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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="author" content="Matt Makai">
<meta name="description" content="Flask 是一个流行的，可扩展的 Web 微框架。">
<title>Flask - Full Stack Python</title>
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<body>
<div class="container">
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<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="logo-header-section">
<a href="/" style="text-decoration: none; border: none;"><img src="/img/logo-sm.png" class="logo-image" alt="Full Stack Python logo"></a>
<span class="logo-title"><a href="https://www.fullstackpython.com/">Full Stack Python</a></span>
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<h1>Flask</h1>
<p><a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/">Flask</a> 是一个 Python Web 框架，它在设计实现时奉行 <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/design/">小核心且易于扩展的哲学</a>。</p>
<p><a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/" style="border: none;"><img src="/img/flask.jpg" width="100%" alt="Official Flask logo. Flask Artwork License." class="technical-diagram"></a></p>
<h2>为什么说 Flask Web 框架是一个不错的选择？</h2>
<p>人们认为 Flask 相比 Django 更加的 <a href="http://blog.startifact.com/posts/older/what-is-pythonic.html">Pythonic</a>， 因为 Flask Web 应用的代码在多数情况下都会更加清晰明确。 由于创建和运行一个简单的 Flask 应用只需很少的样板文件， Flask 对于初学者来说，更易于上手。</p>
<p>例如，下面是一个 Flask 版本的 "hello world" 应用(它的 Django 版本将需要更多的代码量）：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">flask</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Flask</span>
<span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Flask</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">__name__</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nd">@app.route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">hello_world</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s1">'Hello World!'</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Flask 是距 Django 好几年后才开发的，因此它能从 Django 框架的发展历程中学到很多东西。Jökull Sólberg 在他的这篇文章 <a href="http://jokull.calepin.co/my-flask-to-django-experience.html">从 Flask 换回到 Django 经历</a>中就很好地阐明了这个问题。</p>
<div class="well see-also">Flask 是对<a href="/web-frameworks.html">Web 框架</a> 概念的一种实现。在 <a href="/web-development.html">Web 开发</a> 那一章你可以了解框架的各部分组件是如何协同工作的，或者到 <a href="/table-of-contents.html">总目录</a> 页去查看其它所有主题。</div>
<h2>Flask 资源</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>由 <a href="https://twitter.com/miguelgrinberg">Miguel Grinberg</a> 写的这套教程是学习如何使用这个 Web 框架的绝佳入门资源。 每一篇文章都只关注一个主题，并且都是建立在之前文章的基础上。这个系列共分 18 个部分：
<a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-i-hello-world">#1 Hello World</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-ii-templates">#2 模板</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-iii-web-forms">#3 表单</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-iv-database">#4 数据库</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-v-user-logins">#5 用户登录</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-vi-profile-page-and-avatars">#6 简介页与用户标识</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-vii-unit-testing">#7 单元测试</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-viii-followers-contacts-and-friends">#8 关注者、联系人及好友</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-ix-pagination">#9 分页</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-x-full-text-search">#10 全文检索</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xi-email-support">#11 邮件支持</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xii-facelift">#12 改良</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xiii-dates-and-times">#13 日期和时间</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xiv-i18n-and-l10n">#14 国际化和本地化</a>、 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xv-ajax">#15 Ajax</a> <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xvi-debugging-testing-and-profiling">#16 调试、测试及性能分析</a> <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xvii-deployment-on-linux-even-on-the-raspberry-pi">#17 在 Linux 上部署</a> 及 <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xviii-deployment-on-the-heroku-cloud">#18 在 Heroku 云上部署</a>。 Miguel 还编写了 <a href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920031116.do">O'Reilly Flask Web 开发</a> 这本书，这也是本相当不错的学习资料。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>如果你想一份趣味教程来学习 Flask 和 WebSocket 知识，看下我的博文 <a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2014/11/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations-with-reveal-js-python-and-websockets.html">使用 Reveal.js、 Python 和 WebSocket 创建一个可交互的演示文稿</a>。参照那个教程来 <a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2015/03/choose-your-own-adventures-presentations-wizard-mode-part-1-of-3.html">创建一个管理界面， 这是第 1 部分</a>、 <a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2015/05/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations-wizard-mode-part-2-of-3.html">第 2 部分</a> 和 <a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2015/07/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations-flask-reveal-js-websockets.html">第 3 部分</a> 向你展示了如何使用表单和 SQLAlchemy。当然这个应用还有一个开源的 <a href="https://github.com/mattmakai/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations">GitHub 代码库</a>，并同步博客 <a href="https://github.com/makaimc/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations/releases">对每一次的文章发布都作了 tag</a>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>这个 <a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2015/09/warm-phone-call-transfers-with-python-flask-and-twilio-voice.html">简单的 Flask 应用使用 Twilio Voice</a> 实现三方之间的语言通话功能。这是我发布在 Twilio 博客上的关于 Python 和 Flask 的介绍文章，非常有趣。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/">Flask 扩展中心</a> 这份精心整理的列表上都是些 Flask 最佳扩展。如果你需要的一些功能没有包含在核心框架中，你可以先到这里找找看。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://exploreflask.com/">探索 Flask</a> 是一本公共图书，它之前是 Kickstarter 上的一个项目，在进行开源之前大约收费了一年多时间。该书讲解了创建 Flask 应用的最佳实践和模式。 </p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://mattupstate.com/blog/how-i-structure-my-flask-applications/">如何组织我的 Flask 应用</a> 演示了这位开发者对其 Flask 应用的各部件和构架是如何进行组织的。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.twilio.com/docs/tutorials/walkthrough/browser-calls/python/flask">将打电话功能添加到你的 Web 应用中</a> 是一个重量级的 Flask 教程，里面附带了创建一个可以拨打电话和接听来电的 Web 应用的全部所需代码。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Jeff Knupp 写了一篇不错的文章叫 <a href="http://www.jeffknupp.com/blog/2014/01/29/productionizing-a-flask-application/">创建一个 Flask 应用</a>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Plank & Whittle 这个博客上有两篇文章，一篇叫 <a href="http://www.plankandwhittle.com/packaging-a-flask-web-app/">如何打包一个 Flask Web 应用</a>，另一篇叫 <a href="http://www.plankandwhittle.com/packaging-a-flask-app-in-a-debian-package/">将 Flask 应用打包成一个 Debian 包</a>，适合已创建了一个应用并想进行部署的你看。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>这份 <a href="http://code.tutsplus.com/tutorials/an-introduction-to-pythons-flask-framework--net-28822">Flask 教程</a> 是另一个不错的框架入门资料。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://readwrite.com/2014/07/11/one-click-messaging-app">创建你自己的类似 Yo 的极简消息应用</a> 示范了一个非常基本的 Flask 应用，使用 <a href="https://www.nitrous.io/">Nitrous.io</a> 来创建项目，并用 <a href="https://www.twilio.com/">Twilio</a> 来提供短信功能。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>这个博客系列文章 "其实并不神奇"，讲解了 Flask 中无处不在的 @app.route 这个装饰器到底是如何运作的。这个系列分为两部分， <a href="http://ains.co/blog/things-which-arent-magic-flask-part-1.html">第 1 部分</a> 和 <a href="http://ains.co/blog/things-which-arent-magic-flask-part-2.html">第 2 部分</a>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.realpython.com/blog/python/flask-by-example-part-1-project-setup/">通过示例学 Flask: 第 1 部分</a> 对 Flask 工程如何进行初始设置进行了讲解。 <a href="http://www.realpython.com/blog/flask-by-example-part-2-postgres-sqlalchemy-and-alembic/">第 2 部分</a> 讲解了如何使用 PostgreSQL、 SQLAlchemy 和 Alembic。 <a href="https://realpython.com/blog/python/flask-by-example-part-3-text-processing-with-requests-beautifulsoup-nltk/">第 3 部分</a> 描述了如何使用 BeautifulSoup 和 NLTK 进行文本处理。<a href="https://realpython.com/blog/python/flask-by-example-implementing-a-redis-task-queue/">第 4 部分</a> 展示了如何用 Flask 和 Redis 来创建一个任务队列。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2014/10/branded-mms-coupon-generation-with-python-and-twilio.html">使用 Python 和 Twilio 生成品牌的彩信优惠券</a> 是我写的一篇 Flask 教程，讲述如何创建一个 Web 应用并通过彩信发送品牌条码优惠券。这篇文章对应用开发的每个步骤（从一片空目录开始直到创建一个可以部署到 Heroku 的应用）都作了一一的讲解。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/articles/how-to-structure-large-flask-applications">如何组织一个大型的 Flask 应用</a> 涉及的这个主题，是你一旦要开始在你的 Flask 应用 中增加重要的功能时就会很快碰到的。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://fewstreet.com/2015/01/16/flask-blueprint-templates.html">Flask 模板</a> 针对大型项目，展示了如何组织你的多个 <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.10/blueprints/">blueprints</a>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/video-streaming-with-flask">Flask 实现视频流功能</a> 是 Miguel Grinberg 的另一篇精彩教程，内容涉及视频流。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://medium.com/@5hreyans/the-one-weird-trick-that-cut-our-flask-page-load-time-by-70-87145335f679">一行代码并能减少 Flask 60% 的页面加载时间</a> 是篇重要的文章，阐明了优化 Flask 模板的缓存大小在某些情况下能显著地增加性能。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2014/03/unit-testing-your-twilio-app-using-pythons-flask-and-nose.html">利用 Python 的 Flask 和 Nose 来对你的 Twilio 应用进行单元测试</a> 涉及如何将 Twilio API 集成到 Flask 应用中，以及如何用 <a href="https://nose.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">nose</a> 进行功能测试。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Flask 文档上有一些小例子，演示了如果在 <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/deploying/wsgi-standalone/">独立的 WSGI 容器</a> 中部署 Flask。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://realpython.com/blog/python/handling-email-confirmation-in-flask/">在 Flask 中如何确认邮件地址</a> 很好地示范了如何将邮件地址与用户的登录信息进行匹配。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>如果你还不是很了解为什么在生产环境中 <a href="/deployment.html">部署</a>后，必须要将 <code>DEBUG</code> 设置成 <code>False</code> 的话，你应该读读这篇文章 <a href="http://labs.detectify.com/post/130332638391/how-patreon-got-hacked-publicly-exposed-werkzeug">Patreon 是如何被黑掉的</a>。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>开源 Flask 示例项目</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/mattmakai/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations">交互式的演示文稿</a> 将 Flask 与 <a href="http://lab.hakim.se/reveal-js/">Reveal.js</a> 及短信结合，创建了一个观众能够投票决定事件进程的演示文稿。它的代码在 MIT 许可下完全开源，它使用 <a href="https://flask-socketio.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">Flask-SocketIO</a> 和 <a href="https://flask-wtf.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">Flask-WTF</a> 项目来支持投票和表单输入功能。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/skylines-project/skylines">Skylines</a> 是一个开源的航班信息追踪系统，它用 Flask 实现。可以在 <a href="https://skylines.aero/">这里看到这个应用的运行效果</a>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microblog">Microblog</a> 这个开源项目是和 Miguel Grinberg 的 O'Reilly Flask 那本书配套的。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/mjhea0/flaskr-tdd">Flaskr TDD</a> 遵循了官方的 Flask 教程， 并在项目中增加了测试驱动开发和 JQuery。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>这是一个 <a href="http://charlesleifer.com/blog/saturday-morning-hack-a-little-note-taking-app-with-flask/">笔记记录应用</a>，这是它在 <a href="https://gist.github.com/coleifer/632d3c9aa6b2ea519384">Gist 上的源代码</a>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/BouncyNudibranch/bean-counter">Bean Counter</a> 是一个开源的 Flask 应用，用于追踪咖啡的相关信息。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://flaskbb.org/">FlaskBB</a> 是一个用 Flask 实现的论坛应用。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/Jahaja/psdash">psdash</a> 这个应用是用 Flask 和 psutils 创建的，它能显示运行它的计算机的相关信息。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Flask 项目模板</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/kamalgill/flask-appengine-template">Flask App Engine 模板</a> ，采用这个模板设置，你的 Flask 应用就能在 Google App Engine 上运行。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/JackStouffer/Flask-Foundation">Flask Foundation</a> 是一个 Flask 项目模板。它还有一个 <a href="https://jackstouffer.github.io/Flask-Foundation/">相应的网站</a>，讲解了这个模板中包含了哪些扩展。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/sloria/cookiecutter-flask">Cookiecutter Flask</a> 这个项目模板使用了 <a href="https://github.com/audreyr/cookiecutter">Cookiecutter</a>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/MaxHalford/Flask-Boilerplate">Flask-Boilerplate</a> 是另一个项目模板，它提供了注册、登录和密码重置等功能。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Sunscrapers 公司提供了这个 <a href="https://github.com/sunscrapers/flask-boilerplate">采用了 SQLAlchemy、 py.test 和 Celery 的 Flask 样板项目</a> 完全符合 Flask 项目的结构要求。</p>
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<h2>Flask 框架学习清单</h2>
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