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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="author" content="Matt Makai">
<meta name="description" content="Nginx 是一个部署普遍的 web 服务器,它同时也可以作为 WSGI Python web 应用的反向代理。">
<title>Nginx - Full Stack Python</title>
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<h1>Nginx</h1>
<p>Nginx 是 <a href="http://w3techs.com/technologies/cross/web_server/ranking">前 10 万个网站中第二常用的 web 服务器</a>。Nginx 也可以作为 Python <a href="/wsgi-servers.html">WSGI 服务器</a> 或者甚至是其它 web 服务器(例如 Apache)的反向代理,用于处理请求并回传响应。</p>
<p><img src="/img/web-servers-map.png" width="100%" alt="Python web application deployments rely on Nginx either as a web server or reverse proxy for WSGI servers." class="technical-diagram" /></p>
<div class="well see-also">Nginx 是<a href="/web-servers.html"> web 服务器</a> 概念的一种实现。在<a href="/deployment.html">部署</a> 章节学习这些部分是如何组合在一起的或者查看所有主题的<a href="/table-of-contents.html">目录</a></div>
<h2>我该使用 Nginx 还是 Apache HTTP 服务器?</h2>
<p>让我们认清这两款“竞争”的服务器:它们都是非常棒的开源项目,并且都能够很好地为你的 web 应用部署提供服务。事实上,许多全球顶级的 web 应用在它们许多部署步骤中都同时使用这两款服务器,通过完整的 HTTP 请求—响应周期。</p>
<p>相对于 Apache,我个人使用 Nginx 更为频繁,因为它的配置文件感觉写起来更容易,并且有更少的可选模板。</p>
<p>这也有点懒惰的成分:Nginx 工作得很好,它从不会给我带来问题。所以,我坚持使用我久经沙场的 Ansible <a href="/configuration-management.html">配置管理</a> 文件来设置 Nginx 使用 HTTPS 和 SSL/TLS 证书。</p>
<h2>Nginx 安全防护</h2>
<p>通过系统包管理器或者源码编译进行标准安装后的默认 Nginx 配置是一个很好的安全基础。
然而,最开始几次尝试设置密码和重定向会让人很疑惑。一个非常好的办法是阅读相关教程来确保你在被 HTTP(S) 配置折磨时避免最常见的安全错误</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.airport-parking-shop.co.uk/blog/hacker-news-broke-site-nginx-pagespeed-fixed-problem/">黑客新闻破坏了我们的网站——Nginx 和 PageSpeed 如何修复问题</a>
主要说明了优化 Nginx 配置以实现更高效地 SSL 连接。这篇文章也包括了使用 Ansible 和 Pagespeed 模块的<a href="/configuration-management.html">配置管理</a>,其中,Pagespeed 模块是 Google 为 Nginx 和 <a href="/apache-http-server.html">Apache HTTP 服务器</a> 开发的模块。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://letsecure.me/secure-web-deployment-with-lets-encrypt-and-nginx/">使用 Let's Encrypt 和 Nginx 增强 Web 部署安全</a>
详细演示了在 Ubuntu 14.04 下使用 Nginx 设置 HTTPS。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-secure-nginx-on-ubuntu-14-04">如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 上添加 Nginx 安全防护</a>
说明了 SSL 配置和 IP 地址黑名单,然后提供了其它一些更高级的安全模块教程。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/Strong_SSL_Security_On_nginx.html">在 Nginx 上增强 SSL 安全</a>
说明了如何缓和高调的 SSL 攻击,例如
<a href="https://weakdh.org/">Logjam</a>,
<a href="http://heartbleed.com/">Heartbleed</a>
和 <a href="https://freakattack.com/">FREAK</a>。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>常见 Nginx 资源</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>在 <a href="http://www.aosabook.org/en/index.html">开源应用架构一书</a> 中的 <a href="http://www.aosabook.org/en/nginx.html">Nginx 章节</a> 详细说明了为何 Nginx 以某种方式扩展构建,并且拥有很棒的部署之旅课程。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://nginx.com/blog/inside-nginx-how-we-designed-for-performance-scale/">Nginx 内部:我们如何针对性能和扩展性进行设计</a>
是一篇来自 Nginx 开发者的博客,说明了他们为何相信他们的架构模型要比其它构建 web 服务器的方法更加高效,更具扩展性。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://gdstechnology.blog.gov.uk/2015/03/25/test-driving-web-server-configuration/">测试驱动 web 服务器配置</a>
是一个非常好的故事,说明了如何反复应用配置变动,例如路由流量到 <a href="http://piwik.org/">Piwik</a> 进行<a href="/web-analytics.html">web 分析</a>、作为应用后端进行反向代理、以切当的方式终止 TLS 连接。
阅读一个写得很好的软件部署文章可以让人映像深刻,就像这篇来自政府机关的文章,虽然 UK 政府数字服务,还有美国 18F 以及美国数字服务形成了比最典型的机关更为可靠的文化。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://carrot.is/coding/nginx_introduction">针对开发者的 Nginx 介绍</a> 给出了最初几步来配置 Nginx 并运行它。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://arstechnica.com/business/2011/11/a-faster-web-server-ripping-out-apache-for-nginx/">一个更快的 Web 服务器:用 Nginx 替代 Apache</a>
说明了在某些情况下为了提升性能可以使用 Nginx 替换 Apache。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-vs-apache-our-view/">Nginx 对比 Apache:我们的看法</a>
由 Nginx 背后的开发者以第一方视角说明 web 服务器之间的差别。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://lincolnloop.com/blog/rate-limiting-nginx/">使用 Nginx 速度限制</a> 说明了如何缓解使用 Nginx 速度限制进行密码暴力猜测尝试的问题。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://tenzer.dk/nginx-with-dynamic-upstreams/">Nginx 使用动态上游</a>
是一篇非常重要的笔记,说明了如果你正在使用 Nginx 作为反向代理,如何使用变化的主机名设置你的上游 WSGI 服务器。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://serversforhackers.com/nginx-caching/">Nginx 缓存</a> 说明了如何设置 Nginx 用于缓存 HTTP 请求,这通常可以使用 Varnish 完成,但是也可以使用 <code>proxy_cache</code> 和相关指令交给 Nginx 处理。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://articles.slicehost.com/nginx">Nginx web 服务器教程</a> 是最旧但也最好的教程,它说明了如何设置之前版本的 Nginx。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://benwilber.github.io/nginx/syslog/logging/2015/08/26/dynamic-log-formats-in-nginx.html">Nginx 中使用动态日志格式</a>
说明了在 Nginx 中如何使用 HttpSetMiscModule 模块转换变量,并将输入映射到日志的可控制输出中。作者使用这种技术进行像素追踪,这种方法也可以用于其它目的,例如高级调试。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>继续学习 web 服务器还是换个新主题?</h3>
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Web 开发</a><a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 框架</a><a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Django</a><a href="/flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Flask</a><a href="/bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Bottle</a><a href="/pyramid.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Pyramid</a><a href="/morepath.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Morepath</a><a href="/other-web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>其它 Web 框架</a><a href="/web-design.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 设计</a><a href="/cascading-style-sheets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>级联样式表 (CSS)</a><a href="/javascript.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>JavaScript</a><a href="/websockets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>WebSockets</a><a href="/template-engines.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>模板引擎</a><a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 应用安全</a><a href="/static-site-generator.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>静态网站生成器</a><a href="/jinja2.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Jinja2</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. 数据</a><a href="/databases.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>关系型数据库</a><a href="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>NoSQL 数据存储</a><a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>对象关系映射器</a><a href="/postgresql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>PostgreSQL</a><a href="/mysql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>MySQL</a><a href="/sqlite.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>SQLite</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>API 集成</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>API 的创建</a><a href="/twilio.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Twilio</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 部署</a><a href="/servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>服务器</a><a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>平台即服务(PaaS)</a><a href="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>操作系统</a><a href="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 服务器</a><a href="/wsgi-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>WSGI 服务器</a><a href="/source-control.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>源码控制</a><a href="/application-dependencies.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>应用程序依赖</a><a href="/static-content.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>静态内容</a><a href="/task-queues.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>任务队列</a><a href="/configuration-management.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>配置管理</a><a href="/continuous-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>持续集成</a><a href="/logging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>日志</a><a href="/monitoring.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>监控</a><a href="/web-analytics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 分析</a><a href="/docker.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Docker</a><a href="/caching.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>缓存</a><a href="/microservices.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>微服务</a><a href="/devops.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>DevOps</a><a href="/nginx.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Nginx</a><a href="/apache-http-server.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Apache HTTP 服务器</a><a href="/caddy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Caddy</a><a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</a><a href="/ubuntu.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Ubuntu</a><a href="/pelican.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Pelican</a><a href="/lektor.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Lektor</a><a href="/mkdocs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>MkDocs</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. 测试</a><a href="/unit-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>单元测试</a><a href="/integration-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>集成测试</a><a href="/code-metrics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>代码度量</a><a href="/debugging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>调试</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a><a href="/bots.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Bots</a><a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Change Log</a><a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Future Directions</a><a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>About the Author</a><a href="/sqlalchemy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>SQLAlchemy</a><a href="/peewee.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Peewee</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...或者<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">显示全部目录内容</span>.</a>
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<div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">Nginx</h3></div>
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重要的更新内容会通过 Twitter 账号<a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython">@fullstackpython</a>发布。
<hr/>
需要更加详细的教程吗?请看
<a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">《The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments》。</a>
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<h3 class="panel-head"><a href="/table-of-contents.html" style="color: #fff;">Chapters</a></h3>
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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. 简介</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. 开发环境</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. 核心语言</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web 开发</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. 数据</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 部署</a> <a href="/nginx.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>» Nginx</a>
<a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. 测试</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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This site is based on <a href="https://github.com/mattmakai">Matt Makai</a>'s project <a href="https://github.com/mattmakai/fullstackpython.com">Full Stack Python</a>, thanks for his excellent work!
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