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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="author" content="Matt Makai">
<meta name="description" content="Peewee is a object-relational mapper (ORM) implementation for bridging relational data and Python objects.">
<title>Peewee - Full Stack Python</title>
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<h1>Peewee</h1>
<p><a href="http://docs.peewee-orm.com/en/latest/">Peewee</a>
(<a href="https://github.com/coleifer/peewee">source code</a>) is a
<a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html">object-relational mapper (ORM)</a>
implementation for bridging data stored in
<a href="/databases.html">relational database tables</a> with Python objects.</p>
<p><a href="http://docs.peewee-orm.com/en/latest/"><img src="/img/peewee-logo.png" width="100%" alt="Peewee logo." class="technical-diagram"></a></p>
<h2>What makes Peewee a useful ORM?</h2>
<p>Peewee can be an easier library to wrap your head around than SQLAlchemy
and other ORMs. It is designed to be easier to hack on and understand,
similar to how <a href="/bottle.html">Bottle</a> is a smaller, one-file
<a href="/web-frameworks.html">web framework</a> compared to the comprehensive
<a href="/django.html">Django</a> framework. If you are just getting started with
web development, it may be worth using Peewee for your database mapping
and operations, especially if you use a microframework such as Flask or
Bottle.</p>
<p>Peewee can be used with pretty much any web framework (although using it
with <a href="/django.html">Django</a> would currently be complicated due to its
tight built-in ORM coupling) or without a web framework. In the latter
case Peewee is good for pulling data out of a relational database in a
script or Jupyter notebook. </p>
<p>Any of the common relational database backends such as
<a href="/postgresql.html">PostgreSQL</a>, <a href="/mysql.html">MySQL</a> or
<a href="/sqlite.html">SQLite</a> are supported, although a database driver is
still required. The chart below shows a few example configurations
that could use Peewee as an ORM.</p>
<p><img src="/img/sqlalchemy-orm-example.png" width="100%" alt="Example SQLAlchemy configurations with different web frameworks." class="technical-diagram"></a></p>
<div class="well see-also">Peewee is an implementation of the <a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html">object-relational mapping (ORM)</a> concept. Learn more in the <a href="/data.html">data</a> chapter or view <a href="/table-of-contents.html">all topics</a>.</div>
<h2>How does Peewee compare to other Python ORMs?</h2>
<p>The analogy used by the core Peewee author is that Peewee
is to <a href="/sqlalchemy.html">SQLAlchemy</a> as <a href="/sqlite.html">SQLite</a> is to
<a href="/postgresql.html">PostgreSQL</a>. An
<a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html">ORM</a> does not have to work for
every exhaustive use case in order to be useful.</p>
<h3>Peewee resources</h3>
<p>Peewee is a much newer library than several other Python ORMs.
For example, Peewee's <a href="https://github.com/coleifer/peewee/commit/4fd56bd35c27861337861233a7f362474157af57">first public commit was in 2010</a>,
compared to
<a href="https://github.com/zzzeek/sqlalchemy/commit/ec052c6a1f1fb0236bd367c510d82f076cb67bc9">2005 for SQLAlchemy</a>.
The project is still over five years old though and matured substantially
in development during that time. However, there are typically less resources
and examples available to demonstrate how to use Peewee in your projects
than some other ORMs that have been around for a longer period of time.</p>
<p>Many of the best resources come from the project's author, Charles Leifer,
on his blog and on the official site. There are also hundreds of questions
answered on the
<a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/peewee">Stack Overflow peewee tag</a>,
so as usual that can be a rich source of examples for your Peewee-powered
Python applications.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://charlesleifer.com/blog/managing-database-connections-with-peewee/">Managing database connections with Peewee</a>
explains the connection pool and ExecutionContext of the ORM.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://charlesleifer.com/blog/dear-diary-an-encrypted-command-line-diary-with-python/">An encrypted command-line diary with Python</a>
is an awesome walkthrough explaining how to use SQLite, SQLCipher and
Peewee to create an encrypted file with your contents, diary or otherwise.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/2014/07/17/an-intro-to-peewee-another-python-orm/">An Intro to Peewee – Another Python ORM</a>
is a short tutorial that walks through creating a database model mapping,
adding data, deleting records and querying fields.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://jonathansoma.com/tutorials/webapps/intro-to-peewee/">Introduction to peewee</a>
uses an example public dataset, loads it into a <a href="/sqlite.html">SQLite</a>
database and shows how to query it using Peewee.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://charlesleifer.com/blog/shortcomings-in-the-django-orm-and-a-look-at-peewee-a-lightweight-alternative/">Shortcomings in the Django ORM and a look at Peewee</a>
from the author of the Peewee ORM explains how some of the design
decisions made in Peewee were in reaction to parts of the Django ORM
that didn't work so well in practice.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a href="http://docs.peewee-orm.com/en/latest/peewee/quickstart.html">official Peewee quickstart documentation</a>
along with the
<a href="http://docs.peewee-orm.com/en/latest/peewee/example.html">example Twitter clone app</a>
will walk you through the ins and outs of your first couple Peewee-powered
projects.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://benjaminjchapman.wordpress.com/2014/01/14/flask-and-peewee-101/">Flask and Peewee 101</a>
has some basic code for querying with Peewee and populating a drop-down in
a <a href="/jinja2.html">Jinja2</a> template. Note that the
<a href="http://flask-peewee.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">Flask-peewee</a> extension
is no longer maintained, although you do not need to use it to work with
both Flask and Peewee in an application.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://charlesleifer.com/blog/how-to-make-a-flask-blog-in-one-hour-or-less/">How to make a Flask blog in one hour or less</a>
is a well written tutorial that uses the
<a href="https://peewee.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">Peewee ORM</a> instead of
SQLAlchemy for the blog back end.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>These posts on
<a href="http://charlesleifer.com/blog/techniques-for-querying-lists-of-objects-and-determining-the-top-related-item/">querying the top item by group with Peewee ORM</a>
and
<a href="http://charlesleifer.com/blog/querying-the-top-n-objects-per-group-with-peewee-orm/">querying the top N objects per group with Peewee ORM</a>
provide working examples on how to properly query your data via Peewee.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>There was a good discussion in a
<a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/4tnqai/choosing_a_python_ormpeewee_vs_sqlalchemy/">Python subreddit thread</a>
about the differences between Peewee and SQLAlchemy. Charles Leifer
even chimed in to add his own fair assessment of the differences in the
ORMs.</p>
</li>
</ul>
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Web 开发</a><a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 框架</a><a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Django</a><a href="/flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Flask</a><a href="/bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Bottle</a><a href="/pyramid.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Pyramid</a><a href="/morepath.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Morepath</a><a href="/other-web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>其它 Web 框架</a><a href="/web-design.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 设计</a><a href="/cascading-style-sheets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>级联样式表 (CSS)</a><a href="/javascript.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>JavaScript</a><a href="/websockets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>WebSockets</a><a href="/template-engines.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>模板引擎</a><a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 应用安全</a><a href="/static-site-generator.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>静态网站生成器</a><a href="/jinja2.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Jinja2</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. 数据</a><a href="/databases.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>关系型数据库</a><a href="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>NoSQL 数据存储</a><a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>对象关系映射器</a><a href="/postgresql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>PostgreSQL</a><a href="/mysql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>MySQL</a><a href="/sqlite.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>SQLite</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>API 集成</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>API 的创建</a><a href="/twilio.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Twilio</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 部署</a><a href="/servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>服务器</a><a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>平台即服务（PaaS）</a><a href="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>操作系统</a><a href="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; 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padding-left:27px'>Nginx</a><a href="/apache-http-server.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Apache HTTP 服务器</a><a href="/caddy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Caddy</a><a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</a><a href="/ubuntu.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Ubuntu</a><a href="/pelican.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Pelican</a><a href="/lektor.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Lektor</a><a href="/mkdocs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>MkDocs</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. 测试</a><a href="/unit-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>单元测试</a><a href="/integration-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>集成测试</a><a href="/code-metrics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>代码度量</a><a href="/debugging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>调试</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. 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重要的更新内容会通过 Twitter 账号<a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython">@fullstackpython</a>发布。
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需要更加详细的教程吗？请看
<a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">《The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments》。</a>
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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. 简介</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. 开发环境</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. 核心语言</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web 开发</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. 数据</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 部署</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. 测试</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a> <a href="/peewee.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>» Peewee</a>
<a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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This site is based on <a href="https://github.com/mattmakai">Matt Makai</a>'s project <a href="https://github.com/mattmakai/fullstackpython.com">Full Stack Python</a>, thanks for his excellent work!
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