeckl, Natalie and Bottrill, Madeleine C. and Levine, Jordan and Pressey, Robert L. and Satterfield, Terre and {others}},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {194--202},
  file = {Ban et al - 2013 - A social-ecological approach to conservation planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CWUQUVSR/Ban et al - 2013 - A social-ecological approach to conservation planning.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/S952MR9N/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{boyd_conservation_2015,
  title = {Conservation Planning: A Review of Return on Investment Analysis},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {1750-6816, 1750-6824},
  shorttitle = {Conservation Planning},
  url = {http://reep.oxfordjournals.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/content/9/1/23},
  doi = {10.1093/reep/reu014},
  abstract = {Land and natural resource conservation programs are increasingly being evaluated on the basis of their return on investment (ROI). Conservation ROI analysis quantitatively measures the costs, benefits, and risks of investments, which allows conservation organizations to rank or prioritize them. This article surveys the literature in this area. We organize our discussion around the way studies treat the core elements of ROI, which include the definition and measurement of the conservation objective, identification of relevant baselines, the types of conservation investments considered, and investment costs. We discuss the state of the art of ROI analysis, highlight some unresolved issues, and make suggestions for improvements. We also describe options for extending ROI analysis beyond biodiversity conservation, which is the typical objective. The literature indicates that conservation planning that uses ROI analysis can considerably alter the location and targets of conservation, lead to more protection and higher quality conservation outcomes, and result in significant savings. The measurement and prediction of baseline ecological conditions and threats remains a central challenge for conservation ROI analysis, as does accounting for landowner and developer responses to conservation investments. Another key priority for future research is the identification of ways to more comprehensively incorporate ecosystem services and multiple environmental objectives into the assessment framework. (JEL: Q20, Q30, Q51, Q57)},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:34:27},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Review of Environmental Economics and Policy},
  author = {Boyd, James and Epanchin-Niell, Rebecca and Siikam{\"a}ki, Juha},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {and prioritization; ecosystem services; return on investment,Conservation planning,Q20,Q30,Q51,Q57,targeting},
  pages = {23--42},
  file = {Boyd et al - 2015 - Conservation Planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CMZP9RZV/Boyd et al - 2015 - Conservation Planning.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PCHCPIEG/23.html:text/html}
}

@article{naidoo_integrating_2006,
  title = {Integrating economic costs into conservation planning},
  volume = {21},
  issn = {0169-5347},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534706003338},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2006.10.003},
  abstract = {Recent studies that incorporate the spatial distributions of biological benefits and economic costs in conservation planning have shown that limited budgets can achieve substantially larger biological gains than when planning ignores costs. Despite concern from donors about the effectiveness of conservation interventions, these increases in efficiency from incorporating costs into planning have not yet been widely recognized. Here, we focus on what these costs are, why they are important to consider, how they can be quantified and the benefits of their inclusion in priority setting. The most recent work in the field has examined the degree to which dynamics and threat affect the outcomes of conservation planning. We assess how costs fit into this new framework and consider prospects for integrating them into conservation planning.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-04 17:06:41},
  number = {12},
  urldate = {2015-06-04},
  journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  author = {Naidoo, Robin and Balmford, Andrew and Ferraro, Paul J. and Polasky, Stephen and Ricketts, Taylor H. and Rouget, Mathieu},
  month = dec,
  year = {2006},
  pages = {681--687},
  file = {Naidoo et al - 2006 - Integrating economic costs into conservation planning.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ZNUUDCNR/Naidoo et al - 2006 - Integrating economic costs into conservation planning.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{stoorvogel_tradeoff_2004,
  title = {The tradeoff analysis model: integrated bio-physical and economic modeling of agricultural production systems},
  volume = {80},
  issn = {0308-521X},
  shorttitle = {The tradeoff analysis model},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X03000994},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agsy.2003.06.002},
  abstract = {There is an increasing call for tools that provide insight into the complex nature of agricultural systems and that deal with a broad range of sustainability issues related to policy intervention, technological innovations, and changes in environmental conditions (e.g., climate change). Sustainability indicators are useful, but only if their number is limited and the interactions between indicators are taken into consideration. In this context, we propose a methodology for an integrated analysis of tradeoffs between economic and environmental indicators. The analysis to quantify these relationships should be based on a multi-disciplinary approach and as such requires the usage of bio-physical as well as econometric-process simulation models. The communication between these very different models is based on explicit definitions of spatial and temporal scales and model integration software. The methodology is based on spatially explicit econometric simulation models linked to spatially referenced bio-physical simulation models to simulate land use and input use decisions. The methodology has been applied for the potato{\textendash}pasture production system in the Ecuadorian Andes. Results of the analysis are presented in the form of tradeoff curves between different indicators, but also as maps, and risks diagrams. Besides an analysis of the current status, the approach allows for the analysis of alternative scenarios showing the effect of those scenarios on the position and slope of the tradeoff curve.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-04 17:14:22},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-04},
  journal = {Agricultural Systems},
  author = {Stoorvogel, J. J. and Antle, J. M. and Crissman, C. C. and Bowen, W.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2004},
  keywords = {Andes,Ecuador,Environment,Pesticide leaching,Sustainability,Tillage erosion,Tradeoffs},
  pages = {43--66},
  file = {Stoorvogel et al - 2004 - The tradeoff analysis model.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5FPHZEAR/Stoorvogel et al - 2004 - The tradeoff analysis model.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{thomas_libguides_,
  title = {{LibGuides}. {ArcGIS}. Starting Out and Getting Help.},
  copyright = {Copyright Duke University 2015},
  url = {http://guides.library.duke.edu/arcgis},
  abstract = {LibGuides. ArcGIS. Starting Out and Getting Help.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-04 17:16:16},
  urldate = {2015-06-04},
  author = {Thomas, Mark},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GQ8QPZTS/arcgis.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_pareto_,
  title = {Pareto efficiency - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia},
  url = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiency},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 23:16:54},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  file = {Pareto efficiency - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MDHJ36BM/Pareto_efficiency.html:text/html}
}

@article{anderson_fishery_2015,
  title = {The Fishery Performance Indicators: A Management Tool for Triple Bottom Line Outcomes},
  volume = {10},
  shorttitle = {The Fishery Performance Indicators},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122809},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0122809},
  abstract = {Pursuit of the triple bottom line of economic, community and ecological sustainability has increased the complexity of fishery management; fisheries assessments require new types of data and analysis to guide science-based policy in addition to traditional biological information and modeling. We introduce the Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs), a broadly applicable and flexible tool for assessing performance in individual fisheries, and for establishing cross-sectional links between enabling conditions, management strategies and triple bottom line outcomes. Conceptually separating measures of performance, the FPIs use 68 individual outcome metrics{\textemdash}coded on a 1 to 5 scale based on expert assessment to facilitate application to data poor fisheries and sectors{\textemdash}that can be partitioned into sector-based or triple-bottom-line sustainability-based interpretative indicators. Variation among outcomes is explained with 54 similarly structured metrics of inputs, management approaches and enabling conditions. Using 61 initial fishery case studies drawn from industrial and developing countries around the world, we demonstrate the inferential importance of tracking economic and community outcomes, in addition to resource status.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:20:12},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Anderson, James L. and Anderson, Christopher M. and Chu, Jingjie and Meredith, Jennifer and Asche, Frank and Sylvia, Gil and Smith, Martin D. and Anggraeni, Dessy and Arthur, Robert and Guttormsen, Atle and {McCluney}, Jessica K. and Ward, Tim and Akpalu, Wisdom and Eggert, H{\aa}kan and Flores, Jimely and Freeman, Matthew A. and Holland, Daniel S. and Knapp, Gunnar and Kobayashi, Mimako and Larkin, Sherry and {MacLauchlin}, Kari and Schnier, Kurt and Soboil, Mark and Tveteras, Sigbjorn and Uchida, Hirotsugu and Valderrama, Diego},
  month = may,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {e0122809},
  file = {Anderson et al. - 2015 - The Fishery Performance Indicators A Management T.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2BPGAQ76/Anderson et al. - 2015 - The Fishery Performance Indicators A Management T.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{partridge_editorial_2015,
  title = {Editorial 2015},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20140286},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2014.0286},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Partridge, Linda},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20140286},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/UFV73W7R/20140286.html:text/html}
}

@article{beaugrand_memoriam_2015,
  title = {In memoriam: Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Iba{\~n}ez (1944{\textendash}2013)},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  shorttitle = {In memoriam},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20140312},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2014.0312},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Beaugrand, Gregory and Licandro, Priscilla},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20140312},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/N3MD7X7J/20140312.html:text/html}
}

@article{mollmann_marine_2015,
  title = {Marine regime shifts around the globe: theory, drivers and impacts},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  shorttitle = {Marine regime shifts around the globe},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130260},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0260},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {M{\"o}llmann, Christian and Folke, Carl and Edwards, Martin and Conversi, Alessandra},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130260},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/52K7TFGK/20130260.html:text/html}
}

@article{dakos_resilience_2015,
  title = {Resilience indicators: prospects and limitations for early warnings of regime shifts},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  shorttitle = {Resilience indicators},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130263},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0263},
  abstract = {In the vicinity of tipping points{\textemdash}or more precisely bifurcation points{\textemdash}ecosystems recover slowly from small perturbations. Such slowness may be interpreted as a sign of low resilience in the sense that the ecosystem could easily be tipped through a critical transition into a contrasting state. Indicators of this phenomenon of `critical slowing down (CSD)' include a rise in temporal correlation and variance. Such indicators of CSD can provide an early warning signal of a nearby tipping point. Or, they may offer a possibility to rank reefs, lakes or other ecosystems according to their resilience. The fact that CSD may happen across a wide range of complex ecosystems close to tipping points implies a powerful generality. However, indicators of CSD are not manifested in all cases where regime shifts occur. This is because not all regime shifts are associated with tipping points. Here, we review the exploding literature about this issue to provide guidance on what to expect and what not to expect when it comes to the CSD-based early warning signals for critical transitions.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Dakos, Vasilis and Carpenter, Stephen R. and Nes, Egbert H. van and Scheffer, Marten},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130263},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NT8SNNXT/20130263.html:text/html}
}

@article{mollmann_marine_2015a,
  title = {Marine regime shifts around the globe: theory, drivers and impacts},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  shorttitle = {Marine regime shifts around the globe},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130260},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0260},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 01:33:17},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {M{\"o}llmann, Christian and Folke, Carl and Edwards, Martin and Conversi, Alessandra},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130260},
  file = {Möllmann et al. - 2015 - Marine regime shifts around the globe theory, dri.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/627GBIU8/Möllmann et al. - 2015 - Marine regime shifts around the globe theory, dri.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ESD6G63G/20130260.html:text/html}
}

@article{gardmark_regime_2015,
  title = {Regime shifts in exploited marine food webs: detecting mechanisms underlying alternative stable states using size-structured community dynamics theory},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  shorttitle = {Regime shifts in exploited marine food webs},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130262},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0262},
  abstract = {Many marine ecosystems have undergone `regime shifts', i.e. abrupt reorganizations across trophic levels. Establishing whether these constitute shifts between alternative stable states is of key importance for the prospects of ecosystem recovery and for management. We show how mechanisms underlying alternative stable states caused by predator{\textendash}prey interactions can be revealed in field data, using analyses guided by theory on size-structured community dynamics. This is done by combining data on individual performance (such as growth and fecundity) with information on population size and prey availability. We use Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and their prey in the Baltic Sea as an example to discuss and distinguish two types of mechanisms, `cultivation-depensation' and `overcompensation', that can cause alternative stable states preventing the recovery of overexploited piscivorous fish populations. Importantly, the type of mechanism can be inferred already from changes in the predators' body growth in different life stages. Our approach can thus be readily applied to monitored stocks of piscivorous fish species, for which this information often can be assembled. Using this tool can help resolve the causes of catastrophic collapses in marine predatory{\textendash}prey systems and guide fisheries managers on how to successfully restore collapsed piscivorous fish stocks.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {G{\aa}rdmark, Anna and Casini, Michele and Huss, Magnus and Leeuwen, Anieke van and Hjelm, Joakim and Persson, Lennart and Roos, Andr{\'e} M. de},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130262},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BMDC78ZG/20130262.html:text/html}
}

@article{beaugrand_theoretical_2015,
  title = {Theoretical basis for predicting climate-induced abrupt shifts in the oceans},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130264},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0264},
  abstract = {Among the responses of marine species and their ecosystems to climate change, abrupt community shifts (ACSs), also called regime shifts, have often been observed. However, despite their effects for ecosystem functioning and both provisioning and regulating services, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved remains elusive. This paper proposes a theory showing that some ACSs originate from the interaction between climate-induced environmental changes and the species ecological niche. The theory predicts that a substantial stepwise shift in the thermal regime of a marine ecosystem leads indubitably to an ACS and explains why some species do not change during the phenomenon. It also explicates why the timing of ACSs may differ or why some studies may detect or not detect a shift in the same ecosystem, independently of the statistical method of detection and simply because they focus on different species or taxonomic groups. The present theory offers a way to predict future climate-induced community shifts and their potential associated trophic cascades and amplifications.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Beaugrand, Gregory},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130264},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/M8TP4DN9/20130264.html:text/html}
}

@article{bozec_synergistic_2015,
  title = {Synergistic impacts of global warming on the resilience of coral reefs},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130267},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0267},
  abstract = {Recent epizootics have removed important functional species from Caribbean coral reefs and left communities vulnerable to alternative attractors. Global warming will impact reefs further through two mechanisms. A chronic mechanism reduces coral calcification, which can result in depressed somatic growth. An acute mechanism, coral bleaching, causes extreme mortality when sea temperatures become anomalously high. We ask how these two mechanisms interact in driving future reef state (coral cover) and resilience (the probability of a reef remaining within a coral attractor). We find that acute mechanisms have the greatest impact overall, but the nature of the interaction with chronic stress depends on the metric considered. Chronic and acute stress act additively on reef state but form a strong synergy when influencing resilience by intensifying a regime shift. Chronic stress increases the size of the algal basin of attraction (at the expense of the coral basin), whereas coral bleaching pushes the system closer to the algal attractor. Resilience can change faster{\textemdash}and earlier{\textemdash}than a change in reef state. Therefore, we caution against basing management solely on measures of reef state because a loss of resilience can go unnoticed for many years and then become disproportionately more difficult to restore.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Bozec, Yves-Marie and Mumby, Peter J.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130267},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/TWHVGQ42/20130267.html:text/html}
}

@article{jouffray_identifying_2015,
  title = {Identifying multiple coral reef regimes and their drivers across the Hawaiian archipelago},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130268},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0268},
  abstract = {Loss of coral reef resilience can lead to dramatic changes in benthic structure, often called regime shifts, which significantly alter ecosystem processes and functioning. In the face of global change and increasing direct human impacts, there is an urgent need to anticipate and prevent undesirable regime shifts and, conversely, to reverse shifts in already degraded reef systems. Such challenges require a better understanding of the human and natural drivers that support or undermine different reef regimes. The Hawaiian archipelago extends across a wide gradient of natural and anthropogenic conditions and provides us a unique opportunity to investigate the relationships between multiple reef regimes, their dynamics and potential drivers. We applied a combination of exploratory ordination methods and inferential statistics to one of the most comprehensive coral reef datasets available in order to detect, visualize and define potential multiple ecosystem regimes. This study demonstrates the existence of three distinct reef regimes dominated by hard corals, turf algae or macroalgae. Results from boosted regression trees show nonlinear patterns among predictors that help to explain the occurrence of these regimes, and highlight herbivore biomass as the key driver in addition to effluent, latitude and depth.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Jouffray, Jean-Baptiste and Nystr{\"o}m, Magnus and Norstr{\"o}m, Albert V. and Williams, Ivor D. and Wedding, Lisa M. and Kittinger, John N. and Williams, Gareth J.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130268},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/D99RKD69/20130268.html:text/html}
}

@article{ling_global_2015,
  title = {Global regime shift dynamics of catastrophic sea urchin overgrazing},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130269},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0269},
  abstract = {A pronounced, widespread and persistent regime shift among marine ecosystems is observable on temperate rocky reefs as a result of sea urchin overgrazing. Here, we empirically define regime-shift dynamics for this grazing system which transitions between productive macroalgal beds and impoverished urchin barrens. Catastrophic in nature, urchin overgrazing in a well-studied Australian system demonstrates a discontinuous regime shift, which is of particular management concern as recovery of desirable macroalgal beds requires reducing grazers to well below the initial threshold of overgrazing. Generality of this regime-shift dynamic is explored across 13 rocky reef systems (spanning 11 different regions from both hemispheres) by compiling available survey data (totalling 10 901 quadrats surveyed in situ) plus experimental regime-shift responses (observed during a total of 57 in situ manipulations). The emergent and globally coherent pattern shows urchin grazing to cause a discontinuous `catastrophic' regime shift, with hysteresis effect of approximately one order of magnitude in urchin biomass between critical thresholds of overgrazing and recovery. Different life-history traits appear to create asymmetry in the pace of overgrazing versus recovery. Once shifted, strong feedback mechanisms provide resilience for each alternative state thus defining the catastrophic nature of this regime shift. Importantly, human-derived stressors can act to erode resilience of desirable macroalgal beds while strengthening resilience of urchin barrens, thus exacerbating the risk, spatial extent and irreversibility of an unwanted regime shift for marine ecosystems.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Ling, S. D. and Scheibling, R. E. and Rassweiler, A. and Johnson, C. R. and Shears, N. and Connell, S. D. and Salomon, A. K. and Norderhaug, K. M. and P{\'e}rez-Matus, A. and Hern{\'a}ndez, J. C. and Clemente, S. and Blamey, L. K. and Hereu, B. and Ballesteros, E. and Sala, E. and Garrabou, J. and Cebrian, E. and Zabala, M. and Fujita, D. and Johnson, L. E.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130269},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9XF9VVXF/20130269.html:text/html}
}

@article{pershing_evaluating_2015,
  title = {Evaluating trophic cascades as drivers of regime shifts in different ocean ecosystems},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130265},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0265},
  abstract = {In ecosystems that are strongly structured by predation, reducing top predator abundance can alter several lower trophic levels{\textemdash}a process known as a trophic cascade. A persistent trophic cascade also fits the definition of a regime shift. Such `trophic cascade regime shifts' have been reported in a few pelagic marine systems{\textemdash}notably the Black Sea, Baltic Sea and eastern Scotian Shelf{\textemdash}raising the question of how common this phenomenon is in the marine environment. We provide a general methodology for distinguishing top-down and bottom-up effects and apply this methodology to time series from these three ecosystems. We found evidence for top-down forcing in the Black Sea due primarily to gelatinous zooplankton. Changes in the Baltic Sea are primarily bottom-up, strongly structured by salinity, but top-down forcing related to changes in cod abundance also shapes the ecosystem. Changes in the eastern Scotian Shelf that were originally attributed to declines in groundfish are better explained by changes in stratification. Our review suggests that trophic cascade regime shifts are rare in open ocean ecosystems and that their likelihood increases as the residence time of water in the system increases. Our work challenges the assumption that negative correlation between consecutive trophic levels implies top-down forcing.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Pershing, Andrew J. and Mills, Katherine E. and Record, Nicholas R. and Stamieszkin, Karen and Wurtzell, Katharine V. and Byron, Carrie J. and Fitzpatrick, Dominic and Golet, Walter J. and Koob, Elise},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130265},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/P9EHHDWM/20130265.html:text/html}
}

@article{beaugrand_synchronous_2015,
  title = {Synchronous marine pelagic regime shifts in the Northern Hemisphere},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130272},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0272},
  abstract = {Regime shifts are characterized by sudden, substantial and temporally persistent changes in the state of an ecosystem. They involve major biological modifications and often have important implications for exploited living resources. In this study, we examine whether regime shifts observed in 11 marine systems from two oceans and three regional seas in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) are synchronous, applying the same methodology to all. We primarily infer marine pelagic regime shifts from abrupt shifts in zooplankton assemblages, with the exception of the East Pacific where ecosystem changes are inferred from fish. Our analyses provide evidence for quasi-synchronicity of marine pelagic regime shifts both within and between ocean basins, although these shifts lie embedded within considerable regional variability at both year-to-year and lower-frequency time scales. In particular, a regime shift was detected in the late 1980s in many studied marine regions, although the exact year of the observed shift varied somewhat from one basin to another. Another regime shift was also identified in the mid- to late 1970s but concerned less marine regions. We subsequently analyse the main biological signals in relation to changes in NH temperature and pressure anomalies. The results suggest that the main factor synchronizing regime shifts on large scales is NH temperature; however, changes in atmospheric circulation also appear important. We propose that this quasi-synchronous shift could represent the variably lagged biological response in each ecosystem to a large-scale, NH change of the climatic system, involving both an increase in NH temperature and a strongly positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation. Further investigation is needed to determine the relative roles of changes in temperature and atmospheric pressure patterns and their resultant teleconnections in synchronizing regime shifts at large scales.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Beaugrand, G. and Conversi, A. and Chiba, S. and Edwards, M. and Fonda-Umani, S. and Greene, C. and Mantua, N. and Otto, S. A. and Reid, P. C. and Stachura, M. M. and Stemmann, L. and Sugisaki, H.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130272},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GVZC947U/20130272.html:text/html}
}

@article{fisher_importance_2015,
  title = {The importance of within-system spatial variation in drivers of marine ecosystem regime shifts},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130271},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0271},
  abstract = {Comparative analyses of the dynamics of exploited marine ecosystems have led to differing hypotheses regarding the primary causes of observed regime shifts, while many ecosystems have apparently not undergone regime shifts. These varied responses may be partly explained by the decade-old recognition that within-system spatial heterogeneity in key climate and anthropogenic drivers may be important, as recent theoretical examinations have concluded that spatial heterogeneity in environmental characteristics may diminish the tendency for regime shifts. Here, we synthesize recent, empirical within-system spatio-temporal analyses of some temperate and subarctic large marine ecosystems in which regime shifts have (and have not) occurred. Examples from the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Bengula Current, North Sea, Barents Sea and Eastern Scotian Shelf reveal the largely neglected importance of considering spatial variability in key biotic and abiotic influences and species movements in the context of evaluating and predicting regime shifts. We highlight both the importance of understanding the scale-dependent spatial dynamics of climate influences and key predator{\textendash}prey interactions to unravel the dynamics of regime shifts, and the utility of spatial downscaling of proposed mechanisms (as evident in the North Sea and Barents Sea) as a means of evaluating hypotheses originally derived from among-system comparisons.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Fisher, J. a. D. and Casini, M. and Frank, K. T. and M{\"o}llmann, C. and Leggett, W. C. and Daskalov, G.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130271},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/H2FSMIM8/20130271.html:text/html}
}

@article{rocha_marine_2015,
  title = {Marine regime shifts: drivers and impacts on ecosystems services},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {. {\textcopyright} 2014 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  shorttitle = {Marine regime shifts},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130273},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0273},
  abstract = {Marine ecosystems can experience regime shifts, in which they shift from being organized around one set of mutually reinforcing structures and processes to another. Anthropogenic global change has broadly increased a wide variety of processes that can drive regime shifts. To assess the vulnerability of marine ecosystems to such shifts and their potential consequences, we reviewed the scientific literature for 13 types of marine regime shifts and used networks to conduct an analysis of co-occurrence of drivers and ecosystem service impacts. We found that regime shifts are caused by multiple drivers and have multiple consequences that co-occur in a non-random pattern. Drivers related to food production, climate change and coastal development are the most common co-occurring causes of regime shifts, while cultural services, biodiversity and primary production are the most common cluster of ecosystem services affected. These clusters prioritize sets of drivers for management and highlight the need for coordinated actions across multiple drivers and scales to reduce the risk of marine regime shifts. Managerial strategies are likely to fail if they only address well-understood or data-rich variables, and international cooperation and polycentric institutions will be critical to implement and coordinate action across the scales at which different drivers operate. By better understanding these underlying patterns, we hope to inform the development of managerial strategies to reduce the risk of high-impact marine regime shifts, especially for areas of the world where data are not available or monitoring programmes are not in place.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Rocha, J. and Yletyinen, J. and Biggs, R. and Blenckner, T. and Peterson, G.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130273},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/TFDZERQC/20130273.html:text/html}
}

@article{levin_marine_2015a,
  title = {Marine ecosystem regime shifts: challenges and opportunities for ecosystem-based management},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  shorttitle = {Marine ecosystem regime shifts},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130275},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0275},
  abstract = {Regime shifts have been observed in marine ecosystems around the globe. These phenomena can result in dramatic changes in the provision of ecosystem services to coastal communities. Accounting for regime shifts in management clearly requires integrative, ecosystem-based management (EBM) approaches. EBM has emerged as an accepted paradigm for ocean management worldwide, yet, despite the rapid and intense development of EBM theory, implementation has languished, and many implemented or proposed EBM schemes largely ignore the special characteristics of regime shifts. Here, we first explore key aspects of regime shifts that are of critical importance to EBM, and then suggest how regime shifts can be better incorporated into EBM using the concept of integrated ecosystem assessment (IEA). An IEA uses approaches that determine the likelihood that ecological or socio-economic properties of systems will move beyond or return to acceptable bounds as defined by resource managers and policy makers. We suggest an approach for implementing IEAs for cases of regime shifts where the objectives are either avoiding an undesired state or returning to a desired condition. We discuss the suitability and short-comings of methods summarizing the status of ecosystem components, screening and prioritizing potential risks, and evaluating alternative management strategies. IEAs are evolving as an EBM approach that can address regime shifts; however, advances in statistical, analytical and simulation modelling are needed before IEAs can robustly inform tactical management in systems characterized by regime shifts.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Levin, Phillip S. and M{\"o}llmann, Christian},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130275},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GQCKSVMG/20130275.html:text/html}
}

@article{king_shifts_2015,
  title = {Shifts in fisheries management: adapting to regime shifts},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  shorttitle = {Shifts in fisheries management},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130277},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0277},
  abstract = {For many years, fisheries management was based on optimizing yield and maintaining a target biomass, with little regard given to low-frequency environmental forcing. However, this policy was often unsuccessful. In the last two to three decades, fisheries science and management have undergone a shift towards balancing sustainable yield with conservation, with the goal of including ecosystem considerations in decision-making frameworks. Scientific understanding of low-frequency climate{\textendash}ocean variability, which is manifested as ecosystem regime shifts and states, has led to attempts to incorporate these shifts and states into fisheries assessment and management. To date, operationalizing these attempts to provide tactical advice has met with limited success. We review efforts to incorporate regime shifts and states into the assessment and management of fisheries resources, propose directions for future investigation and outline a potential framework to include regime shifts and changes in ecosystem states into fisheries management.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {King, Jacquelynne R. and {McFarlane}, Gordon A. and Punt, Andr{\'e} E.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130277},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SEKWDJGJ/20130277.html:text/html}
}

@article{kelly_embracing_2015,
  title = {Embracing thresholds for better environmental management},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130276},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0276},
  abstract = {Three decades of study have revealed dozens of examples in which natural systems have crossed biophysical thresholds (`tipping points'){\textemdash}nonlinear changes in ecosystem structure and function{\textemdash}as a result of human-induced stressors, dramatically altering ecosystem function and services. Environmental management that avoids such thresholds could prevent severe social, economic and environmental impacts. Here, we review management measures implemented in ecological systems that have thresholds. Using Ostrom's social{\textendash}ecological systems framework, we analysed key biophysical and institutional factors associated with 51 social{\textendash}ecological systems and associated management regimes, and related these to management success defined by ecological outcomes. We categorized cases as instances of prospective or retrospective management, based upon whether management aimed to avoid a threshold or to restore systems that have crossed a threshold. We find that smaller systems are more amenable to threshold-based management, that routine monitoring is associated with successful avoidance of thresholds and recovery after thresholds have been crossed, and that success is associated with the explicit threshold-based management. These findings are powerful evidence for the policy relevance of information on ecological thresholds across a wide range of ecosystems.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Kelly, Ryan P. and Erickson, Ashley L. and Mease, Lindley A. and Battista, Willow and Kittinger, John N. and Fujita, Rod},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130276},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/EN8FFVCV/20130276.html:text/html}
}

@article{osterblom_globalization_2015,
  title = {Globalization, marine regime shifts and the Soviet Union},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130278},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0278},
  abstract = {Regime shifts have been observed in marine ecosystems around the world, with climate and fishing suggested as major drivers of such shifts. The global and regional dynamics of the climate system have been studied in this context, and efforts to develop an analogous understanding of fishing activities are developing. Here, we investigate the timing of pelagic marine regime shifts in relation to the emergence of regional and global fishing activities of the Soviet Union. Our investigation of official catch statistics reflects that the Soviet Union was a major fishing actor in all large marine ecosystems where regime shifts have been documented, including in ecosystems where overfishing has been established as a key driver of these changes (in the Baltic and Black Seas and the Scotian Shelf). Globalization of Soviet Union fishing activities pushed exploitation to radically new levels and triggered regional and global governance responses for improved management. Since then, exploitation levels have remained and increased with new actors involved. Based on our exploratory work, we propose that a deeper understanding of the role of global fishing actors is central for improved management of marine ecosystems.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {{\"O}sterblom, Henrik and Folke, Carl},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130278},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ESPTA7B9/20130278.html:text/html}
}

@article{conversi_holistic_2015,
  title = {A holistic view of marine regime shifts},
  volume = {370},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1659/20130279},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0279},
  abstract = {Understanding marine regime shifts is important not only for ecology but also for developing marine management that assures the provision of ecosystem services to humanity. While regime shift theory is well developed, there is still no common understanding on drivers, mechanisms and characteristic of abrupt changes in real marine ecosystems. Based on contributions to the present theme issue, we highlight some general issues that need to be overcome for developing a more comprehensive understanding of marine ecosystem regime shifts. We find a great divide between benthic reef and pelagic ocean systems in how regime shift theory is linked to observed abrupt changes. Furthermore, we suggest that the long-lasting discussion on the prevalence of top-down trophic or bottom-up physical drivers in inducing regime shifts may be overcome by taking into consideration the synergistic interactions of multiple stressors, and the special characteristics of different ecosystem types. We present a framework for the holistic investigation of marine regime shifts that considers multiple exogenous drivers that interact with endogenous mechanisms to cause abrupt, catastrophic change. This framework takes into account the time-delayed synergies of these stressors, which erode the resilience of the ecosystem and eventually enable the crossing of ecological thresholds. Finally, considering that increased pressures in the marine environment are predicted by the current climate change assessments, in order to avoid major losses of ecosystem services, we suggest that marine management approaches should incorporate knowledge on environmental thresholds and develop tools that consider regime shift dynamics and characteristics. This grand challenge can only be achieved through a holistic view of marine ecosystem dynamics as evidenced by this theme issue.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:38:41},
  number = {1659},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {Conversi, Alessandra and Dakos, Vasilis and G{\aa}rdmark, Anna and Ling, Scott and Folke, Carl and Mumby, Peter J. and Greene, Charles and Edwards, Martin and Blenckner, Thorsten and Casini, Michele and Pershing, Andrew and M{\"o}llmann, Christian},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {20130279},
  file = {Conversi et al. - 2015 - A holistic view of marine regime shifts.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2GXNSWI7/Conversi et al. - 2015 - A holistic view of marine regime shifts.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MF7MQENE/20130279.html:text/html}
}

@article{garnett_improving_2007,
  title = {Improving the effectiveness of interventions to balance conservation and development: a conceptual framework},
  volume = {12},
  shorttitle = {Improving the effectiveness of interventions to balance conservation and development},
  url = {http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/2911},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:20:34},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Ecology and Society},
  author = {Garnett, Stephen T. and Sayer, Jeffrey and Du Toit, Johan},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {2},
  file = {Garnett et al - 2007 - Improving the effectiveness of interventions to balance conservation and.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4KDKS6UU/Garnett et al - 2007 - Improving the effectiveness of interventions to balance conservation and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HA63KC2M/2911.html:text/html}
}

@article{benitez_conservation_2006,
  title = {Conservation payments under risk: a stochastic dominance approach},
  volume = {88},
  shorttitle = {Conservation payments under risk},
  url = {http://ajae.oxfordjournals.org/content/88/1/1.short},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:20:34},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {American Journal of Agricultural Economics},
  author = {Ben{\'\i}tez, Pablo C. and Kuosmanen, Timo and Olschewski, Roland and Van Kooten, G. Cornelis},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {1--15},
  file = {Benítez et al - 2006 - Conservation payments under risk.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/U49TF3U2/Benítez et al - 2006 - Conservation payments under risk.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/UC9N7FCP/1.html:text/html}
}

@article{ando_optimal_2012,
  title = {Optimal portfolio design to reduce climate-related conservation uncertainty in the Prairie Pothole Region},
  volume = {109},
  url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/109/17/6484.short},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:20:34},
  number = {17},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  author = {Ando, Amy W. and Mallory, Mindy L.},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {6484--6489},
  file = {[HTML] from pnas.org:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FUDAISXU/6484.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/V67N5KRX/6484.html:text/html}
}

@article{knoke_financial_2008,
  title = {Financial compensation and uncertainty: using mean-variance rule and stochastic dominance to derive conservation payments for secondary forests},
  volume = {38},
  shorttitle = {Financial compensation and uncertainty},
  url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x08-137},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:20:34},
  number = {12},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Canadian journal of forest research},
  author = {Knoke, Thomas and Hildebrandt, Patrick and Klein, Daniel and Mujica, Rodrigo and Moog, Martin and Mosandl, Reinhard},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {3033--3046},
  file = {Knoke et al - 2008 - Financial compensation and uncertainty.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2HCUXAZM/Knoke et al - 2008 - Financial compensation and uncertainty.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PR3EWKZK/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{dekoning_modelling_2007,
  title = {Modelling the impacts of payments for biodiversity conservation on regional land-use patterns},
  volume = {83},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204607001296},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:20:34},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  author = {De Koning, G. H. J. and Benitez, P. C. and Munoz, F. and Olschewski, R.},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {255--267},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/T35NWQUP/S0169204607001296.html:text/html}
}

@article{hoekstra_improving_2012,
  title = {Improving biodiversity conservation through modern portfolio theory},
  volume = {109},
  url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/109/17/6360.short},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:20:34},
  number = {17},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  author = {Hoekstra, Jonathan},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {6360--6361},
  file = {[HTML] from pnas.org:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7WN9Z62U/6360.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8MQ7HA4S/6360.html:text/html}
}

@article{mcshane_hard_2011a,
  title = {Hard choices: making trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and human well-being},
  volume = {144},
  shorttitle = {Hard choices},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320710001849},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:21:23},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {{McShane}, Thomas O. and Hirsch, Paul D. and Trung, Tran Chi and Songorwa, Alexander N. and Kinzig, Ann and Monteferri, Bruno and Mutekanga, David and Van Thang, Hoang and Dammert, Juan Luis and Pulgar-Vidal, Manuel and {others}},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {966--972},
  file = {McShane et al - 2011 - Hard choices.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/KA6HCB7Z/McShane et al - 2011 - Hard choices.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IRSK7I6D/S0006320710001849.html:text/html}
}

@article{cundill_monitoring_2009,
  title = {Monitoring in adaptive co-management: toward a learning based approach},
  volume = {90},
  shorttitle = {Monitoring in adaptive co-management},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479709001510},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:21:23},
  number = {11},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental management},
  author = {Cundill, Georgina and Fabricius, Christo},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {3205--3211},
  file = {Cundill_Fabricius - 2009 - Monitoring in adaptive co-management.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/F2RCPTT6/Cundill_Fabricius - 2009 - Monitoring in adaptive co-management.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CVSQWAWU/S0301479709001510.html:text/html}
}

@article{hirsch_acknowledging_2011,
  title = {Acknowledging conservation trade-offs and embracing complexity},
  volume = {25},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01608.x/full},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:21:23},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Hirsch, Paul D. and Adams, William M. and Brosius, J. Peter and Zia, Asim and Bariola, Nino and Dammert, Juan Luis},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {259--264},
  file = {Hirsch et al - 2011 - Acknowledging conservation trade-offs and embracing complexity.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GABZ7INX/Hirsch et al - 2011 - Acknowledging conservation trade-offs and embracing complexity.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DH2QJARQ/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{chan_rethinking_2012,
  title = {Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values},
  volume = {74},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800911004927},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:22:28},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Ecological economics},
  author = {Chan, Kai {MA} and Satterfield, Terre and Goldstein, Joshua},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {8--18},
  file = {Chan et al - 2012 - Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/H9USFTD5/Chan et al - 2012 - Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BQ5RSR5T/S0921800911004927.html:text/html}
}

@article{sayer_ten_2013,
  title = {Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses},
  volume = {110},
  url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/110/21/8349.short},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:23:09},
  number = {21},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Proceedings of the national academy of sciences},
  author = {Sayer, Jeffrey and Sunderland, Terry and Ghazoul, Jaboury and Pfund, Jean-Laurent and Sheil, Douglas and Meijaard, Erik and Venter, Michelle and Boedhihartono, Agni Klintuni and Day, Michael and Garcia, Claude and {others}},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {8349--8356},
  file = {Sayer et al - 2013 - Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture,.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CB8Q7VVM/Sayer et al - 2013 - Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture,.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5I4MQXUW/8349.html:text/html}
}

@article{redpath_understanding_2013,
  title = {Understanding and managing conservation conflicts},
  volume = {28},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534712002169},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:23:09},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Trends in ecology \& evolution},
  author = {Redpath, Steve M. and Young, Juliette and Evely, Anna and Adams, William M. and Sutherland, William J. and Whitehouse, Andrew and Amar, Arjun and Lambert, Robert A. and Linnell, John {DC} and Watt, Allan and {others}},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {100--109},
  file = {Redpath et al - 2013 - Understanding and managing conservation conflicts.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CFUW4M2A/Redpath et al - 2013 - Understanding and managing conservation conflicts.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/F64KIWSR/S0169534712002169.html:text/html}
}

@article{miller_new_2011,
  title = {The new conservation debate: the view from practical ethics},
  volume = {144},
  shorttitle = {The new conservation debate},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320710001448},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:23:09},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {Miller, Thaddeus R. and Minteer, Ben A. and Malan, Leon-C.},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {948--957},
  file = {Miller et al - 2011 - The new conservation debate.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/RU6IQ3XJ/Miller et al - 2011 - The new conservation debate.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/C4HAMF29/S0006320710001448.html:text/html}
}

@article{robinson_ethical_2011,
  title = {Ethical pluralism, pragmatism, and sustainability in conservation practice},
  volume = {144},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320710001618},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:23:09},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {Robinson, John G.},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {958--965},
  file = {Robinson - 2011 - Ethical pluralism, pragmatism, and sustainability in conservation practice.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/99JEVG4I/Robinson - 2011 - Ethical pluralism, pragmatism, and sustainability in conservation practice.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DG7ZM2QU/S0006320710001618.html:text/html}
}

@article{fox_reexamining_2012,
  title = {Reexamining the science of marine protected areas: linking knowledge to action},
  volume = {5},
  shorttitle = {Reexamining the science of marine protected areas},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00207.x/full},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:23:37},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Conservation Letters},
  author = {Fox, Helen E. and Mascia, Michael B. and Basurto, Xavier and Costa, Alice and Glew, Louise and Heinemann, Dennis and Karrer, Leah B. and Lester, Sarah E. and Lombana, Alfonso V. and Pomeroy, Robert S. and {others}},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {1--10},
  file = {Fox et al - 2012 - Reexamining the science of marine protected areas.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/I7XE67ZH/Fox et al - 2012 - Reexamining the science of marine protected areas.pdf:application/pdf;[HTML] from wiley.com:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8MJEK88C/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{mallory_implementing_2014,
  title = {Implementing efficient conservation portfolio design},
  volume = {38},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0928765514000402},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:29:11},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Resource and Energy Economics},
  author = {Mallory, Mindy L. and Ando, Amy W.},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {1--18},
  file = {Mallory_Ando - 2014 - Implementing efficient conservation portfolio design.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NJMP39G6/Mallory_Ando - 2014 - Implementing efficient conservation portfolio design.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DNUF5U9K/S0928765514000402.html:text/html}
}

@article{champion_improved_2015,
  title = {An improved strategic decision-making model for energy conservation measures},
  volume = {6},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X15000073},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:29:11},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Energy Strategy Reviews},
  author = {Champion, Billy R. and Gabriel, Steven A.},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {92--108},
  file = {Champion_Gabriel - 2015 - An improved strategic decision-making model for energy conservation measures.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CUMTAM4N/Champion_Gabriel - 2015 - An improved strategic decision-making model for energy conservation measures.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HFWXQJ82/S2211467X15000073.html:text/html}
}

@article{schapaugh_maximizing_2014,
  title = {Maximizing a new quantity in sequential reserve selection},
  volume = {41},
  url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0376892913000544},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:29:11},
  number = {02},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Environmental Conservation},
  author = {Schapaugh, Adam W. and Tyre, Andrew J.},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {198--205},
  file = {Schapaugh_Tyre - 2014 - Maximizing a new quantity in sequential reserve selection.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/VTDBAFZ9/Schapaugh_Tyre - 2014 - Maximizing a new quantity in sequential reserve selection.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/6GQTG9B5/displayAbstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{griffiths_performance_2014,
  title = {Performance of salmon fishery portfolios across western North America},
  volume = {51},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.12341/full},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:29:11},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  author = {Griffiths, Jennifer R. and Schindler, Daniel E. and Armstrong, Jonathan B. and Scheuerell, Mark D. and Whited, Diane C. and Clark, Robert A. and Hilborn, Ray and Holt, Carrie A. and Lindley, Steven T. and Stanford, Jack A. and {others}},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {1554--1563},
  file = {Griffiths et al - 2014 - Performance of salmon fishery portfolios across western North America.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/M5TBGD3W/Griffiths et al - 2014 - Performance of salmon fishery portfolios across western North America.pdf:application/pdf;[HTML] from wiley.com:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/UATW9J9A/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{cominetti_equilibrium_2015,
  title = {Equilibrium routing under uncertainty},
  volume = {151},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10107-015-0889-y},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:29:11},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  journal = {Mathematical Programming},
  author = {Cominetti, Roberto},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {117--151},
  file = {Cominetti - 2015 - Equilibrium routing under uncertainty.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/GBUID9MC/Cominetti - 2015 - Equilibrium routing under uncertainty.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/M8UKRVE4/s10107-015-0889-y.html:text/html}
}

@article{nesbitt_diversity_2014,
  title = {Diversity increases stability and opportunity in First Nations salmon fisheries},
  url = {http://summit.sfu.ca/item/13910},
  timestamp = {2015-06-03 19:29:11},
  urldate = {2015-06-03},
  author = {Nesbitt, Holly Kathleen},
  year = {2014},
  file = {Nesbitt - 2014 - Diversity increases stability and opportunity in First Nations salmon fisheries.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/KG6AUJME/Nesbitt - 2014 - Diversity increases stability and opportunity in First Nations salmon fisheries.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/XAQPGHBP/13910.html:text/html}
}

@article{hoagland_approach_2015,
  title = {An approach for analyzing the spatial welfare and distributional effects of ocean wind power siting: The Rhode Island/Massachusetts area of mutual interest},
  volume = {58},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {An approach for analyzing the spatial welfare and distributional effects of ocean wind power siting},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X15000925},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2015.04.010},
  abstract = {Coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP) involves characterizing the potential socioeconomic consequences of locating one or more human uses in place of others in the coastal ocean. Most commonly, the focus of CMSP is on the siting of alternative uses across ocean space. This article examines the broader economic and distributional effects of the potential siting of a renewable energy facility (wind power) in a southern New England offshore area that also is used intensively for commercial fishing. For a leading siting alternative, a counterfactual involving the complete displacement of commercial fishing would result in estimated direct output impacts to the regional economy of \$5 million, leading to \$11 million in direct, indirect, and induced impacts and a corresponding loss of about 150 jobs. Total economic welfare losses were estimated at \$14 million, reflecting not only output reductions but also the effects of price increases in the relevant markets. The welfare losses would be progressively distributed, such that households in mid- to high-income categories would likely bear the most significant impacts. Adjusting these welfare losses for society׳s aversion to income inequality, inequality-adjusted impacts would be more pronounced in areas that are not necessarily located in close proximity to the coastline. Individual low-income households located in five non-coastal census tracts would bear estimated median impacts (\ensuremath{\geq}\$140/year), which would be an order of magnitude larger than those borne by the next group of impacted households. When implementing CMSP, it is critically important to characterize not only the distribution of effects over the coastal ocean but also the distribution of impacts on coupled human communities onshore, including those communities that may not be considered strictly coastal.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-26 21:44:25},
  urldate = {2015-05-26},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Hoagland, P. and Dalton, T. M. and Jin, D. and Dwyer, J. B.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP),Commercial fisheries,Computable general equilibrium (CGE),Ecosystem-based management (EBM),Inequality aversion,Offshore wind power},
  pages = {51--59},
  file = {Hoagland et al. - 2015 - An approach for analyzing the spatial welfare and .pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IXE6DGMH/Hoagland et al. - 2015 - An approach for analyzing the spatial welfare and .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{menza2012biogeographic,
  title = {A biogeographic assessment of seabirds, deep sea corals and ocean habitats of the New York Bight: science to support offshore spatial planning},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 17:31:29},
  publisher = {{US} Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science},
  author = {Menza, Charles William and Kinlan, Brian Patrick and Dorfman, Dan S and Poti, Matthew and Caldow, Chris},
  year = {2012},
  file = {Menza et al - 2012 - A biogeographic assessment of seabirds, deep sea corals and ocean habitats of.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5DP2HEZJ/Menza et al - 2012 - A biogeographic assessment of seabirds, deep sea corals and ocean habitats of.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{_noaa_,
  title = {{NOAA} Study Helps Identify Wind Energy Development Sites in New York},
  url = {http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/weeklynews/july13/ny-offshore.html},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 17:34:49},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  file = {NOAA Study Helps Identify Wind Energy Development Sites in New York:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/JEQZIFCP/ny-offshore.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_center_,
  title = {Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment: Mapping and Analysis to support New York State's Offshore Spatial Plan},
  url = {http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/ecosystems/coastalocean/ny_spatialplanning.aspx},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 17:35:22},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  file = {Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment\: Mapping and Analysis to support New York State's Offshore Spatial Plan:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/N2RWFFAN/ny_spatialplanning.html:text/html}
}

@article{tulloch_why_2015a,
  title = {Why do we map threats? Linking threat mapping with actions to make better conservation decisions},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1540-9295},
  shorttitle = {Why do we map threats?},
  url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/10.1890/140022},
  doi = {10.1890/140022},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 01:39:46},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
  author = {Tulloch, Vivitskaia {JD} and Tulloch, Ayesha {IT} and Visconti, Piero and Halpern, Benjamin S and Watson, James {EM} and Evans, Megan C and Auerbach, Nancy A and Barnes, Megan and Beger, Maria and Chad{\`e}s, Iadine and Giakoumi, Sylvaine and {McDonald}-Madden, Eve and Murray, Nicholas J and Ringma, Jeremy and Possingham, Hugh P},
  month = mar,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {91--99},
  file = {Tulloch et al. - 2015 - Why do we map threats Linking threat mapping with.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3N8SWGH5/Tulloch et al. - 2015 - Why do we map threats Linking threat mapping with.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{pimm_biodiversity_2014,
  title = {The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection},
  volume = {344},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1246752},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1246752},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 01:39:46},
  number = {6187},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Science},
  author = {Pimm, S. L. and Jenkins, C. N. and Abell, R. and Brooks, T. M. and Gittleman, J. L. and Joppa, L. N. and Raven, P. H. and Roberts, C. M. and Sexton, J. O.},
  month = may,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {1246752--1246752}
}

@article{chades_benefits_2015,
  title = {Benefits of integrating complementarity into priority threat management: Complementarity and Species Conservation},
  volume = {29},
  issn = {08888892},
  shorttitle = {Benefits of integrating complementarity into priority threat management},
  url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/cobi.12413},
  doi = {10.1111/cobi.12413},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 01:39:46},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Chad{\'e}s, Iadine and Nicol, Sam and van Leeuwen, Stephen and Walters, Belinda and Firn, Jennifer and Reeson, Andrew and Martin, Tara G. and Carwardine, Josie},
  month = apr,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {525--536}
}

@article{halpern_mapping_2009,
  title = {Mapping cumulative human impacts to California Current marine ecosystems},
  volume = {2},
  timestamp = {2010-02-11 19:44:45},
  number = {3},
  journal = {Conservation Letters},
  author = {Halpern, B. S and Kappel, C. V and Selkoe, K. A and Micheli, F. and Ebert, C. M and Kontgis, C. and Crain, C. M and Martone, R. G and Shearer, C. and Teck, S. J},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {138--148},
  file = {Halpern2009_CaliCumImpacts_ConsLetters.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CXE2AUGH/Halpern2009_CaliCumImpacts_ConsLetters.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{giakoumi_framework_2015,
  title = {Towards a framework for assessment and management of cumulative human impacts on marine food webs},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2015 Society for Conservation Biology},
  issn = {1523-1739},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/cobi.12468/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/cobi.12468},
  abstract = {Effective ecosystem-based management requires understanding ecosystem responses to multiple human threats, rather than focusing on single threats. To understand ecosystem responses to anthropogenic threats holistically, it is necessary to know how threats affect different components within ecosystems and ultimately alter ecosystem functioning. We used a case study of a Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) food web and expert knowledge elicitation in an application of the initial steps of a framework for assessment of cumulative human impacts on food webs. We produced a conceptual seagrass food web model, determined the main trophic relationships, identified the main threats to the food web components, and assessed the components' vulnerability to those threats. Some threats had high (e.g., coastal infrastructure) or low impacts (e.g., agricultural runoff) on all food web components, whereas others (e.g., introduced carnivores) had very different impacts on each component. Partitioning the ecosystem into its components enabled us to identify threats previously overlooked and to reevaluate the importance of threats commonly perceived as major. By incorporating this understanding of system vulnerability with data on changes in the state of each threat (e.g., decreasing domestic pollution and increasing fishing) into a food web model, managers may be better able to estimate and predict cumulative human impacts on ecosystems and to prioritize conservation actions.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-07-09 22:50:59},
  urldate = {2015-07-09},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Giakoumi, Sylvaine and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Michel, Lo{\"\i}c N. and Gobert, Sylvie and Sini, Maria and Boudouresque, Charles-Fran{\c c}ois and Gambi, Maria-Cristina and Katsanevakis, Stelios and Lejeune, Pierre and Montefalcone, Monica and Pergent, Gerard and Pergent-Martini, Christine and Sanchez-Jerez, Pablo and Velimirov, Branko and Vizzini, Salvatrice and Abadie, Arnaud and Coll, Marta and Guidetti, Paolo and Micheli, Fiorenza and Possingham, Hugh P.},
  month = feb,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {acciones de conservaci{\'o}n,amenazas m{\'u}ltiples,conservation actions,Ecosystem-based management,expert knowledge elicitation,manejo con base en los ecosistemas,multiple threats,obtenci{\'o}n de conocimiento de expertos,pastos marinos,seagrass,vulnerabilidad,Vulnerability},
  pages = {n/a--n/a},
  file = {cobi12468-sup-0001-appendixS1.doc:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MA7W5GHX/cobi12468-sup-0001-appendixS1.doc:application/msword;cobi12468-sup-0002-appendixS2.doc:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PRWGXW2D/cobi12468-sup-0002-appendixS2.doc:application/msword;cobi12468-sup-0003-appendixS3.doc:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/VPRPUI8K/cobi12468-sup-0003-appendixS3.doc:application/msword;Giakoumi et al - 2015 - Towards a framework for assessment and management of cumulative human impacts.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8NQB7FTG/Giakoumi et al - 2015 - Towards a framework for assessment and management of cumulative human impacts.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/QG3SX62A/abstract\;jsessionid=E115D4F52ED403C0CD669F7C6943AC5C.html:text/html}
}

@article{ban_cumulative_2010,
  title = {Cumulative impact mapping: Advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada's Pacific waters as a case study},
  volume = {34},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {Cumulative impact mapping},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X10000114},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010},
  abstract = {Analysis of cumulative human impacts in the marine environment is still in its infancy but developing rapidly. In this study, existing approaches were expanded upon, aiming for a realistic consideration of cumulative impacts at a regional scale. Thirty-eight human activities were considered, with each broken down according to stressor types and a range of spatial influences. To add to the policy relevance, existing stressors within and outside of conservation areas were compared. Results indicate the entire continental shelf of Canada's Pacific marine waters is affected by multiple human activities at some level. Commercial fishing, land-based activities and marine transportation accounted for 57.0\%, 19.1\%, and 17.7\% of total cumulative impacts, respectively. Surprisingly, most areas with conservation designations contained higher impact scores than the mean values of their corresponding ecoregions. Despite recent advances in mapping cumulative impacts, many limitations remain. Nonetheless, preliminary analyses such as these can provide information relevant to precautionary management and conservation efforts.},
  timestamp = {2015-07-09 23:03:17},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2015-07-09},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Ban, Natalie C. and Alidina, Hussein M. and Ardron, Jeff A.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {Anthropogenic stressors,Cumulative effects,Ecosystem-based management,marine protected area,Marine spatial planning,multiple stressors},
  pages = {876--886},
  file = {Ban et al - 2010 - Cumulative impact mapping.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NX3SWWK3/Ban et al - 2010 - Cumulative impact mapping.pdf:application/pdf;mmc1.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ZDJJS7AQ/mmc1.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@comment{jabref-meta: groupsversion:3;}
@comment{jabref-meta: groupstree:
0 AllEntriesGroup:;
1 ExplicitGroup:aerial + boat\;0\;winiarski_integrating_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:conclusion\;0\;lubchenco_proposed_2010\;ardron_marine_
2008\;douvere_importance_2008\;halpern_managing_2008\;dahl_marine_2009
\;dolman_comparative_2009\;crowder_resolving_2006\;dolman_best_2010\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:decision making\;0\;undefined\;gopal_modeling_2015\;co
leman_decision_2011\;fyhr_review_2013\;undefined\;altman_ecosystem_201
4\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:sdm\;0\;fyhr_review_2013\;bergstrom_evaluating_2013\;m
arshall_species_2014\;miller_frequent_2014\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:seminal\;0\;coleman_decision_2011\;fyhr_review_2013\;u
ndefined\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:sdss\;0\;uran_why_2003\;wright_theory_2012\;janssen_de
cision_2015\;lieske_coping_2015\;patel_midas_2011\;arciniegas_effectiv
eness_2013\;eikelboom_interactive_2013\;bagstad_comparative_2013\;merr
ifield_marinemap_2013\;_decision_2015\;_spatial_2013\;_land_2015\;_dec
ision_2015a\;_decision_2015b\;segura_decision_2014\;li_ontology_2012\;
_spatial_a\;_land_\;crossland_spatial_1995\;;
3 ExplicitGroup:agro\;0\;li_design_2014\;walker_decision_2002\;;
3 ExplicitGroup:forestry\;0\;jones_application_2014\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:msp\;0\;stelzenmuller_practical_2013\;ruiz-frau_spatia
lly_2013\;janssen_decision_2015\;davies_spatial_2014\;leeney_environme
ntal_2014\;copping_international_2014\;wright_strengthening_2014\;kyri
azi_integration_2013\;collie_marine_2013\;zanuttigh_theseus_2014\;;
3 ExplicitGroup:wind\;0\;vandermolen_predicting_2014\;tabassum-abbasi_
wind_2014\;davies_spatial_2014\;saidur_environmental_2011\;ashley_pote
ntial_2014\;alexander_interactive_2012\;schillings_decision_2012\;;
3 ExplicitGroup:wave\;0\;leeney_environmental_2014\;janssen_decision_2
015a\;kim_catching_2012\;;
3 ExplicitGroup:fisheries\;0\;campbell_mapping_2014\;hattam_social_201
4\;;
3 ExplicitGroup:rec\;0\;ghermandi_global_2013\;;
3 ExplicitGroup:biodiv\;0\;guillet_systemic_2012\;comer_incorporating_
2015\;;
3 ExplicitGroup:risk\;0\;zanuttigh_theseus_2014\;kane_communicating_20
14\;penning-rowsell_innovation_2014\;;
3 ExplicitGroup:eco services\;0\;klein_ecosystem_2015\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:clim chg\;0\;lieske_framework_2012\;lieske_coping_2015
a\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:mlpa\;0\;gleason_designing_2013\;merrifield_marinemap_
2013\;white_comparison_2013\;saarman_role_2013\;fox_addressing_2013\;s
ayce_traditional_2013\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:bk Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisio
ns\;0\;murphy_criterium_2014\;saunders_netweaver_2014\;keane_evaluatin
g_2014\;reynolds_overview_2014\;bourgeron_integrated_2014\;wainwright_
measuring_2014\;hessburg_landscape_2014\;puente_planning_2014\;white_f
orest_2014\;gordon_use_2014\;paplanus_emds_2014\;gordon_wildlife_2014\
;stoms_ecological_2014\;reynolds_synthesis_2014\;reynolds_making_\;rey
nolds_making_2014\;_ecosystem_2015\;rauscher_ecosystem_1999\;mcintosh_
environmental_2011\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:sdss for routing\;0\;keenan_spatial_1998\;ruiz_decisio
n_2004\;tarantilis_using_2002\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:sdm\;0\;fyhr_review_2013\;bergstrom_evaluating_2013\;m
arshall_species_2014\;miller_frequent_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:seminal\;0\;coleman_decision_2011\;fyhr_review_2013\;u
ndefined\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:sdss\;0\;uran_why_2003\;wright_theory_2012\;janssen_de
cision_2015\;lieske_coping_2015\;patel_midas_2011\;arciniegas_effectiv
eness_2013\;eikelboom_interactive_2013\;bagstad_comparative_2013\;merr
ifield_marinemap_2013\;_decision_2015\;_spatial_2013\;_land_2015\;_dec
ision_2015a\;_decision_2015b\;segura_decision_2014\;li_ontology_2012\;
_spatial_a\;_land_\;crossland_spatial_1995\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:agro\;0\;li_design_2014\;walker_decision_2002\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:forestry\;0\;jones_application_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:agro\;0\;li_design_2014\;walker_decision_2002\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:forestry\;0\;jones_application_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:msp\;0\;stelzenmuller_practical_2013\;ruiz-frau_spatia
lly_2013\;janssen_decision_2015\;davies_spatial_2014\;leeney_environme
ntal_2014\;copping_international_2014\;wright_strengthening_2014\;kyri
azi_integration_2013\;collie_marine_2013\;zanuttigh_theseus_2014\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:wind\;0\;vandermolen_predicting_2014\;tabassum-abbasi_
wind_2014\;davies_spatial_2014\;saidur_environmental_2011\;ashley_pote
ntial_2014\;alexander_interactive_2012\;schillings_decision_2012\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:wave\;0\;leeney_environmental_2014\;janssen_decision_2
015a\;kim_catching_2012\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:fisheries\;0\;campbell_mapping_2014\;hattam_social_201
4\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:rec\;0\;ghermandi_global_2013\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:biodiv\;0\;guillet_systemic_2012\;comer_incorporating_
2015\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:risk\;0\;zanuttigh_theseus_2014\;kane_communicating_20
14\;penning-rowsell_innovation_2014\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:eco services\;0\;klein_ecosystem_2015\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:wind\;0\;vandermolen_predicting_2014\;tabassum-abbasi_
wind_2014\;davies_spatial_2014\;saidur_environmental_2011\;ashley_pote
ntial_2014\;alexander_interactive_2012\;schillings_decision_2012\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:wave\;0\;leeney_environmental_2014\;janssen_decision_2
015a\;kim_catching_2012\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:fisheries\;0\;campbell_mapping_2014\;hattam_social_201
4\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:rec\;0\;ghermandi_global_2013\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:biodiv\;0\;guillet_systemic_2012\;comer_incorporating_
2015\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:risk\;0\;zanuttigh_theseus_2014\;kane_communicating_20
14\;penning-rowsell_innovation_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:eco services\;0\;klein_ecosystem_2015\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:clim chg\;0\;lieske_framework_2012\;lieske_coping_2015
a\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:mlpa\;0\;gleason_designing_2013\;merrifield_marinemap_
2013\;white_comparison_2013\;saarman_role_2013\;fox_addressing_2013\;s
ayce_traditional_2013\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:bk Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisio
ns\;0\;murphy_criterium_2014\;saunders_netweaver_2014\;keane_evaluatin
g_2014\;reynolds_overview_2014\;bourgeron_integrated_2014\;wainwright_
measuring_2014\;hessburg_landscape_2014\;puente_planning_2014\;white_f
orest_2014\;gordon_use_2014\;paplanus_emds_2014\;gordon_wildlife_2014\
;stoms_ecological_2014\;reynolds_synthesis_2014\;reynolds_making_\;rey
nolds_making_2014\;_ecosystem_2015\;rauscher_ecosystem_1999\;mcintosh_
environmental_2011\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:sdss for routing\;0\;keenan_spatial_1998\;ruiz_decisio
n_2004\;tarantilis_using_2002\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:dynamic mgmt\;0\;lewison_dynamic_2015\;maxwell_dynamic
_2015\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:industry_species_impacts\;0\;maxwell_cumulative_2013\;
vanderhoop_assessment_2013\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:intro\;0\;lubchenco_proposed_2010\;uscommissiononocean
policy_ocean_2004\;smith_spatial_2012\;worm_rebuilding_2009\;learmonth
_potential_2006\;laist_collisions_2001\;douvere_importance_2008\;foley
_guiding_2010\;alter_tertiary_2010\;oshea_organochlorine_1994\;aguilar
_geographical_2002\;elith_species_2009\;halpern_managing_2008\;pressey
_conservation_2007\;weilgart_impacts_2007\;butchart_global_2010\;redfe
rn_techniques_2006\;dahl_marine_2009\;margules_systematic_2007\;worm_i
mpacts_2006\;halpern_global_2008\;dolman_comparative_2009\;crowder_ess
ential_2008\;crowder_resolving_2006\;pressey_approaches_2009\;dolman_b
est_2010\;ross_fireproof_2006\;read_looming_2008\;fretwell_whales_2014
\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:marxan_tradeoffs\;0\;moilanen_mathematical_2009\;ball_
marxan_2009\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:migration\;0\;kenney_migration_2001\;robinson_pushing_
2011\;schick_striking_2009\;good_spatial_2008\;departmentofthenavydon_
navy_2007\;sheldon_collective_2007\;best_online_2012\;undefined\;redfe
rn_techniques_2006\;guisan_predicting_2005\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:gray whale migratory sdm\;0\;falcone_distribution_2014
\;irvine_spatial_2014\;perryman_gray_2002\;bissell_using_2013\;barry_p
hysical_1991\;brownelljr_review_2003\;moore_gray_2003\;alter_climate_2
015\;feyrer_threshold_2015\;moore_marine_2008\;calambokidis_4_2015\;de
angelis_spatiotemporal_2012\;durban_estimating_2013\;anderson_modeling
_2013\;silva_north_2013\;dejesus_migration_2014\;ramp_adapting_2015\;_
niiss_\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:gray whale migratory sdm\;0\;falcone_distribution_2014
\;irvine_spatial_2014\;perryman_gray_2002\;bissell_using_2013\;barry_p
hysical_1991\;brownelljr_review_2003\;moore_gray_2003\;alter_climate_2
015\;feyrer_threshold_2015\;moore_marine_2008\;calambokidis_4_2015\;de
angelis_spatiotemporal_2012\;durban_estimating_2013\;anderson_modeling
_2013\;silva_north_2013\;dejesus_migration_2014\;ramp_adapting_2015\;_
niiss_\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:phd_other\;0\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:decision\;0\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:migration\;0\;_news_\;_early_\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:routing\;0\;_realigning_\;_cran_\;_project_\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:decision\;0\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:migration\;0\;_news_\;_early_\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:routing\;0\;_realigning_\;_cran_\;_project_\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:range\;0\;clark_future_2006\;ready_predicting_2010\;sc
hipper_status_2008\;schick_understanding_2008\;kaschner_mapping_2006\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:routing\;0\;vanderlaan_reducing_2008\;urban_graph_2009
\;kearney_mechanistic_2009\;schick_striking_2009\;wood_gis_2007\;wiley
_modeling_2011\;vanderlaan_efficacy_2009\;olsen_traffic_2012\;fonnesbe
ck_bayesian_2008\;vanderlaan_estimating_2011\;silber_assessment_2012\;
halpern_global_2008\;chetkiewicz_corridors_2006\;treml_modeling_2008\;
ward-geiger_characterization_2005\;best_updated_2015\;geijer_network_2
015\;urban_landscape_2001\;samoteskul_changing_2014\;samoteskul_analyz
ing_2013\;vanderlaan_vessel_2007\;vanderlaan_probability_2009\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:fairness efficiency\;0\;_what_\;_research_\;bertsimas_
fairness_2011\;bertsimas_trading_\;bertsimas_fairness_2011a\;bertsimas
_characterization_2010\;bertsimas_price_2011\;barnhart_equitable_2009\
;;
2 ExplicitGroup:SB Channel Islands\;0\;_whales_\;redfern_assessing_201
3\;betz_reducing_2011\;samoteskul_changing_2014\;samoteskul_analyzing_
2013\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:other\;0\;cook_population_2014\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:ship strike\;0\;redfern_assessing_2013\;_reducing_\;va
nderlaan_vessel_2007\;vanderlaan_probability_2009\;wiley_modeling_2011
a\;undefined\;vanderhoop_absolute_2012\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:mid Atlantic\;0\;samoteskul_changing_2014\;samoteskul_
analyzing_2013\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:industry\;0\;_home_\;_imo_\;_united_\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:machine learning software\;0\;_aerosolve_\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:GoM r whales\;0\;vanderlaan_probability_2009\;vanderho
op_vessel_2015\;vanderhoop_assessment_2013\;wiley_modeling_2011a\;vand
erhoop_absolute_2012\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:BC ship strike\;0\;williams_modelling_2009\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:Central America\;0\;guzman_potential_2013\;guzman_popu
lation_2015\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:space time routing\;0\;foschini_approximation_2012\;fo
schini_complexity_2014\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:c_routing\;0\;vanderlaan_reducing_2008\;urban_graph_20
09\;schick_striking_2009\;wood_gis_2007\;vanderlaan_efficacy_2009\;env
iroemergconsultingservices_major_2008\;fonnesbeck_bayesian_2008\;vande
rlaan_estimating_2011\;halpern_global_2008\;chetkiewicz_corridors_2006
\;russell_recommended_2001\;treml_modeling_2008\;ward-geiger_character
ization_2005\;best_updated_2015\;urban_landscape_2001\;clarke_identifi
cation_2006\;vanderlaan_vessel_2007\;vanderlaan_probability_2009\;vand
erhoop_vessel_2015\;vanderhoop_absolute_2012\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:fairness efficiency\;0\;_what_\;_research_\;bertsimas_
fairness_2011\;bertsimas_trading_\;bertsimas_fairness_2011a\;bertsimas
_characterization_2010\;bertsimas_price_2011\;barnhart_equitable_2009\
;;
1 ExplicitGroup:SB Channel Islands\;0\;_whales_\;redfern_assessing_201
3\;betz_reducing_2011\;samoteskul_changing_2014\;samoteskul_analyzing_
2013\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:other\;0\;cook_population_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:ship strike\;0\;redfern_assessing_2013\;_reducing_\;va
nderlaan_vessel_2007\;vanderlaan_probability_2009\;wiley_modeling_2011
a\;undefined\;vanderhoop_absolute_2012\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:mid Atlantic\;0\;samoteskul_changing_2014\;samoteskul_
analyzing_2013\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:industry\;0\;_home_\;_imo_\;_united_\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:machine learning software\;0\;_aerosolve_\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:GoM r whales\;0\;vanderlaan_probability_2009\;vanderho
op_vessel_2015\;vanderhoop_assessment_2013\;wiley_modeling_2011a\;vand
erhoop_absolute_2012\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:BC ship strike\;0\;williams_modelling_2009\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:Central America\;0\;guzman_potential_2013\;guzman_popu
lation_2015\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:space time routing\;0\;foschini_approximation_2012\;fo
schini_complexity_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:c_routing\;0\;vanderlaan_reducing_2008\;urban_graph_20
09\;schick_striking_2009\;wood_gis_2007\;vanderlaan_efficacy_2009\;env
iroemergconsultingservices_major_2008\;fonnesbeck_bayesian_2008\;vande
rlaan_estimating_2011\;halpern_global_2008\;chetkiewicz_corridors_2006
\;russell_recommended_2001\;treml_modeling_2008\;ward-geiger_character
ization_2005\;best_updated_2015\;urban_landscape_2001\;clarke_identifi
cation_2006\;vanderlaan_vessel_2007\;vanderlaan_probability_2009\;vand
erhoop_vessel_2015\;vanderhoop_absolute_2012\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:scale\;0\;wiens_spatial_1989\;wiens_foundation_2007\;l
evin_problem_1992\;lindenmayer_checklist_2008\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:sdm\;0\;hall_abundance_2010\;wiens_spatial_1989\;rober
ts_marine_2010\;hyrenbach_marine_2000\;gremillet_spatial_2008\;leathwi
ck_comparative_2006\;ardron_marine_2008\;araujo_ensemble_2007\;redfern
_absence_2008\;best_online_2012\;dormann_methods_2007\;nally_use_2008\
;phillips_sample_2009\;hobday_real_2006\;redfern_techniques_2006\;hein
anen_modelling_2009\;tewkai_top_2009\;becker_comparing_2010\;howell_tu
rtlewatch_2008\;dunn_spatio_2010\;ward-geiger_characterization_2005\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:maxent\;0\;fourcade_mapping_2014\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:predictors\;0\;pardo_inferring_2015\;miller_basking_20
15\;scales_application_2015\;scales_front_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:maxent\;0\;fourcade_mapping_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:predictors\;0\;pardo_inferring_2015\;miller_basking_20
15\;scales_application_2015\;scales_front_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:siting\;0\;clark_future_2006\;liu_evaluation_2012\;bra
dbury_mapping_2014\;taylor_bayesian_1996\;polasky_decision_2011\;willi
ams_prioritizing_2014\;ellison_bayesian_2004\;ellison_introduction_199
6\;shrader-frechette_method_1993\;wade_bayesian_2000\;adams_synthesis_
2014\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:tradeoff analysis\;0\;halpern_achieving_2013\;daw_eval
uating_2015\;foley_improving_2013\;rudd_scientists_2015\;lyth_place_20
15\;bundy_decision_2015\;brown_trade_2001\;kittinger_practical_2014\;m
cshane_hard_2011\;decesare_role_2011\;groot_exploring_2007\;decesare_r
ole_2011a\;sacchelli_bioenergy_2013\;white_ecosystem_2012\;ziv_trading
_2012\;lester_evaluating_2013\;hou_uncertainties_2013\;yates_ocean_201
5\;collie_marine_2013a\;booshehrian_vismon_2012\;dowling_low_2013\;sch
mitz_conserving_2015\;arponen_effects_2012\;jackson_polyscape_2013\;bo
umans_multiscale_2015\;tulloch_incorporating_2013\;whitehead_integrati
ng_2014\;macmartin_management_2013\;starrfelt_bet_2012\;scarff_new_201
5\;ramirez_analyzing_2013\;feinberg_evaluating_2014\;kim_catching_2012
a\;betz_reducing_2011\;grilli_offshore_2012\;ban_socialecological_2013
\;allan_joint_2013\;ruckelshaus_securing_2013\;luck_identifying_2012\;
samhouri_lessons_2014\;white_value_2012\;ruijs_trade_2013\;foley_impro
ving_2013a\;grilli_protocol_2013\;grilli_wind_2014\;watson_performance
_2014\;oreilly_offshore_2012\;needles_managing_2013\;carcamo_using_201
4\;wedding_principles_2013\;mcbride_krill_2014\;sanchirico_conservatio
n_2013\;jin_empirical_2013\;cornu_current_2014\;mouchet_interdisciplin
ary_2014\;yang_optimal_2015\;martinez-harms_making_2015\;andersen_balt
ic_2015\;stokes_conservation_2014\;liu_systems_2015\;cavender-bares_su
stainability_2015\;polasky_where_2008\;white_ecosystem_2012a\;rassweil
er_integrating_2014\;tuda_resolving_2014\;feng_modelling_2015\;stelzen
muller_quantitative_2015\;luck_identifying_2012a\;tulloch_why_2015\;le
vin_marine_2015\;white_ecologists_2014\;wedding_principles_2013a\;kitt
inger_practical_2014a\;lester_evaluating_2013a\;hamalainen_portfolio_2
013\;infante_building_2014\;ruijs_opportunity_2012\;gaymer_using_2014\
;white_value_2012a\;martinez-harms_making_2015a\;rassweiler_integratin
g_2014a\;rodriguez-labajos_climate_2013\;voss_assessing_2014\;hu_saore
s_2014\;martinez-harms_making_2015b\;petruny_getting_2014\;white_value
_2012b\;rassweiler_integrating_2014b\;white_matching_2010\;voss_assess
ing_2014a\;caldow_biogeographic_2015\;huang_regional_2015\;shucksmith_
regional_2014\;murdoch_maximizing_2007\;_efficient_\;_efficient_a\;mar
kowitz_portfolio_1952\;ban_social_2013\;boyd_conservation_2015\;naidoo
_integrating_2006\;stoorvogel_tradeoff_2004\;thomas_libguides_\;_paret
o_\;;
3 ExplicitGroup:triple bottom line: ecol, econ, socio\;0\;anderson_fis
hery_2015\;;
3 ExplicitGroup:regime shifts\;0\;partridge_editorial_2015\;beaugrand_
memoriam_2015\;mollmann_marine_2015\;dakos_resilience_2015\;mollmann_m
arine_2015a\;gardmark_regime_2015\;beaugrand_theoretical_2015\;bozec_s
ynergistic_2015\;jouffray_identifying_2015\;ling_global_2015\;pershing
_evaluating_2015\;beaugrand_synchronous_2015\;fisher_importance_2015\;
rocha_marine_2015\;levin_marine_2015a\;king_shifts_2015\;kelly_embraci
ng_2015\;osterblom_globalization_2015\;conversi_holistic_2015\;;
3 ExplicitGroup:Markoff (1952) Portfolio Analysis\;0\;garnett_improvin
g_2007\;_efficient_\;_efficient_a\;markowitz_portfolio_1952\;benitez_c
onservation_2006\;ando_optimal_2012\;knoke_financial_2008\;dekoning_mo
delling_2007\;hoekstra_improving_2012\;mcshane_hard_2011a\;cundill_mon
itoring_2009\;hirsch_acknowledging_2011\;chan_rethinking_2012\;ban_soc
ial_2013\;sayer_ten_2013\;redpath_understanding_2013\;miller_new_2011\
;robinson_ethical_2011\;fox_reexamining_2012\;mallory_implementing_201
4\;champion_improved_2015\;schapaugh_maximizing_2014\;griffiths_perfor
mance_2014\;cominetti_equilibrium_2015\;nesbitt_diversity_2014\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:wind\;0\;hoagland_approach_2015\;menza2012biogeographi
c\;_noaa_\;_center_\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:threat mapping\;0\;tulloch_why_2015a\;pimm_biodiversit
y_2014\;chades_benefits_2015\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:cumulative impacts\;0\;halpern_mapping_2009\;giakoumi_
framework_2015\;ban_cumulative_2010\;maxwell_cumulative_2013\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:tradeoff analysis\;0\;halpern_achieving_2013\;daw_eval
uating_2015\;foley_improving_2013\;rudd_scientists_2015\;lyth_place_20
15\;bundy_decision_2015\;brown_trade_2001\;kittinger_practical_2014\;m
cshane_hard_2011\;decesare_role_2011\;groot_exploring_2007\;decesare_r
ole_2011a\;sacchelli_bioenergy_2013\;white_ecosystem_2012\;ziv_trading
_2012\;lester_evaluating_2013\;hou_uncertainties_2013\;yates_ocean_201
5\;collie_marine_2013a\;booshehrian_vismon_2012\;dowling_low_2013\;sch
mitz_conserving_2015\;arponen_effects_2012\;jackson_polyscape_2013\;bo
umans_multiscale_2015\;tulloch_incorporating_2013\;whitehead_integrati
ng_2014\;macmartin_management_2013\;starrfelt_bet_2012\;scarff_new_201
5\;ramirez_analyzing_2013\;feinberg_evaluating_2014\;kim_catching_2012
a\;betz_reducing_2011\;grilli_offshore_2012\;ban_socialecological_2013
\;allan_joint_2013\;ruckelshaus_securing_2013\;luck_identifying_2012\;
samhouri_lessons_2014\;white_value_2012\;ruijs_trade_2013\;foley_impro
ving_2013a\;grilli_protocol_2013\;grilli_wind_2014\;watson_performance
_2014\;oreilly_offshore_2012\;needles_managing_2013\;carcamo_using_201
4\;wedding_principles_2013\;mcbride_krill_2014\;sanchirico_conservatio
n_2013\;jin_empirical_2013\;cornu_current_2014\;mouchet_interdisciplin
ary_2014\;yang_optimal_2015\;martinez-harms_making_2015\;andersen_balt
ic_2015\;stokes_conservation_2014\;liu_systems_2015\;cavender-bares_su
stainability_2015\;polasky_where_2008\;white_ecosystem_2012a\;rassweil
er_integrating_2014\;tuda_resolving_2014\;feng_modelling_2015\;stelzen
muller_quantitative_2015\;luck_identifying_2012a\;tulloch_why_2015\;le
vin_marine_2015\;white_ecologists_2014\;wedding_principles_2013a\;kitt
inger_practical_2014a\;lester_evaluating_2013a\;hamalainen_portfolio_2
013\;infante_building_2014\;ruijs_opportunity_2012\;gaymer_using_2014\
;white_value_2012a\;martinez-harms_making_2015a\;rassweiler_integratin
g_2014a\;rodriguez-labajos_climate_2013\;voss_assessing_2014\;hu_saore
s_2014\;martinez-harms_making_2015b\;petruny_getting_2014\;white_value
_2012b\;rassweiler_integrating_2014b\;white_matching_2010\;voss_assess
ing_2014a\;caldow_biogeographic_2015\;huang_regional_2015\;shucksmith_
regional_2014\;murdoch_maximizing_2007\;_efficient_\;_efficient_a\;mar
kowitz_portfolio_1952\;ban_social_2013\;boyd_conservation_2015\;naidoo
_integrating_2006\;stoorvogel_tradeoff_2004\;thomas_libguides_\;_paret
o_\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:triple bottom line: ecol, econ, socio\;0\;anderson_fis
hery_2015\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:regime shifts\;0\;partridge_editorial_2015\;beaugrand_
memoriam_2015\;mollmann_marine_2015\;dakos_resilience_2015\;mollmann_m
arine_2015a\;gardmark_regime_2015\;beaugrand_theoretical_2015\;bozec_s
ynergistic_2015\;jouffray_identifying_2015\;ling_global_2015\;pershing
_evaluating_2015\;beaugrand_synchronous_2015\;fisher_importance_2015\;
rocha_marine_2015\;levin_marine_2015a\;king_shifts_2015\;kelly_embraci
ng_2015\;osterblom_globalization_2015\;conversi_holistic_2015\;;
2 ExplicitGroup:Markoff (1952) Portfolio Analysis\;0\;garnett_improvin
g_2007\;_efficient_\;_efficient_a\;markowitz_portfolio_1952\;benitez_c
onservation_2006\;ando_optimal_2012\;knoke_financial_2008\;dekoning_mo
delling_2007\;hoekstra_improving_2012\;mcshane_hard_2011a\;cundill_mon
itoring_2009\;hirsch_acknowledging_2011\;chan_rethinking_2012\;ban_soc
ial_2013\;sayer_ten_2013\;redpath_understanding_2013\;miller_new_2011\
;robinson_ethical_2011\;fox_reexamining_2012\;mallory_implementing_201
4\;champion_improved_2015\;schapaugh_maximizing_2014\;griffiths_perfor
mance_2014\;cominetti_equilibrium_2015\;nesbitt_diversity_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:triple bottom line: ecol, econ, socio\;0\;anderson_fis
hery_2015\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:regime shifts\;0\;partridge_editorial_2015\;beaugrand_
memoriam_2015\;mollmann_marine_2015\;dakos_resilience_2015\;mollmann_m
arine_2015a\;gardmark_regime_2015\;beaugrand_theoretical_2015\;bozec_s
ynergistic_2015\;jouffray_identifying_2015\;ling_global_2015\;pershing
_evaluating_2015\;beaugrand_synchronous_2015\;fisher_importance_2015\;
rocha_marine_2015\;levin_marine_2015a\;king_shifts_2015\;kelly_embraci
ng_2015\;osterblom_globalization_2015\;conversi_holistic_2015\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:Markoff (1952) Portfolio Analysis\;0\;garnett_improvin
g_2007\;_efficient_\;_efficient_a\;markowitz_portfolio_1952\;benitez_c
onservation_2006\;ando_optimal_2012\;knoke_financial_2008\;dekoning_mo
delling_2007\;hoekstra_improving_2012\;mcshane_hard_2011a\;cundill_mon
itoring_2009\;hirsch_acknowledging_2011\;chan_rethinking_2012\;ban_soc
ial_2013\;sayer_ten_2013\;redpath_understanding_2013\;miller_new_2011\
;robinson_ethical_2011\;fox_reexamining_2012\;mallory_implementing_201
4\;champion_improved_2015\;schapaugh_maximizing_2014\;griffiths_perfor
mance_2014\;cominetti_equilibrium_2015\;nesbitt_diversity_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:wind\;0\;hoagland_approach_2015\;menza2012biogeographi
c\;_noaa_\;_center_\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:threat mapping\;0\;tulloch_why_2015a\;pimm_biodiversit
y_2014\;chades_benefits_2015\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:cumulative impacts\;0\;halpern_mapping_2009\;giakoumi_
framework_2015\;ban_cumulative_2010\;maxwell_cumulative_2013\;;
}