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<article id="post-【Microservices】service-mesh" class="article article-type-post article-index" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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<a class="article-title" href="/2020/08/22/【Microservices】service-mesh/">【Microservices】Service Mesh（服务网格）</a>
</h1>
<a href="/2020/08/22/【Microservices】service-mesh/" class="archive-article-date">
<time datetime="2020-08-22T09:44:52.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"><i class="icon-calendar icon"></i>2020-08-22</time>
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<h1 id="Background"><a href="#Background" class="headerlink" title="Background"></a>Background</h1><h2 id="Why-Service-Mesh"><a href="#Why-Service-Mesh" class="headerlink" title="Why Service Mesh"></a>Why Service Mesh</h2><p>People write very sophisticated applications and services using higher level protocols like HTTP without even thinking about how TCP controls the packets on their network. This situation is what we need for microservices, where engineers working on services can focus on their business logic and avoid wasting time in writing their own services infrastructure code or managing libraries and frameworks across the whole fleet.</p>
<p>Service-to-service communication is what makes microservices possible. The logic governing communication <em>can</em> be coded into each service without a service mesh layer—but as communication gets more complex, a service mesh becomes more valuable. For cloud-native apps built in a microservices architecture, a service mesh is a way to comprise a large number of discrete services into a functional application.</p>
<a class="article-more-a" href="/2020/08/22/【Microservices】service-mesh/#more">more >></a>
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<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="js-tag article-tag-list-link color4">Microservices</a>
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<a class="article-more-a" href="/2020/08/22/【Microservices】service-mesh/">Show More >></a>
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<article id="post-【Golang】性能分析-监控Golang程序的垃圾回收" class="article article-type-post article-index" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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<h1 itemprop="name">
<a class="article-title" href="/2020/08/22/【Golang】性能分析-监控Golang程序的垃圾回收/">【Golang】性能分析 - 监控Golang程序的垃圾回收</a>
</h1>
<a href="/2020/08/22/【Golang】性能分析-监控Golang程序的垃圾回收/" class="archive-article-date">
<time datetime="2020-08-22T06:35:13.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"><i class="icon-calendar icon"></i>2020-08-22</time>
</a>
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<div class="article-entry" itemprop="articleBody">
<h1 id="Demo"><a href="#Demo" class="headerlink" title="Demo"></a>Demo</h1><p>频繁进行空间申请和回收的代码：</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> main</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> (</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"log"</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"net/http"</span></span><br><span class="line"> _ <span class="string">"net/http/pprof"</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"os"</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"runtime"</span></span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> (</span><br><span class="line"> KB = <span class="number">1024</span></span><br><span class="line"> MB = <span class="number">1024</span> * KB</span><br><span class="line"> GB = <span class="number">1024</span> * MB</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> log.SetFlags(log.Lshortfile | log.LstdFlags)</span><br><span class="line"> log.SetOutput(os.Stdout)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> runtime.GOMAXPROCS(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> runtime.SetBlockProfileRate(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">go</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span><span class="params">()</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> stupidMemoryUse()</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> http.ListenAndServe(<span class="string">"0.0.0.0:6060"</span>, <span class="literal">nil</span>)</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">stupidMemoryUse</span><span class="params">()</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> buffer [][MB]<span class="keyword">byte</span></span><br><span class="line"> max := GB</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="built_in">len</span>(buffer)*MB < max {</span><br><span class="line"> buffer = <span class="built_in">append</span>(buffer, [MB]<span class="keyword">byte</span>{})</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="使用-GODEBUG-gctrace-1"><a href="#使用-GODEBUG-gctrace-1" class="headerlink" title="使用 GODEBUG=gctrace=1"></a>使用 <code>GODEBUG=gctrace=1</code></h1><p>如果是本地开发环境, 可以利用 <code>GODEBUG=gctrace=1 /path/to/binary</code> 的方式输出 GC 信息，然后用 <a href="https://github.com/davecheney/gcvis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">gcvis</a> 作可视化。</p>
<p>GODEBUG=gctrace=1 会输出如下格式的信息（输出到 stderr）：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">gc 1 @17.471s 0%: 0.22+4.4+0.19 ms clock, 0.66+0/1.8/10+0.57 ms cpu, 4->4->2 MB, 5 MB goal, 4 P</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2020/08/15/【Golang】性能分析-PProf/">【Golang】性能分析 - PProf</a>
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<h1 id="PProf"><a href="#PProf" class="headerlink" title="PProf"></a>PProf</h1><p>想要进行性能优化，首先瞩目在 Go 自身提供的工具链来作为分析依据，本文将带你学习、使用 Go 后花园，涉及如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>runtime/pprof：适用于对一次性运行程序（即你的应用是运行一段时间后就结束了）的运行数据进行分析</li>
<li>net/http/pprof：适用于对长时间运行程序（即你的应用是一直不断在运行的），监控程序会启动一个 HTTP Server 以暴露一个提供运行时采样数据的HTTP接口</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="可以做什么"><a href="#可以做什么" class="headerlink" title="可以做什么"></a>可以做什么</h2><ul>
<li>CPU Profiling：CPU 分析，按照一定的频率采集所监听的应用程序 CPU（含寄存器）的使用情况，可确定应用程序在主动消耗 CPU 周期时花费时间的位置</li>
<li>Memory Profiling：内存分析，在应用程序进行堆分配时记录堆栈跟踪，用于监视当前和历史内存使用情况，以及检查内存泄漏</li>
<li>Block Profiling：阻塞分析，记录 goroutine 阻塞等待同步（包括定时器通道）的位置</li>
<li>Mutex Profiling：互斥锁分析，报告互斥锁的竞争情况</li>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2020/08/09/【Linux】命令-date/">【Linux】命令-date</a>
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<p>date是Linux系统里自带的一个系统命令，用来显示当前的系统时间，不过默认显示的结果里包括很多信息，特别是做为文件名输出时，不是很方便<br>好在date命令里包含格式化输出的选项。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ date <span class="string">"+%Y-%m-%d"</span></span><br><span class="line">2020-08-09</span><br><span class="line">$ date <span class="string">"+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"</span></span><br><span class="line">2020-08-09 17:51:17</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2020/08/09/【Python】时间/">【Python】Python3 的时间</a>
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<h1 id="当前时间"><a href="#当前时间" class="headerlink" title="当前时间"></a>当前时间</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span><span class="keyword">import</span> datetime</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>datetime.datetime.today() <span class="comment"># 不包含时区信息的当前时间（Naive time）</span></span><br><span class="line">datetime.datetime(<span class="number">2020</span>, <span class="number">8</span>, <span class="number">9</span>, <span class="number">17</span>, <span class="number">36</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">921616</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>datetime.datetime.now() <span class="comment"># 不包含时区信息的当前时间（当不传入 tz 参数时，和datetime.today()没有区别）</span></span><br><span class="line">datetime.datetime(<span class="number">2019</span>, <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">19</span>, <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">23</span>, <span class="number">38</span>, <span class="number">117425</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>time.time() <span class="comment"># 获取当前时间对应时间戳（Naive time）</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1596965822.509548</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2020/08/09/【Python】log-framework/">【Python】Log Framework - logging</a>
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<h1 id="解决方案"><a href="#解决方案" class="headerlink" title="解决方案"></a>解决方案</h1><p>打印日志最简单方式是使用 <code>logging</code> 模块。例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> logging</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># Configure the logging system</span></span><br><span class="line"> logging.basicConfig(</span><br><span class="line"> filename=<span class="string">'app.log'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> level=logging.ERROR</span><br><span class="line"> )</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># Variables (to make the calls that follow work)</span></span><br><span class="line"> hostname = <span class="string">'www.python.org'</span></span><br><span class="line"> item = <span class="string">'spam'</span></span><br><span class="line"> filename = <span class="string">'data.csv'</span></span><br><span class="line"> mode = <span class="string">'r'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># Example logging calls (insert into your program)</span></span><br><span class="line"> logging.critical(<span class="string">'Host %s unknown'</span>, hostname)</span><br><span class="line"> logging.error(<span class="string">"Couldn't find %r"</span>, item)</span><br><span class="line"> logging.warning(<span class="string">'Feature is deprecated'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> logging.info(<span class="string">'Opening file %r, mode=%r'</span>, filename, mode)</span><br><span class="line"> logging.debug(<span class="string">'Got here'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> main()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>上面五个日志调用（critical(), error(), warning(), info(), debug()）以降序方式表示不同的严重级别。 <code>basicConfig()</code> 的 <code>level</code> 参数是一个过滤器。 所有级别低于此级别的日志消息都会被忽略掉。 每个logging操作的参数是一个消息字符串，后面再跟一个或多个参数。 构造最终的日志消息的时候我们使用了%操作符来格式化消息字符串。</p>
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<h1 id="Installation"><a href="#Installation" class="headerlink" title="Installation"></a>Installation</h1><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ brew install hugo</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="Operation"><a href="#Operation" class="headerlink" title="Operation"></a>Operation</h1><h2 id="创建新站点"><a href="#创建新站点" class="headerlink" title="创建新站点"></a>创建新站点</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 创建新站点</span></span><br><span class="line">$ hugo new site <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$mysite</span>"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<h1 id="shell"><a href="#shell" class="headerlink" title="shell"></a>shell</h1><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ python manage.py shell</span><br><span class="line">Python 2.7.12 (default, Nov 12 2018, 14:36:49)</span><br><span class="line">Type <span class="string">"copyright"</span>, <span class="string">"credits"</span> or <span class="string">"license"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> more information.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">IPython 2.4.1 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.</span><br><span class="line">? -> Introduction and overview of IPython<span class="string">'s features.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">%quickref -> Quick reference.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">help -> Python'</span>s own <span class="built_in">help</span> system.</span><br><span class="line">object? -> Details about <span class="string">'object'</span>, use <span class="string">'object??'</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> extra details.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">In [1]:</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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