Move away from Bazel (ankitects#2202)

(for upgrading users, please see the notes at the bottom)

Bazel brought a lot of nice things to the table, such as rebuilds based on
content changes instead of modification times, caching of build products,
detection of incorrect build rules via a sandbox, and so on. Rewriting the build
in Bazel was also an opportunity to improve on the Makefile-based build we had
prior, which was pretty poor: most dependencies were external or not pinned, and
the build graph was poorly defined and mostly serialized. It was not uncommon
for fresh checkouts to fail due to floating dependencies, or for things to break
when trying to switch to an older commit.

For day-to-day development, I think Bazel served us reasonably well - we could
generally switch between branches while being confident that builds would be
correct and reasonably fast, and not require full rebuilds (except on Windows,
where the lack of a sandbox and the TS rules would cause build breakages when TS
files were renamed/removed).

Bazel achieves that reliability by defining rules for each programming language
that define how source files should be turned into outputs. For the rules to
work with Bazel's sandboxing approach, they often have to reimplement or
partially bypass the standard tools that each programming language provides. The
Rust rules call Rust's compiler directly for example, instead of using Cargo,
and the Python rules extract each PyPi package into a separate folder that gets
added to sys.path.

These separate language rules allow proper declaration of inputs and outputs,
and offer some advantages such as caching of build products and fine-grained
dependency installation. But they also bring some downsides:

- The rules don't always support use-cases/platforms that the standard language
tools do, meaning they need to be patched to be used. I've had to contribute a
number of patches to the Rust, Python and JS rules to unblock various issues.
- The dependencies we use with each language sometimes make assumptions that do
not hold in Bazel, meaning they either need to be pinned or patched, or the
language rules need to be adjusted to accommodate them.

I was hopeful that after the initial setup work, things would be relatively
smooth-sailing. Unfortunately, that has not proved to be the case. Things
frequently broke when dependencies or the language rules were updated, and I
began to get frustrated at the amount of Anki development time I was instead
spending on build system upkeep. It's now about 2 years since switching to
Bazel, and I think it's time to cut losses, and switch to something else that's
a better fit.

The new build system is based on a small build tool called Ninja, and some
custom Rust code in build/. This means that to build Anki, Bazel is no longer
required, but Ninja and Rust need to be installed on your system. Python and
Node toolchains are automatically downloaded like in Bazel.

This new build system should result in faster builds in some cases:

- Because we're using cargo to build now, Rust builds are able to take advantage
of pipelining and incremental debug builds, which we didn't have with Bazel.
It's also easier to override the default linker on Linux/macOS, which can
further improve speeds.
- External Rust crates are now built with opt=1, which improves performance
of debug builds.
- Esbuild is now used to transpile TypeScript, instead of invoking the TypeScript
compiler. This results in faster builds, by deferring typechecking to test/check
time, and by allowing more work to happen in parallel.

As an example of the differences, when testing with the mold linker on Linux,
adding a new message to tags.proto (which triggers a recompile of the bulk of
the Rust and TypeScript code) results in a compile that goes from about 22s on
Bazel to about 7s in the new system. With the standard linker, it's about 9s.

Some other changes of note:

- Our Rust workspace now uses cargo-hakari to ensure all packages agree on
available features, preventing unnecessary rebuilds.
- pylib/anki is now a PEP420 implicit namespace, avoiding the need to merge
source files and generated files into a single folder for running. By telling
VSCode about the extra search path, code completion now works with generated
files without needing to symlink them into the source folder.
- qt/aqt can't use PEP420 as it's difficult to get rid of aqt/__init__.py.
Instead, the generated files are now placed in a separate _aqt package that's
added to the path.
- ts/lib is now exposed as @tslib, so the source code and generated code can be
provided under the same namespace without a merging step.
- MyPy and PyLint are now invoked once for the entire codebase.
- dprint will be used to format TypeScript/json files in the future instead of
the slower prettier (currently turned off to avoid causing conflicts). It can
automatically defer to prettier when formatting Svelte files.
- svelte-check is now used for typechecking our Svelte code, which revealed a
few typing issues that went undetected with the old system.
- The Jest unit tests now work on Windows as well.

If you're upgrading from Bazel, updated usage instructions are in docs/development.md and docs/build.md. A summary of the changes:

- please remove node_modules and .bazel
- install rustup (https://rustup.rs/)
- install rsync if not already installed  (on windows, use pacman - see docs/windows.md)
- install Ninja (unzip from https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja/releases/tag/v1.11.1 and
  place on your path, or from your distro/homebrew if it's 1.10+)
- update .vscode/settings.json from .vscode.dist

Author: dae

.bazelignore

@@ -44,21 +44,33 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt install --yes gnupg ca-certificates && \
     portaudio19-dev \
     python3-dev \
     rsync \
+    unzip \
     zstd \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
-
 RUN curl -L https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazelisk/releases/download/v1.7.4/bazelisk-linux-amd64 \
     -o /usr/local/bin/bazel \
     && chmod +x /usr/local/bin/bazel
-
 RUN ln -sf /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python
 
 RUN mkdir -p /etc/buildkite-agent/hooks && chown -R user /etc/buildkite-agent
 
 COPY buildkite.cfg /etc/buildkite-agent/buildkite-agent.cfg
 COPY environment /etc/buildkite-agent/hooks/environment
 
+RUN curl -LO https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja/releases/download/v1.11.1/ninja-linux.zip \
+    && unzip ninja-linux.zip \
+    && chmod +x ninja \
+    && mv ninja /usr/bin \
+    && rm ninja-linux.zip
+
+RUN mkdir /state/rust && chown user /state/rust
+
 USER user
+
+ENV CARGO_HOME=/state/rust/cargo
+ENV RUSTUP_HOME=/state/rust/rustup
+RUN curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh -s -- -y --no-modify-path --default-toolchain none
+
 WORKDIR /code/buildkite
 ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/buildkite-agent", "start"]

.bazelrc

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 FROM debian:11-slim
 
 ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND="noninteractive"
-ENV PYTHON_SITE_PACKAGES=/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/
+ENV PYTHONPATH=/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages
 
 RUN useradd -d /state -m -u 998 user
 
@@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt install --yes gnupg ca-certificates && \
     python3-dev \
     rsync \
     # -- begin only required for arm64/debian11
+    ninja-build \
     clang-format \
     python-is-python3 \
     python3-pyqt5.qtwebengine \
     # -- end only required for arm64/debian11    
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
-
 RUN curl -L https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazelisk/releases/download/v1.10.1/bazelisk-linux-arm64 \
     -o /usr/local/bin/bazel \
     && chmod +x /usr/local/bin/bazel
@@ -64,6 +64,13 @@ RUN mkdir -p /etc/buildkite-agent/hooks && chown -R user /etc/buildkite-agent
 COPY buildkite.cfg /etc/buildkite-agent/buildkite-agent.cfg
 COPY environment /etc/buildkite-agent/hooks/environment
 
+RUN mkdir /state/rust && chown user /state/rust
+
 USER user
+
+ENV CARGO_HOME=/state/rust/cargo
+ENV RUSTUP_HOME=/state/rust/rustup
+RUN curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh -s -- -y --no-modify-path --default-toolchain none
+
 WORKDIR /code/buildkite
 ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/buildkite-agent", "start"]

.bazelversion

@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ build-path="/state/build"
 hooks-path="/etc/buildkite-agent/hooks"
 no-plugins=true
 no-local-hooks=true
+no-git-submodules=true

.buildkite/linux/docker/Dockerfile.amd64

@@ -6,19 +6,11 @@ set -e
 echo "--- Checking CONTRIBUTORS"
 .buildkite/linux/check_contributors
 
-BAZEL="bazel --output_user_root=/state/bazel --output_base=/state/bazel/anki"
-BUILDARGS="--config=ci --disk_cache=/state/bazel/disk --repository_cache=/state/bazel/repo"
-
 echo "+++ Building and testing"
+ln -sf out/node_modules .
 
-# move existing node_modules into tree
-test -e /state/node_modules && mv /state/node_modules .
-
-$BAZEL test $BUILDARGS ... //rslib/linkchecker
-
-echo "--- Running lints"
-python tools/copyright_headers.py
+export PATH="$PATH:/state/rust/cargo/bin"
+export BUILD_ROOT=/state/build
+export ONLINE_TESTS=1
 
-echo "--- Cleanup"
-# if tests succeed, back up node_modules folder
-mv node_modules /state/
+./ninja pylib/anki qt/aqt check

.buildkite/linux/docker/Dockerfile.arm64

@@ -2,17 +2,13 @@
 
 set -e
 
-# move existing node_modules into tree
-test -e /state/node_modules && mv /state/node_modules .
+export PATH="$PATH:/state/rust/cargo/bin"
+export BUILD_ROOT=/state/build
+export RELEASE=1
+ln -sf out/node_modules .
 
 if [ $(uname -m) = "aarch64" ]; then
-    ./tools/build
+    ./ninja wheels:anki
 else
-    ./tools/bundle
+    ./ninja bundle
 fi
-
-rm -rf /state/dist
-mv .bazel/out/dist /state
-
-# if tests succeed, back up node_modules folder
-mv node_modules /state/

.buildkite/linux/docker/buildkite.cfg

@@ -4,18 +4,7 @@ set -e
 
 STATE=$(pwd)/../state/anki-ci
 mkdir -p $STATE
-BAZEL="bazel --output_user_root=$STATE/bazel --output_base=$STATE/bazel/anki"
-BUILDARGS="--config=ci --experimental_convenience_symlinks=ignore"
 
 echo "+++ Building and testing"
-
-# move existing node_modules into tree
-test -e $STATE/node_modules && mv $STATE/node_modules .
-
-$BAZEL test $BUILDARGS ...
-
-echo "--- Building wheels"
-$BAZEL build wheels
-
-# if tests succeed, back up node_modules folder
-mv node_modules $STATE/
+ln -sf out/node_modules .
+BUILD_ROOT=$STATE/build ./ninja pylib/anki qt/aqt wheels check

.buildkite/linux/entrypoint

@@ -1,22 +1,16 @@
-set BAZEL=\bazel\bazel.exe --output_user_root=\bazel\ankici --output_base=\bazel\ankici\base 
-set BUILDARGS=--config=ci
+set PATH=c:\cargo\bin;%PATH%
 
 echo +++ Building and testing
 
-if exist \bazel\node_modules (
-    move \bazel\node_modules .\node_modules
+if exist \buildkite\state\out (
+    move \buildkite\state\out .
 )
-
-call %BAZEL% test %BUILDARGS% ...
-IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 (
-    echo checking ts build
-    call %BAZEL% build //ts/... || (
-        echo ts build failed, cleaning up build products
-        call %BAZEL% run tools:cleanup_js
-    )
-
-    exit /B 1
+if exist \buildkite\state\node_modules (
+    move \buildkite\state\node_modules .
 )
 
+call tools\ninja build pylib/anki qt/aqt check || exit /b 1
+
 echo --- Cleanup
-move node_modules \bazel\node_modules
+move out \buildkite\state\
+move node_modules \buildkite\state\

.buildkite/linux/release-entrypoint

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[env]
+STRINGS_JSON = { value = "out/rslib/i18n/strings.json", relative = true }
+# build script will append .exe if necessary
+PROTOC = { value = "out/extracted/protoc/bin/protoc", relative = true }
+PYO3_NO_PYTHON = "1"
+MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET = "10.13.4"
+
+[term]
+color = "always"

.buildkite/mac/entrypoint

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+hakari-package = "workspace-hack"
+dep-format-version = "2"
+resolver = "2"
+
+[traversal-excludes]
+third-party = [
+    { name = "reqwest", git = "https://github.com/ankitects/reqwest.git", rev = "7591444614de02b658ddab125efba7b2bb4e2335" }
+]

.buildkite/windows/entrypoint.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[store]
+dir = "out/tests/nextest"

.cargo/config.toml

@@ -14,7 +14,20 @@
         "semi": true
     },
     "includes": ["**/*.{ts,tsx,js,jsx,cjs,mjs,json,md,toml,svelte}"],
-    "excludes": ["**/node_modules", "**/*-lock.json", "**/*.{ts,json,md,svelte}", "qt/aqt/data/web/js/vendor/*.js"],
+    "excludes": [
+        "**/node_modules",
+        "out/**",
+        "**/*-lock.json",
+        "**/*.{ts,toml,svelte}",
+        "qt/aqt/data/web/js/vendor/*.js",
+        "ftl/qt-repo",
+        "ftl/core-repo",
+        "ftl/usage",
+        "licenses.json",
+        ".dmypy.json",
+        "qt/bundle/PyOxidizer",
+        "target"
+    ],
     "plugins": [
         "https://plugins.dprint.dev/typescript-0.77.0.wasm",
         "https://plugins.dprint.dev/json-0.16.0.wasm",

.config/hakari.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module.exports = {
+    root: true,
     extends: ["eslint:recommended", "plugin:compat/recommended"],
     parser: "@typescript-eslint/parser",
     plugins: [
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ module.exports = {
         "simple-import-sort/exports": "warn",
         "prefer-const": "warn",
         "no-nested-ternary": "warn",
+        "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-imports": "error",
     },
     overrides: [
         {
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ module.exports = {
         },
     ],
     env: { browser: true },
-    ignorePatterns: ["backend_proto.d.ts", "*.svelte.d.ts"],
+    ignorePatterns: ["backend_proto.d.ts", "*.svelte.d.ts", "vendor"],
     globals: {
         globalThis: false,
         NodeListOf: false,

.config/nextest.toml

@@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ labels: ""
 assignees: ""
 ---
 
--   Have a question or feature suggestion?
--   Problems building/running on your system?
--   Not 100% sure you've found a bug?
+- Have a question or feature suggestion?
+- Problems building/running on your system?
+- Not 100% sure you've found a bug?
 
 If so, please post on https://forums.ankiweb.net/ instead. This issue tracker is
 intended primarily to track development tasks, and it is easier to provide support
 over on the forums. Please make sure you read the following pages before
 you post there:
 
--   https://faqs.ankiweb.net/when-problems-occur.html
--   https://faqs.ankiweb.net/getting-help.html
+- https://faqs.ankiweb.net/when-problems-occur.html
+- https://faqs.ankiweb.net/getting-help.html
 
 If you post questions, suggestions, or vague bug reports here, please do not be
 offended if we close your ticket without replying. If in doubt, please post on

.dprint.json

@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ anki.prof
 target
 /user.bazelrc
 .dmypy.json
-node_modules
 /.idea/
 /.vscode/
 /.bazel
 /windows.bazelrc
+/out
+node_modules

ts/.eslintrc.js .eslintrc.js

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[submodule "ftl/core-repo"]
+	path = ftl/core-repo
+	url = https://github.com/ankitects/anki-core-i18n.git
+	shallow = true
+[submodule "ftl/qt-repo"]
+	path = ftl/qt-repo
+	url = https://github.com/ankitects/anki-desktop-ftl.git
+	shallow = true
+[submodule "qt/bundle/PyOxidizer"]
+	path = qt/bundle/PyOxidizer
+	url = https://github.com/ankitects/PyOxidizer.git

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug-report.md

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 [settings]
-skip=aqt/forms,backend_pb2.py,backend_pb2.pyi,fluent_pb2.py,fluent_pb2.pyi,rsbackend_gen.py,generated.py,hooks_gen.py,genbackend.py
-profile=black
-multi_line_output=3
-include_trailing_comma=True
+ensure_newline_before_comments=true
 force_grid_wrap=0
-use_parentheses=True
+include_trailing_comma=True
+known_first_party=anki,aqt,tests
 line_length=88
-ensure_newline_before_comments=true
-known_first_party=tests,anki
+multi_line_output=3
+profile=black
+skip=
+use_parentheses=True