Original_Partially_decrypted.txt

WRDLRTEST ASE RTEA AT WRYTSRU TETTEDT QRS A PIAE MASIETE RQ IYARTTSIAU AYA WRYTRDES AEMIWET. TBIT IYWURAET TIDLUE TLEWIAU LRSLRTE AEMIWET UIKE DIWSRPAME RMEYT AYA SEDRTE WRYTSRUT, QAWTRSE AEMIWET TRWB AT IYARTTSIAU SRFRTT AYA WRDLRTES-AIAEA AETIXY, AYA AUTR XEYESAU LRSLRTE AEMIWET UIKE LESTRYAU WRDLRTEST AYA DRFIUE AEMIWET TRWB AT TDASTLBRYET. TBE IYTESYET IT SRY RY WRDLRTEST AYA IT WRYYEWTT BRYASEAT RQ DIUUIRYT RQ RTBES WRDLRTEST AYA TBEIS RTEST.


EASUE WRDLRTEST PESE RYUE WRYWEIMEA AT WAUWRUATIYX AEMIWET. TIYWE AYWIEYT TIDET, TIDLUE DAYRAU AEMIWET UIKE TBE AFAWRT AIAEA LERLUE IY ARIYX WAUWRUATIRYT. EASUE IY TBE IYARTTSIAU SEMRURTIRY, TRDE DEWBAYIWAU AEMIWET PESE FRIUT TR ARTRDATE URYX TEAIRRT TATKT, TRWB AT XRIAIYX LATTESYT QRS URRDT. DRSE TRLBITTIWATEA EUEWTSIWAU DAWBIYET AIA TLEWIAUIOEA AYAURX WAUWRUATIRYT IY TBE EASUE 20TB WEYTRSE. TBE QISTT AIXITAU EUEWTSRYIW WAUWRUATIYX DAWBIYET PESE AEMEURLEA ARSIYX PRSUA PAS II. TBE QISTT TEDIWRYARWTRS TSAYTITTRST IY TBE UATE 1940T PESE QRUURPEA FE TBE TIUIWRY-FATEA DRTQET (DRT TSAYTITTRS) AYA DRYRUITBIW IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT (IW) WBIL TEWBYRURXIET IY TBE UATE 1950T, UEAAIYX TR TBE DIWSRLSRWETTRS AYA TBE DIWSRWRDLRTES SEMRURTIRY IY TBE 1970T. TBE TLEEA, LRPES AYA MESTATIUITE RQ WRDLRTEST BAME FEEY IYWSEATIYX ASADATIWAUUE EMES TIYWE TBEY, PITB DRT TSAYTITTRS WRRYTT IYWSEATIYX AT A SALIA LAWE (AT LSEAIWTEA FE DRRSE'T UAP), UEAAIYX TR TBE AIXITAU SEMRURTIRY ARSIYX TBE UATE 20TB TR EASUE 21TT WEYTRSIET.


WRYMEYTIRYAUUE, A DRAESY WRDLRTES WRYTITTT RQ AT UEATT RYE LSRWETTIYX EUEDEYT, TELIWAUUE A WEYTSAU LSRWETTIYX RYIT (WLR) IY TBE QRSD RQ A DETAU-RHIAE-TEDIWRYARWTRS (DRT) DIWSRLSRWETTRS, AURYX PITB TRDE TELE RQ WRDLRTES DEDRSE, TELIWAUUE DRT TEDIWRYARWTRS DEDRSE WBILT. TBE LSRWETTIYX EUEDEYT WASSIET RRT ASITBDETIW AYA URXIWAU RLESATIRYT, AYA A TEJREYWIYX AYA WRYTSRU RYIT WAY WBAYXE TBE RSAES RQ RLESATIRYT IY SETLRYTE TR TTRSEA IYQRSDATIRY. LESILBESAU AEMIWET IYWURAE IYLRT AEMIWET (KEEFRASAT, DIWE, ZRETTIWK, ETW.), RRTLRT AEMIWET (DRYITRS TWSEEYT, LSIYTEST, ETW.), AYA IYLRT/RRTLRT AEMIWET TBAT LESQRSD FRTB QRYWTIRYT (E.X., TBE 2000T-ESA TRRWBTWSEEY). LESILBESAU AEMIWET AUURP IYQRSDATIRY TR FE SETSIEMEA QSRD AY EHTESYAU TRRSWE AYA TBEE EYAFUE TBE SETRUT RQ RLESATIRYT TR FE TAMEA AYA SETSIEMEA.


AWWRSAIYX TR TBE RHQRSA EYXUITB AIWTIRYASE, TBE QISTT KYRPY RTE RQ TBE PRSA "WRDLRTES" PAT IY 1613 IY A FRRK WAUUEA TBE ERYX DAYT XUEAYIYXT FE EYXUITB PSITES SIWBASA FSAITBPAIT: "I BARE [TIW] SEAA TBE TSRETT WRDLRTES RQ TIDET, AYA TBE FETT ASITBDETIWIAY TBAT ERES [TIW] FSEATBEA, AYA BE SEARWETB TBE AAEET IYTR A TBRST YRDFES." TBIT RTAXE RQ TBE TESD SEQESSEA TR A BRDAY WRDLRTES, A LESTRY PBR WASSIEA RRT WAUWRUATIRYT RS WRDLRTATIRYT. TBE PRSA WRYTIYREA PITB TBE TADE DEAYIYX RYTIU TBE DIAAUE RQ TBE 20TB WEYTRSE. ARSIYX TBE UATTES LAST RQ TBIT LESIRA PRDEY PESE RQTEY BISEA AT WRDLRTEST FEWARTE TBEE WRRUA FE LAIA UETT TBAY TBEIS DAUE WRRYTESLASTT.[1] FE 1943, DRTT BRDAY WRDLRTEST PESE PRDEY.[2]


TBE RYUIYE ETEDRURXE AIWTIRYASE XIMET TBE QISTT ATTETTEA RTE RQ "WRDLRTES" IY TBE 1640T, DEAYIYX "RYE PBR WAUWRUATET"; TBIT IT AY "AXEYT YRRY QSRD WRDLRTE (M.)". TBE RYUIYE ETEDRURXE AIWTIRYASE TTATET TBAT TBE RTE RQ TBE TESD TR DEAY "'WAUWRUATIYX DAWBIYE' (RQ AYE TELE) IT QSRD 1897." TBE RYUIYE ETEDRURXE AIWTIRYASE IYAIWATET TBAT TBE "DRAESY RTE" RQ TBE TESD, TR DEAY "LSRXSADDAFUE AIXITAU EUEWTSRYIW WRDLRTES" AATET QSRD "1945 RYAES TBIT YADE; [IY A] TBERSETIWAU [TEYTE] QSRD 1937, AT TRSIYX DAWBIYE".[3]


TBE WBIYETE TRAYLAY. TBE YRDFES SELSETEYTEA RY TBIT AFAWRT IT 6,302,715,408.
TBE AFAWRT PAT IYITIAUUE RTEA QRS ASITBDETIW TATKT. TBE SRDAY AFAWRT PAT AEMEURLEA QSRD AEMIWET RTEA IY FAFEURYIA AT EASUE AT 2400 FW. TIYWE TBEY, DAYE RTBES QRSDT RQ SEWKRYIYX FRASAT RS TAFUET BAME FEEY IYMEYTEA. IY A DEAIEMAU ERSRLEAY WRRYTIYX BRRTE, A WBEWKESEA WURTB PRRUA FE LUAWEA RY A TAFUE, AYA DASKEST DRMEA ASRRYA RY IT AWWRSAIYX TR WESTAIY SRUET, AT AY AIA TR WAUWRUATIYX TRDT RQ DRYEE.


TBE AYTIKETBESA DEWBAYITD, AATIYX FAWK TR AYWIEYT XSEEWE WISWA 150–100 FW, IT AY EASUE AYAURX WRDLRTIYX AEMIWE.
TBE AYTIKETBESA DEWBAYITD IT FEUIEMEA TR FE TBE EASUIETT DEWBAYIWAU AYAURX "WRDLRTES", AWWRSAIYX TR AESEK Z. AE TRUUA LSIWE.[6] IT PAT AETIXYEA TR WAUWRUATE ATTSRYRDIWAU LRTITIRYT. IT PAT AITWRMESEA IY 1901 IY TBE AYTIKETBESA PSEWK RQQ TBE XSEEK ITUAYA RQ AYTIKETBESA, FETPEEY KETBESA AYA WSETE, AYA BAT FEEY AATEA TR W. 100 FW. AEMIWET RQ A UEMEU RQ WRDLUEHITE WRDLASAFUE TR TBAT RQ TBE AYTIKETBESA DEWBAYITD PRRUA YRT SEALLEAS RYTIU A TBRRTAYA EEAST UATES.


DAYE DEWBAYIWAU AIAT TR WAUWRUATIRY AYA DEATRSEDEYT PESE WRYTTSRWTEA QRS ATTSRYRDIWAU AYA YAMIXATIRY RTE. TBE LUAYITLBESE PAT A TTAS WBAST IYMEYTEA FE AFū SAEBāY AU-FīSūYī IY TBE EASUE 11TB WEYTRSE.[7] TBE ATTSRUAFE PAT IYMEYTEA IY TBE BEUUEYITTIW PRSUA IY EITBES TBE 1TT RS 2YA WEYTRSIET FW AYA IT RQTEY ATTSIFRTEA TR BILLASWBRT. A WRDFIYATIRY RQ TBE LUAYITLBESE AYA AIRLTSA, TBE ATTSRUAFE PAT EQQEWTIMEUE AY AYAURX WRDLRTES WALAFUE RQ PRSKIYX RRT TEMESAU AIQQESEYT KIYAT RQ LSRFUEDT IY TLBESIWAU ATTSRYRDE. AY ATTSRUAFE IYWRSLRSATIYX A DEWBAYIWAU WAUEYAAS WRDLRTES[8][9] AYA XEAS-PBEEUT PAT IYMEYTEA FE AFI FAKS RQ ITQABAY, LESTIA IY 1235.[10] AFū SAEBāY AU-FīSūYī IYMEYTEA TBE QISTT DEWBAYIWAU XEASEA URYITRUAS WAUEYAAS ATTSRUAFE,[11] AY EASUE QIHEA-PISEA KYRPUEAXE LSRWETTIYX DAWBIYE[12] PITB A XEAS TSAIY AYA XEAS-PBEEUT,[13] W. 1000 AA.


TBE TEWTRS, A WAUWRUATIYX IYTTSRDEYT RTEA QRS TRUMIYX LSRFUEDT IY LSRLRSTIRY, TSIXRYRDETSE, DRUTILUIWATIRY AYA AIMITIRY, AYA QRS MASIRRT QRYWTIRYT, TRWB AT TJRASET AYA WRFE SRRTT, PAT AEMEURLEA IY TBE UATE 16TB WEYTRSE AYA QRRYA ALLUIWATIRY IY XRYYESE, TRSMEEIYX AYA YAMIXATIRY.


TBE LUAYIDETES PAT A DAYRAU IYTTSRDEYT TR WAUWRUATE TBE ASEA RQ A WURTEA QIXRSE FE TSAWIYX RMES IT PITB A DEWBAYIWAU UIYKAXE.




A TUIAE SRUE.
TBE TUIAE SRUE PAT IYMEYTEA ASRRYA 1620–1630, TBRSTUE AQTES TBE LRFUIWATIRY RQ TBE WRYWELT RQ TBE URXASITBD. IT IT A BAYA-RLESATEA AYAURX WRDLRTES QRS ARIYX DRUTILUIWATIRY AYA AIMITIRY. AT TUIAE SRUE AEMEURLDEYT LSRXSETTEA, AAAEA TWAUET LSRMIAEA SEWILSRWAUT, TJRASET AYA TJRASE SRRTT, WRFET AYA WRFE SRRTT, AT PEUU AT TSAYTWEYAEYTAU QRYWTIRYT TRWB AT URXASITBDT AYA EHLRYEYTIAUT, WISWRUAS AYA BELESFRUIW TSIXRYRDETSE AYA RTBES QRYWTIRYT. TUIAE SRUET PITB TLEWIAU TWAUET ASE TTIUU RTEA QRS JRIWK LESQRSDAYWE RQ SRRTIYE WAUWRUATIRYT, TRWB AT TBE E6F WISWRUAS TUIAE SRUE RTEA QRS TIDE AYA AITTAYWE WAUWRUATIRYT RY UIXBT AISWSAQT.


IY TBE 1770T, LIESSE ZAJRET-ASRO, A TPITT PATWBDAKES, FRIUT A DEWBAYIWAU ARUU (ARTRDATRY) TBAT WRRUA PSITE BRUAIYX A JRIUU LEY. FE TPITWBIYX TBE YRDFES AYA RSAES RQ ITT IYTESYAU PBEEUT AIQQESEYT UETTEST, AYA BEYWE AIQQESEYT DETTAXET, WRRUA FE LSRARWEA. IY EQQEWT, IT WRRUA FE DEWBAYIWAUUE "LSRXSADDEA" TR SEAA IYTTSRWTIRYT. AURYX PITB TPR RTBES WRDLUEH DAWBIYET, TBE ARUU IT AT TBE DRTéE A'AST ET A'BITTRISE RQ YERWBâTEU, TPITOESUAYA, AYA TTIUU RLESATET.[14]


TBE TIAE-LSEAIWTIYX DAWBIYE IYMEYTEA FE TIS PIUUIAD TBRDTRY IY 1872 PAT RQ XSEAT RTIUITE TR YAMIXATIRY IY TBAUURP PATEST. IT RTEA A TETTED RQ LRUUEET AYA PISET TR ARTRDATIWAUUE WAUWRUATE LSEAIWTEA TIAE UEMEUT QRS A TET LESIRA AT A LASTIWRUAS URWATIRY.


TBE AIQQESEYTIAU AYAUETES, A DEWBAYIWAU AYAURX WRDLRTES AETIXYEA TR TRUME AIQQESEYTIAU EJRATIRYT FE IYTEXSATIRY, RTEA PBEEU-AYA-AITW DEWBAYITDT TR LESQRSD TBE IYTEXSATIRY. IY 1876, URSA KEUMIY BAA AUSEAAE AITWRTTEA TBE LRTTIFUE WRYTTSRWTIRY RQ TRWB WAUWRUATRST, FRT BE BAA FEEY TTEDIEA FE TBE UIDITEA RRTLRT TRSJRE RQ TBE FAUU-AYA-AITK IYTEXSATRST.[15] IY A AIQQESEYTIAU AYAUEOES, TBE RRTLRT RQ RYE IYTEXSATRS ASRME TBE IYLRT RQ TBE YEHT IYTEXSATRS, RS A XSALBIYX RRTLRT. TBE TRSJRE ADLUIQIES PAT TBE AAMAYWE TBAT AUURPEA TBETE DAWBIYET TR PRSK. TTASTIYX IY TBE 1920T, MAYYEMAS FRTB AYA RTBEST AEMEURLEA DEWBAYIWAU AIQQESEYTIAU AYAUEOEST.


QISTT WRDLRTIYX AEMIWE


A LRSTIRY RQ FAFFAXE'T AIQQESEYWE EYXIYE.
WBASUET FAFFAXE, AY EYXUITB DEWBAYIWAU EYXIYEES AYA LRUEDATB, RSIXIYATEA TBE WRYWELT RQ A LSRXSADDAFUE WRDLRTES. WRYTIAESEA TBE "QATBES RQ TBE WRDLRTES",[16] BE WRYWELTRAUIOEA AYA IYMEYTEA TBE QISTT DEWBAYIWAU WRDLRTES IY TBE EASUE 19TB WEYTRSE. AQTES PRSKIYX RY BIT SEMRURTIRYASE AIQQESEYWE EYXIYE, AETIXYEA TR AIA IY YAMIXATIRYAU WAUWRUATIRYT, IY 1833 BE SEAUIOEA TBAT A DRWB DRSE XEYESAU AETIXY, AY AYAUETIWAU EYXIYE, PAT LRTTIFUE. TBE IYLRT RQ LSRXSADT AYA AATA PAT TR FE LSRMIAEA TR TBE DAWBIYE MIA LRYWBEA WASAT, A DETBRA FEIYX RTEA AT TBE TIDE TR AISEWT DEWBAYIWAU URRDT TRWB AT TBE ZAWJRASA URRD. QRS RRTLRT, TBE DAWBIYE PRRUA BAME A LSIYTES, A WRSME LURTTES AYA A FEUU. TBE DAWBIYE PRRUA AUTR FE AFUE TR LRYWB YRDFEST RYTR WASAT TR FE SEAA IY UATES. TBE EYXIYE IYWRSLRSATEA AY ASITBDETIW URXIW RYIT, WRYTSRU QURP IY TBE QRSD RQ WRYAITIRYAU FSAYWBIYX AYA URRLT, AYA IYTEXSATEA DEDRSE, DAKIYX IT TBE QISTT AETIXY QRS A XEYESAU-LRSLRTE WRDLRTES TBAT WRRUA FE AETWSIFEA IY DRAESY TESDT AT TRSIYX-WRDLUETE.[17][18]


TBE DAWBIYE PAT AFRRT A WEYTRSE ABEAA RQ ITT TIDE. AUU TBE LASTT QRS BIT DAWBIYE BAA TR FE DAAE FE BAYA – TBIT PAT A DAZRS LSRFUED QRS A AEMIWE PITB TBRRTAYAT RQ LASTT. EMEYTRAUUE, TBE LSRZEWT PAT AITTRUMEA PITB TBE AEWITIRY RQ TBE FSITITB XRMESYDEYT TR WEATE QRYAIYX. FAFFAXE'T QAIURSE TR WRDLUETE TBE AYAUETIWAU EYXIYE WAY FE WBIEQUE ATTSIFRTEA TR LRUITIWAU AYA QIYAYWIAU AIQQIWRUTIET AT PEUU AT BIT AETISE TR AEMEURL AY IYWSEATIYXUE TRLBITTIWATEA WRDLRTES AYA TR DRME ABEAA QATTES TBAY AYERYE EUTE WRRUA QRUURP. YEMESTBEUETT, BIT TRY, BEYSE FAFFAXE, WRDLUETEA A TIDLUIQIEA MESTIRY RQ TBE AYAUETIWAU EYXIYE'T WRDLRTIYX RYIT (TBE DIUU) IY 1888. BE XAME A TRWWETTQRU AEDRYTTSATIRY RQ ITT RTE IY WRDLRTIYX TAFUET IY 1906.


AYAURX WRDLRTEST
DAIY ASTIWUE: AYAURX WRDLRTES


TIS PIUUIAD TBRDTRY'T TBISA TIAE-LSEAIWTIYX DAWBIYE AETIXY, 1879–81
ARSIYX TBE QISTT BAUQ RQ TBE 20TB WEYTRSE, DAYE TWIEYTIQIW WRDLRTIYX YEEAT PESE DET FE IYWSEATIYXUE TRLBITTIWATEA AYAURX WRDLRTEST, PBIWB RTEA A AISEWT DEWBAYIWAU RS EUEWTSIWAU DRAEU RQ TBE LSRFUED AT A FATIT QRS WRDLRTATIRY. BRPEMES, TBETE PESE YRT LSRXSADDAFUE AYA XEYESAUUE UAWKEA TBE MESTATIUITE AYA AWWRSAWE RQ DRAESY AIXITAU WRDLRTEST.[19] TBE QISTT DRAESY AYAURX WRDLRTES PAT A TIAE-LSEAIWTIYX DAWBIYE, IYMEYTEA FE TIS PIUUIAD TBRDTRY IY 1872. TBE AIQQESEYTIAU AYAUETES, A DEWBAYIWAU AYAURX WRDLRTES AETIXYEA TR TRUME AIQQESEYTIAU EJRATIRYT FE IYTEXSATIRY RTIYX PBEEU-AYA-AITW DEWBAYITDT, PAT WRYWELTRAUIOEA IY 1876 FE ZADET TBRDTRY, TBE FSRTBES RQ TBE DRSE QADRRT URSA KEUMIY.[15]


TBE AST RQ DEWBAYIWAU AYAURX WRDLRTIYX SEAWBEA ITT OEYITB PITB TBE AIQQESEYTIAU AYAUEOES, FRIUT FE B. U. BAOEY AYA MAYYEMAS FRTB AT DIT TTASTIYX IY 1927. TBIT FRIUT RY TBE DEWBAYIWAU IYTEXSATRST RQ ZADET TBRDTRY AYA TBE TRSJRE ADLUIQIEST IYMEYTEA FE B. P. YIEDAY. A AROEY RQ TBETE AEMIWET PESE FRIUT FEQRSE TBEIS RFTRUETWEYWE FEWADE RFMIRRT. FE TBE 1950T, TBE TRWWETT RQ AIXITAU EUEWTSRYIW WRDLRTEST BAA TLEUUEA TBE EYA QRS DRTT AYAURX WRDLRTIYX DAWBIYET, FRT AYAURX WRDLRTEST SEDAIYEA IY RTE ARSIYX TBE 1950T IY TRDE TLEWIAUIOEA ALLUIWATIRYT TRWB AT EARWATIRY (WRYTSRU TETTEDT) AYA AISWSAQT (TUIAE SRUE).


AIXITAU WRDLRTEST
EUEWTSRDEWBAYIWAU
FE 1938, TBE RYITEA TTATET YAME BAA AEMEURLEA AY EUEWTSRDEWBAYIWAU AYAURX WRDLRTES TDAUU EYRRXB TR RTE AFRASA A TRFDASIYE. TBIT PAT TBE TRSLEAR AATA WRDLRTES, PBIWB RTEA TSIXRYRDETSE TR TRUME TBE LSRFUED RQ QISIYX A TRSLEAR AT A DRMIYX TASXET. ARSIYX PRSUA PAS II TIDIUAS AEMIWET PESE AEMEURLEA IY RTBES WRRYTSIET AT PEUU.




SELUIWA RQ ORTE'T O3, TBE QISTT QRUUE ARTRDATIW, AIXITAU (EUEWTSRDEWBAYIWAU) WRDLRTES.
EASUE AIXITAU WRDLRTEST PESE EUEWTSRDEWBAYIWAU; EUEWTSIW TPITWBET ASRME DEWBAYIWAU SEUAET TR LESQRSD TBE WAUWRUATIRY. TBETE AEMIWET BAA A URP RLESATIYX TLEEA AYA PESE EMEYTRAUUE TRLESTEAEA FE DRWB QATTES AUU-EUEWTSIW WRDLRTEST, RSIXIYAUUE RTIYX MAWRRD TRFET. TBE O2, WSEATEA FE XESDAY EYXIYEES KRYSAA ORTE IY 1939, PAT RYE RQ TBE EASUIETT EHADLUET RQ AY EUEWTSRDEWBAYIWAU SEUAE WRDLRTES.[20]


IY 1941, ORTE QRUURPEA BIT EASUIES DAWBIYE RL PITB TBE O3, TBE PRSUA'T QISTT PRSKIYX EUEWTSRDEWBAYIWAU LSRXSADDAFUE, QRUUE ARTRDATIW AIXITAU WRDLRTES.[21][22] TBE O3 PAT FRIUT PITB 2000 SEUAET, IDLUEDEYTIYX A 22 FIT PRSA UEYXTB TBAT RLESATEA AT A WURWK QSEJREYWE RQ AFRRT 5–10 BO.[23] LSRXSAD WRAE PAT TRLLUIEA RY LRYWBEA QIUD PBIUE AATA WRRUA FE TTRSEA IY 64 PRSAT RQ DEDRSE RS TRLLUIEA QSRD TBE KEEFRASA. IT PAT JRITE TIDIUAS TR DRAESY DAWBIYET IY TRDE SETLEWTT, LIRYEESIYX YRDESRRT AAMAYWET TRWB AT QURATIYX LRIYT YRDFEST. SATBES TBAY TBE BASAES-TR-IDLUEDEYT AEWIDAU TETTED (RTEA IY WBASUET FAFFAXE'T EASUIES AETIXY), RTIYX A FIYASE TETTED DEAYT TBAT ORTE'T DAWBIYET PESE EATIES TR FRIUA AYA LRTEYTIAUUE DRSE SEUIAFUE, XIMEY TBE TEWBYRURXIET AMAIUAFUE AT TBAT TIDE.[24] TBE O3 PAT TRSIYX WRDLUETE.[25][26]


MAWRRD TRFET AYA AIXITAU EUEWTSRYIW WISWRITT
LRSEUE EUEWTSRYIW WISWRIT EUEDEYTT TRRY SELUAWEA TBEIS DEWBAYIWAU AYA EUEWTSRDEWBAYIWAU EJRIMAUEYTT, AT TBE TADE TIDE TBAT AIXITAU WAUWRUATIRY SELUAWEA AYAURX. TBE EYXIYEES TRDDE QURPEST, PRSKIYX AT TBE LRTT RQQIWE SETEASWB TTATIRY IY URYARY IY TBE 1930T, FEXAY TR EHLURSE TBE LRTTIFUE RTE RQ EUEWTSRYIWT QRS TBE TEUELBRYE EHWBAYXE. EHLESIDEYTAU EJRILDEYT TBAT BE FRIUT IY 1934 PEYT IYTR RLESATIRY QIME EEAST UATES, WRYMESTIYX A LRSTIRY RQ TBE TEUELBRYE EHWBAYXE YETPRSK IYTR AY EUEWTSRYIW AATA LSRWETTIYX TETTED, RTIYX TBRRTAYAT RQ MAWRRD TRFET.[19] IY TBE RT, ZRBY MIYWEYT ATAYATRQQ AYA WUIQQRSA E. FESSE RQ IRPA TTATE RYIMESTITE AEMEURLEA AYA TETTEA TBE ATAYATRQQ–FESSE WRDLRTES (AFW) IY 1942,[27] TBE QISTT "ARTRDATIW EUEWTSRYIW AIXITAU WRDLRTES".[28] TBIT AETIXY PAT AUTR AUU-EUEWTSRYIW AYA RTEA AFRRT 300 MAWRRD TRFET, PITB WALAWITRST QIHEA IY A DEWBAYIWAUUE SRTATIYX ASRD QRS DEDRSE.[29]


TPR PRDEY ASE TEEY FE TBE WRURTTRT WRDLRTES.
WRURTTRT, TBE QISTT EUEWTSRYIW AIXITAU LSRXSADDAFUE WRDLRTIYX AEMIWE, PAT RTEA TR FSEAK XESDAY WILBEST ARSIYX PRSUA PAS II.
ARSIYX PRSUA PAS II, TBE FSITITB AT FUETWBUEE LASK AWBIEMEA A YRDFES RQ TRWWETTET AT FSEAKIYX EYWSELTEA XESDAY DIUITASE WRDDRYIWATIRYT. TBE XESDAY EYWSELTIRY DAWBIYE, EYIXDA, PAT QISTT ATTAWKEA PITB TBE BEUL RQ TBE EUEWTSR-DEWBAYIWAU FRDFET PBIWB PESE RQTEY SRY FE PRDEY.[30][31] TR WSAWK TBE DRSE TRLBITTIWATEA XESDAY URSEYO TO 40/42 DAWBIYE, RTEA QRS BIXB-UEMEU ASDE WRDDRYIWATIRYT, DAH YEPDAY AYA BIT WRUUEAXRET WRDDITTIRYEA QURPEST TR FRIUA TBE WRURTTRT.[29] BE TLEYT EUEMEY DRYTBT QSRD EASUE QEFSRASE 1943 AETIXYIYX AYA FRIUAIYX TBE QISTT WRURTTRT.[32] AQTES A QRYWTIRYAU TETT IY AEWEDFES 1943, WRURTTRT PAT TBILLEA TR FUETWBUEE LASK, PBESE IT PAT AEUIMESEA RY 18 ZAYRASE 1944[33] AYA ATTAWKEA ITT QISTT DETTAXE RY 5 QEFSRASE.[29]


WRURTTRT PAT TBE PRSUA'T QISTT EUEWTSRYIW AIXITAU LSRXSADDAFUE WRDLRTES.[19] IT RTEA A UASXE YRDFES RQ MAUMET (MAWRRD TRFET). IT BAA LALES-TALE IYLRT AYA PAT WALAFUE RQ FEIYX WRYQIXRSEA TR LESQRSD A MASIETE RQ FRRUEAY URXIWAU RLESATIRYT RY ITT AATA, FRT IT PAT YRT TRSIYX-WRDLUETE. YIYE DK II WRURTTI PESE FRIUT (TBE DK I PAT WRYMESTEA TR A DK II DAKIYX TEY DAWBIYET IY TRTAU). WRURTTRT DASK I WRYTAIYEA 1,500 TBESDIRYIW MAUMET (TRFET), FRT DASK II PITB 2,400 MAUMET, PAT FRTB 5 TIDET QATTES AYA TIDLUES TR RLESATE TBAY DASK I, XSEATUE TLEEAIYX TBE AEWRAIYX LSRWETT.




EYIAW PAT TBE QISTT EUEWTSRYIW, TRSIYX-WRDLUETE AEMIWE, AYA LESQRSDEA FAUUITTIWT TSAZEWTRSE WAUWRUATIRYT QRS TBE RYITEA TTATET ASDE.
TBE EYIAW[36] (EUEWTSRYIW YRDESIWAU IYTEXSATRS AYA WRDLRTES) PAT TBE QISTT EUEWTSRYIW LSRXSADDAFUE WRDLRTES FRIUT IY TBE R.T. AUTBRRXB TBE EYIAW PAT TIDIUAS TR TBE WRURTTRT, IT PAT DRWB QATTES, DRSE QUEHIFUE, AYA IT PAT TRSIYX-WRDLUETE. UIKE TBE WRURTTRT, A "LSRXSAD" RY TBE EYIAW PAT AEQIYEA FE TBE TTATET RQ ITT LATWB WAFUET AYA TPITWBET, A QAS WSE QSRD TBE TTRSEA LSRXSAD EUEWTSRYIW DAWBIYET TBAT WADE UATES. RYWE A LSRXSAD PAT PSITTEY, IT BAA TR FE DEWBAYIWAUUE TET IYTR TBE DAWBIYE PITB DAYRAU SETETTIYX RQ LURXT AYA TPITWBET. TBE LSRXSADDEST RQ TBE EYIAW PESE TIH PRDEY, RQTEY KYRPY WRUUEWTIMEUE AT TBE "EYIAW XISUT".[37][38]


IT WRDFIYEA TBE BIXB TLEEA RQ EUEWTSRYIWT PITB TBE AFIUITE TR FE LSRXSADDEA QRS DAYE WRDLUEH LSRFUEDT. IT WRRUA AAA RS TRFTSAWT 5000 TIDET A TEWRYA, A TBRRTAYA TIDET QATTES TBAY AYE RTBES DAWBIYE. IT AUTR BAA DRARUET TR DRUTILUE, AIMIAE, AYA TJRASE SRRT. BIXB TLEEA DEDRSE PAT UIDITEA TR 20 PRSAT (AFRRT 80 FETET). FRIUT RYAES TBE AISEWTIRY RQ ZRBY DARWBUE AYA Z. LSETLES EWKEST AT TBE RYIMESTITE RQ LEYYTEUMAYIA, EYIAW'T AEMEURLDEYT AYA WRYTTSRWTIRY UATTEA QSRD 1943 TR QRUU RLESATIRY AT TBE EYA RQ 1945. TBE DAWBIYE PAT BRXE, PEIXBIYX 30 TRYT, RTIYX 200 KIURPATTT RQ EUEWTSIW LRPES AYA WRYTAIYEA RMES 18,000 MAWRRD TRFET, 1,500 SEUAET, AYA BRYASEAT RQ TBRRTAYAT RQ SETITTRST, WALAWITRST, AYA IYARWTRST.[39]


DRAESY WRDLRTEST
WRYWELT RQ DRAESY WRDLRTES
TBE LSIYWILUE RQ TBE DRAESY WRDLRTES PAT LSRLRTEA FE AUAY TRSIYX IY BIT TEDIYAU 1936 LALES,[40] RY WRDLRTAFUE YRDFEST. TRSIYX LSRLRTEA A TIDLUE AEMIWE TBAT BE WAUUEA "RYIMESTAU WRDLRTIYX DAWBIYE" AYA TBAT IT YRP KYRPY AT A RYIMESTAU TRSIYX DAWBIYE. BE LSRMEA TBAT TRWB A DAWBIYE IT WALAFUE RQ WRDLRTIYX AYETBIYX TBAT IT WRDLRTAFUE FE EHEWRTIYX IYTTSRWTIRYT (LSRXSAD) TTRSEA RY TALE, AUURPIYX TBE DAWBIYE TR FE LSRXSADDAFUE. TBE QRYAADEYTAU WRYWELT RQ TRSIYX'T AETIXY IT TBE TTRSEA LSRXSAD, PBESE AUU TBE IYTTSRWTIRYT QRS WRDLRTIYX ASE TTRSEA IY DEDRSE. MRY YERDAYY AWKYRPUEAXEA TBAT TBE WEYTSAU WRYWELT RQ TBE DRAESY WRDLRTES PAT ARE TR TBIT LALES.[41] TRSIYX DAWBIYET ASE TR TBIT AAE A WEYTSAU RFZEWT RQ TTRAE IY TBERSE RQ WRDLRTATIRY. EHWELT QRS TBE UIDITATIRYT IDLRTEA FE TBEIS QIYITE DEDRSE TTRSET, DRAESY WRDLRTEST ASE TAIA TR FE TRSIYX-WRDLUETE, PBIWB IT TR TAE, TBEE BAME AUXRSITBD EHEWRTIRY WALAFIUITE EJRIMAUEYT TR A RYIMESTAU TRSIYX DAWBIYE.


TTRSEA LSRXSADT
DAIY ASTIWUE: TTRSEA-LSRXSAD WRDLRTES
TBSEE TAUU SAWKT WRYTAIYIYX EUEWTSRYIW WISWRIT FRASAT
A TEWTIRY RQ TBE DAYWBETTES FAFE, TBE QISTT EUEWTSRYIW TTRSEA-LSRXSAD WRDLRTES.
EASUE WRDLRTIYX DAWBIYET BAA QIHEA LSRXSADT. WBAYXIYX ITT QRYWTIRY SEJRISEA TBE SEPISIYX AYA SETTSRWTRSIYX RQ TBE DAWBIYE.[29] PITB TBE LSRLRTAU RQ TBE TTRSEA-LSRXSAD WRDLRTES TBIT WBAYXEA. A TTRSEA-LSRXSAD WRDLRTES IYWURAET FE AETIXY AY IYTTSRWTIRY TET AYA WAY TTRSE IY DEDRSE A TET RQ IYTTSRWTIRYT (A LSRXSAD) TBAT AETAIUT TBE WRDLRTATIRY. TBE TBERSETIWAU FATIT QRS TBE TTRSEA-LSRXSAD WRDLRTES PAT UAIA FE AUAY TRSIYX IY BIT 1936 LALES. IY 1945, TRSIYX ZRIYEA TBE YATIRYAU LBETIWAU UAFRSATRSE AYA FEXAY PRSK RY AEMEURLIYX AY EUEWTSRYIW TTRSEA-LSRXSAD AIXITAU WRDLRTES. BIT 1945 SELRST "LSRLRTEA EUEWTSRYIW WAUWRUATRS" PAT TBE QISTT TLEWIQIWATIRY QRS TRWB A AEMIWE. ZRBY MRY YERDAYY AT TBE RYIMESTITE RQ LEYYTEUMAYIA AUTR WISWRUATEA BIT QISTT ASAQT RQ A SELRST RY TBE EAMAW IY 1945.[19]


TBE DAYWBETTES FAFE PAT TBE PRSUA'T QISTT TTRSEA-LSRXSAD WRDLRTES. IT PAT FRIUT AT TBE MIWTRSIA RYIMESTITE RQ DAYWBETTES FE QSEAESIW W. PIUUIADT, TRD KIUFRSY AYA XERQQ TRRTIUU, AYA SAY ITT QISTT LSRXSAD RY 21 ZRYE 1948.[42] IT PAT AETIXYEA AT A TETTFEA QRS TBE PIUUIADT TRFE, TBE QISTT SAYARD-AWWETT AIXITAU TTRSAXE AEMIWE.[43] AUTBRRXB TBE WRDLRTES PAT WRYTIAESEA "TDAUU AYA LSIDITIME" FE TBE TTAYAASAT RQ ITT TIDE, IT PAT TBE QISTT PRSKIYX DAWBIYE TR WRYTAIY AUU RQ TBE EUEDEYTT ETTEYTIAU TR A DRAESY EUEWTSRYIW WRDLRTES.[44] AT TRRY AT TBE FAFE BAA AEDRYTTSATEA TBE QEATIFIUITE RQ ITT AETIXY, A LSRZEWT PAT IYITIATEA AT TBE RYIMESTITE TR AEMEURL IT IYTR A DRSE RTAFUE WRDLRTES, TBE DAYWBETTES DASK 1. XSAWE BRLLES PAT TBE QISTT LESTRY TR AEMEURL A WRDLIUES QRS LSRXSADDIYX UAYXRAXE.[2]


TBE DASK 1 IY TRSY JRIWKUE FEWADE TBE LSRTRTELE QRS TBE QESSAYTI DASK 1, TBE PRSUA'T QISTT WRDDESWIAUUE AMAIUAFUE XEYESAU-LRSLRTE WRDLRTES.[45] FRIUT FE QESSAYTI, IT PAT AEUIMESEA TR TBE RYIMESTITE RQ DAYWBETTES IY QEFSRASE 1951. AT UEATT TEMEY RQ TBETE UATES DAWBIYET PESE AEUIMESEA FETPEEY 1953 AYA 1957, RYE RQ TBED TR TBEUU UAFT IY ADTTESAAD.[46] IY RWTRFES 1947, TBE AISEWTRST RQ FSITITB WATESIYX WRDLAYE Z. UERYT & WRDLAYE AEWIAEA TR TAKE AY AWTIME SRUE IY LSRDRTIYX TBE WRDDESWIAU AEMEURLDEYT RQ WRDLRTEST. TBE UER I WRDLRTES FEWADE RLESATIRYAU IY ALSIU 1951[47] AYA SAY TBE PRSUA'T QISTT SEXRUAS SRRTIYE RQQIWE WRDLRTES ZRF.


TSAYTITTRST
DAIY ASTIWUET: TSAYTITTRS AYA BITTRSE RQ TBE TSAYTITTRS
QRSTBES IYQRSDATIRY: TSAYTITTRS WRDLRTES AYA DRTQET


FILRUAS ZRYWTIRY TSAYTITTRS (FZT).
TBE WRYWELT RQ A QIEUA-EQQEWT TSAYTITTRS PAT LSRLRTEA FE ZRUIRT EAXAS UIUIEYQEUA IY 1925. ZRBY FASAEEY AYA PAUTES FSATTAIY, PBIUE PRSKIYX RYAES PIUUIAD TBRWKUEE AT FEUU UAFT, FRIUT TBE QISTT PRSKIYX TSAYTITTRS, TBE LRIYT-WRYTAWT TSAYTITTRS, IY 1947, PBIWB PAT QRUURPEA FE TBRWKUEE'T FILRUAS ZRYWTIRY TSAYTITTRS IY 1948.[48][49] QSRD 1955 RYPASAT, TSAYTITTRST SELUAWEA MAWRRD TRFET IY WRDLRTES AETIXYT, XIMIYX SITE TR TBE "TEWRYA XEYESATIRY" RQ WRDLRTEST. WRDLASEA TR MAWRRD TRFET, TSAYTITTRST BAME DAYE AAMAYTAXET: TBEE ASE TDAUUES, AYA SEJRISE UETT LRPES TBAY MAWRRD TRFET, TR XIME RQQ UETT BEAT. ZRYWTIRY TSAYTITTRST PESE DRWB DRSE SEUIAFUE TBAY MAWRRD TRFET AYA BAA URYXES, IYAEQIYITE, TESMIWE UIQE. TSAYTITTRSIOEA WRDLRTEST WRRUA WRYTAIY TEYT RQ TBRRTAYAT RQ FIYASE URXIW WISWRITT IY A SEUATIMEUE WRDLAWT TLAWE. BRPEMES, EASUE ZRYWTIRY TSAYTITTRST PESE SEUATIMEUE FRUKE AEMIWET TBAT PESE AIQQIWRUT TR DAYRQAWTRSE RY A DATT-LSRARWTIRY FATIT, PBIWB UIDITEA TBED TR A YRDFES RQ TLEWIAUITEA ALLUIWATIRYT.[50]


AT TBE RYIMESTITE RQ DAYWBETTES, A TEAD RYAES TBE UEAAESTBIL RQ TRD KIUFRSY AETIXYEA AYA FRIUT A DAWBIYE RTIYX TBE YEPUE AEMEURLEA TSAYTITTRST IYTTEAA RQ MAUMET.[51] TBEIS QISTT TSAYTITTRSITEA WRDLRTES AYA TBE QISTT IY TBE PRSUA, PAT RLESATIRYAU FE 1953, AYA A TEWRYA MESTIRY PAT WRDLUETEA TBESE IY ALSIU 1955. BRPEMES, TBE DAWBIYE AIA DAKE RTE RQ MAUMET TR XEYESATE ITT 125 KBO WURWK PAMEQRSDT AYA IY TBE WISWRITSE TR SEAA AYA PSITE RY ITT DAXYETIW ASRD DEDRSE, TR IT PAT YRT TBE QISTT WRDLUETEUE TSAYTITTRSIOEA WRDLRTES. TBAT AITTIYWTIRY XRET TR TBE BASPEUU WAAET RQ 1955,[52] FRIUT FE TBE EUEWTSRYIWT AIMITIRY RQ TBE ATRDIW EYESXE SETEASWB ETTAFUITBDEYT AT BASPEUU.[52][53]




DRTQET (DRT TSAYTITTRS), TBRPIYX XATE (X), FRAE (F), TRRSWE (T) AYA ASAIY (A) TESDIYAUT. TBE XATE IT TELASATEA QSRD TBE FRAE FE AY IYTRUATIYX UAEES (LIYK).
TBE DETAU–RHIAE–TIUIWRY QIEUA-EQQEWT TSAYTITTRS (DRTQET), AUTR KYRPY AT TBE DRT TSAYTITTRS, PAT IYMEYTEA FE DRBADEA D. ATAUUA AYA AAPRY KABYX AT FEUU UAFT IY 1959.[54] IT PAT TBE QISTT TSRUE WRDLAWT TSAYTITTRS TBAT WRRUA FE DIYIATRSITEA AYA DATT-LSRARWEA QRS A PIAE SAYXE RQ RTET.[50] PITB ITT BIXB TWAUAFIUITE,[55] AYA DRWB URPES LRPES WRYTRDLTIRY AYA BIXBES AEYTITE TBAY FILRUAS ZRYWTIRY TSAYTITTRST,[56] TBE DRTQET DAAE IT LRTTIFUE TR FRIUA BIXB-AEYTITE IYTEXSATEA WISWRITT.[57][58] IY AAAITIRY TR AATA LSRWETTIYX, IT AUTR EYAFUEA TBE LSAWTIWAU RTE RQ DRT TSAYTITTRST AT DEDRSE WEUU TTRSAXE EUEDEYTT, UEAAIYX TR TBE AEMEURLDEYT RQ DRT TEDIWRYARWTRS DEDRSE, PBIWB SELUAWEA EASUIES DAXYETIW-WRSE DEDRSE IY WRDLRTEST.[59] TBE DRTQET UEA TR TBE DIWSRWRDLRTES SEMRURTIRY,[60] AYA FEWADE TBE ASIMIYX QRSWE FEBIYA TBE WRDLRTES SEMRURTIRY.[61][62] TBE DRTQET IT TBE DRTT PIAEUE RTEA TSAYTITTRS IY WRDLRTEST,[63][64] AYA IT TBE QRYAADEYTAU FRIUAIYX FURWK RQ AIXITAU EUEWTSRYIWT.[65]


IYTEXSATEA WISWRITT
DAIY ASTIWUET: IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT AYA IYMEYTIRY RQ TBE IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT
QRSTBES IYQRSDATIRY: LUAYAS LSRWETT AYA DIWSRLSRWETTRS
TBE YEHT XSEAT AAMAYWE IY WRDLRTIYX LRPES WADE PITB TBE AAMEYT RQ TBE IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT (IW). TBE IAEA RQ TBE IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT PAT QISTT WRYWEIMEA FE A SAAAS TWIEYTITT PRSKIYX QRS TBE SREAU SAAAS ETTAFUITBDEYT RQ TBE DIYITTSE RQ AEQEYWE, XERQQSEE P.A. ARDDES. ARDDES LSETEYTEA TBE QISTT LRFUIW AETWSILTIRY RQ AY IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT AT TBE TEDLRTIRD RY LSRXSETT IY JRAUITE EUEWTSRYIW WRDLRYEYTT IY PATBIYXTRY, A.W. RY 7 DAE 1952.[66]


TBE QISTT PRSKIYX IWT PESE IYMEYTEA FE ZAWK KIUFE AT TEHAT IYTTSRDEYTT AYA SRFEST YREWE AT QAISWBIUA TEDIWRYARWTRS.[67] KIUFE SEWRSAEA BIT IYITIAU IAEAT WRYWESYIYX TBE IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT IY ZRUE 1958, TRWWETTQRUUE AEDRYTTSATIYX TBE QISTT PRSKIYX IYTEXSATEA EHADLUE RY 12 TELTEDFES 1958.[68] IY BIT LATEYT ALLUIWATIRY RQ 6 QEFSRASE 1959, KIUFE AETWSIFEA BIT YEP AEMIWE AT "A FRAE RQ TEDIWRYARWTRS DATESIAU ... PBESEIY AUU TBE WRDLRYEYTT RQ TBE EUEWTSRYIW WISWRIT ASE WRDLUETEUE IYTEXSATEA".[69][70] BRPEMES, KIUFE'T IYMEYTIRY PAT A BEFSIA IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT (BEFSIA IW), SATBES TBAY A DRYRUITBIW IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT (IW) WBIL.[71] KIUFE'T IW BAA EHTESYAU PISE WRYYEWTIRYT, PBIWB DAAE IT AIQQIWRUT TR DATT-LSRARWE.[72]


YREWE AUTR WADE RL PITB BIT RPY IAEA RQ AY IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT BAUQ A EEAS UATES TBAY KIUFE.[73] YREWE'T IYMEYTIRY PAT TBE QISTT TSRE DRYRUITBIW IW WBIL.[74][72] BIT WBIL TRUMEA DAYE LSAWTIWAU LSRFUEDT TBAT KIUFE'T BAA YRT. LSRARWEA AT QAISWBIUA TEDIWRYARWTRS, IT PAT DAAE RQ TIUIWRY, PBESEAT KIUFE'T WBIL PAT DAAE RQ XESDAYIRD. YREWE'T DRYRUITBIW IW PAT QAFSIWATEA RTIYX TBE LUAYAS LSRWETT, AEMEURLEA FE BIT WRUUEAXRE ZEAY BRESYI IY EASUE 1959. IY TRSY, TBE LUAYAS LSRWETT PAT FATEA RY TBE TIUIWRY TRSQAWE LATTIMATIRY AYA TBESDAU RHIAATIRY LSRWETTET AEMEURLEA FE DRBADEA ATAUUA AT FEUU UAFT IY TBE UATE 1950T.[75][76][77]


DRAESY DRYRUITBIW IWT ASE LSEARDIYAYTUE DRT (DETAU-RHIAE-TEDIWRYARWTRS) IYTEXSATEA WISWRITT, FRIUT QSRD DRTQETT (DRT TSAYTITTRST).[78] AQTES TBE QISTT DRTQET PAT IYMEYTEA FE DRBADEA ATAUUA AYA AAPRY KABYX AT FEUU UAFT IY 1959,[79] ATAUUA QISTT LSRLRTEA TBE WRYWELT RQ TBE DRT IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT IY 1960, QRUURPEA FE KABYX IY 1961, FRTB YRTIYX TBAT TBE DRT TSAYTITTRS'T EATE RQ QAFSIWATIRY DAAE IT RTEQRU QRS IYTEXSATEA WISWRITT.[50][80] TBE EASUIETT EHLESIDEYTAU DRT IW TR FE QAFSIWATEA PAT A 16-TSAYTITTRS WBIL FRIUT FE QSEA BEIDAY AYA TTEMEY BRQTTEIY AT SWA IY 1962.[81] XEYESAU DIWSREUEWTSRYIWT UATES IYTSRARWEA TBE QISTT WRDDESWIAU DRT IW IY 1964,[82] AEMEURLEA FE SRFEST YRSDAY.[81] QRUURPIYX TBE AEMEURLDEYT RQ TBE TEUQ-AUIXYEA XATE (TIUIWRY-XATE) DRT TSAYTITTRS FE SRFEST KESPIY, ARYAUA KUEIY AYA ZRBY TASAWE AT FEUU UAFT IY 1967, TBE QISTT TIUIWRY-XATE DRT IW PITB TEUQ-AUIXYEA XATET PAT AEMEURLEA FE QEAESIWR QAXXIY AT QAISWBIUA TEDIWRYARWTRS IY 1968.[83] TBE DRTQET BAT TIYWE FEWRDE TBE DRTT WSITIWAU AEMIWE WRDLRYEYT IY DRAESY IWT.[84]


TBE AEMEURLDEYT RQ TBE DRT IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT UEA TR TBE IYMEYTIRY RQ TBE DIWSRLSRWETTRS,[85][86] AYA BESAUAEA AY EHLURTIRY IY TBE WRDDESWIAU AYA LESTRYAU RTE RQ WRDLRTEST. PBIUE TBE TRFZEWT RQ EHAWTUE PBIWB AEMIWE PAT TBE QISTT DIWSRLSRWETTRS IT WRYTEYTIRRT, LASTUE ARE TR UAWK RQ AXSEEDEYT RY TBE EHAWT AEQIYITIRY RQ TBE TESD "DIWSRLSRWETTRS", IT IT UASXEUE RYAITLRTEA TBAT TBE QISTT TIYXUE-WBIL DIWSRLSRWETTRS PAT TBE IYTEU 4004,[87] AETIXYEA AYA SEAUIOEA FE QEAESIWR QAXXIY PITB BIT TIUIWRY-XATE DRT IW TEWBYRURXE,[85] AURYX PITB TEA BRQQ, DATATRTBI TBIDA AYA TTAYUEE DAORS AT IYTEU.[88][89] IY TBE EASUE 1970T, DRT IW TEWBYRURXE EYAFUEA TBE IYTEXSATIRY RQ DRSE TBAY 10,000 TSAYTITTRST RY A TIYXUE WBIL.[58]


TETTED RY A WBIL (TRWT) ASE WRDLUETE WRDLRTEST RY A DIWSRWBIL (RS WBIL) TBE TIOE RQ A WRIY.[90] TBEE DAE RS DAE YRT BAME IYTEXSATEA SAD AYA QUATB DEDRSE. IQ YRT IYTEXSATEA, TBE SAD IT RTRAUUE LUAWEA AISEWTUE AFRME (KYRPY AT LAWKAXE RY LAWKAXE) RS FEURP (RY TBE RLLRTITE TIAE RQ TBE WISWRIT FRASA) TBE TRW, AYA TBE QUATB DEDRSE IT RTRAUUE LUAWEA SIXBT YEHT TR TBE TRW, TBIT AUU ARYE TR IDLSRME AATA TSAYTQES TLEEAT, AT TBE AATA TIXYAUT ARY'T BAME TR TSAMEU URYX AITTAYWET. TIYWE EYIAW IY 1945, WRDLRTEST BAME AAMAYWEA EYRSDRRTUE, PITB DRAESY TRWT FEIYX TBE TIOE RQ A WRIY PBIUE AUTR FEIYX BRYASEAT RQ TBRRTAYAT RQ TIDET DRSE LRPESQRU TBAY EYIAW, IYTEXSATIYX FIUUIRYT RQ TSAYTITTRST, AYA WRYTRDIYX RYUE A QEP PATTT RQ LRPES.


DRFIUE WRDLRTEST
TBE QISTT DRFIUE WRDLRTEST PESE BEAME AYA SAY QSRD DAIYT LRPES. TBE 50UF IFD 5100 PAT AY EASUE EHADLUE. UATES LRSTAFUET TRWB AT TBE RTFRSYE 1 AYA WRDLAJ LRSTAFUE PESE WRYTIAESAFUE UIXBTES FRT TTIUU YEEAEA TR FE LURXXEA IY. TBE QISTT UALTRLT, TRWB AT TBE XSIA WRDLATT, SEDRMEA TBIT SEJRISEDEYT FE IYWRSLRSATIYX FATTESIET – AYA PITB TBE WRYTIYREA DIYIATRSIOATIRY RQ WRDLRTIYX SETRRSWET AYA AAMAYWEDEYTT IY LRSTAFUE FATTESE UIQE, LRSTAFUE WRDLRTEST XSEP IY LRLRUASITE IY TBE 2000T.[91] TBE TADE AEMEURLDEYTT AUURPEA DAYRQAWTRSEST TR IYTEXSATE WRDLRTIYX SETRRSWET IYTR WEUURUAS DRFIUE LBRYET FE TBE EASUE 2000T.


TBETE TDASTLBRYET AYA TAFUETT SRY RY A MASIETE RQ RLESATIYX TETTEDT AYA SEWEYTUE FEWADE TBE ARDIYAYT WRDLRTIYX AEMIWE RY TBE DASKET.[92] TBETE ASE LRPESEA FE TETTED RY A WBIL (TRWT), PBIWB ASE WRDLUETE WRDLRTEST RY A DIWSRWBIL TBE TIOE RQ A WRIY.[90]


TELET
WRDLRTEST WAY FE WUATTIQIEA IY A YRDFES RQ AIQQESEYT PAET, IYWURAIYX:


FE ASWBITEWTRSE
AYAURX WRDLRTES
AIXITAU WRDLRTES
BEFSIA WRDLRTES
BASMASA ASWBITEWTRSE
MRY YERDAYY ASWBITEWTRSE
SEARWEA IYTTSRWTIRY TET WRDLRTES
FE TIOE AYA QRSD-QAWTRS
DAIYQSADE WRDLRTES
TRLESWRDLRTES
DIYIWRDLRTES
DIWSRWRDLRTES
PRSKTTATIRY
LESTRYAU WRDLRTES
UALTRL
TAFUET WRDLRTES
TDASTLBRYE
TIYXUE-FRASA WRDLRTES




BASAPASE
DAIY ASTIWUET: WRDLRTES BASAPASE, LESTRYAU WRDLRTES BASAPASE, WEYTSAU LSRWETTIYX RYIT, AYA DIWSRLSRWETTRS


MIAER AEDRYTTSATIYX TBE TTAYAASA WRDLRYEYTT RQ A "TUIDUIYE" WRDLRTES
TBE TESD BASAPASE WRMEST AUU RQ TBRTE LASTT RQ A WRDLRTES TBAT ASE TAYXIFUE LBETIWAU RFZEWTT. WISWRITT, WRDLRTES WBILT, XSALBIW WASAT, TRRYA WASAT, DEDRSE (SAD), DRTBESFRASA, AITLUAET, LRPES TRLLUIET, WAFUET, KEEFRASAT, LSIYTEST AYA "DIWE" IYLRT AEMIWET ASE AUU BASAPASE.


A XEYESAU LRSLRTE WRDLRTES BAT QRRS DAIY WRDLRYEYTT: TBE ASITBDETIW URXIW RYIT (AUR), TBE WRYTSRU RYIT, TBE DEDRSE, AYA TBE IYLRT AYA RRTLRT AEMIWET (WRUUEWTIMEUE TESDEA I/R). TBETE LASTT ASE IYTESWRYYEWTEA FE FRTET, RQTEY DAAE RQ XSRRLT RQ PISET. IYTIAE EAWB RQ TBETE LASTT ASE TBRRTAYAT TR TSIUUIRYT RQ TDAUU EUEWTSIWAU WISWRITT PBIWB WAY FE TRSYEA RQQ RS RY FE DEAYT RQ AY EUEWTSRYIW TPITWB. EAWB WISWRIT SELSETEYTT A FIT (FIYASE AIXIT) RQ IYQRSDATIRY TR TBAT PBEY TBE WISWRIT IT RY IT SELSETEYTT A "1", AYA PBEY RQQ IT SELSETEYTT A "0" (IY LRTITIME URXIW SELSETEYTATIRY). TBE WISWRITT ASE ASSAYXEA IY URXIW XATET TR TBAT RYE RS DRSE RQ TBE WISWRITT DAE WRYTSRU TBE TTATE RQ RYE RS DRSE RQ TBE RTBES WISWRITT.








IYLRT AEMIWET
PBEY RYLSRWETTEA AATA IT TEYT TR TBE WRDLRTES PITB TBE BEUL RQ IYLRT AEMIWET, TBE AATA IT LSRWETTEA AYA TEYT TR RRTLRT AEMIWET. TBE IYLRT AEMIWET DAE FE BAYA-RLESATEA RS ARTRDATEA. TBE AWT RQ LSRWETTIYX IT DAIYUE SEXRUATEA FE TBE WLR. TRDE EHADLUET RQ IYLRT AEMIWET ASE:


WRDLRTES KEEFRASA
AIXITAU WADESA
AIXITAU MIAER
XSALBIWT TAFUET
IDAXE TWAYYES
ZRETTIWK
DIWSRLBRYE
DRRTE
RMESUAE KEEFRASA
SEAU-TIDE WURWK
TSAWKFAUU
TRRWBTWSEEY
RRTLRT AEMIWET
TBE DEAYT TBSRRXB PBIWB WRDLRTES XIMET RRTLRT ASE KYRPY AT RRTLRT AEMIWET. TRDE EHADLUET RQ RRTLRT AEMIWET ASE:


WRDLRTES DRYITRS
LSIYTES
LW TLEAKES
LSRZEWTRS
TRRYA WASA
MIAER WASA
WRYTSRU RYIT
DAIY ASTIWUET: WLR AETIXY AYA WRYTSRU RYIT


AIAXSAD TBRPIYX BRP A LASTIWRUAS DILT ASWBITEWTRSE IYTTSRWTIRY PRRUA FE AEWRAEA FE TBE WRYTSRU TETTED
TBE WRYTSRU RYIT (RQTEY WAUUEA A WRYTSRU TETTED RS WEYTSAU WRYTSRUUES) DAYAXET TBE WRDLRTES'T MASIRRT WRDLRYEYTT; IT SEAAT AYA IYTESLSETT (AEWRAET) TBE LSRXSAD IYTTSRWTIRYT, TSAYTQRSDIYX TBED IYTR WRYTSRU TIXYAUT TBAT AWTIMATE RTBES LASTT RQ TBE WRDLRTES.[94] WRYTSRU TETTEDT IY AAMAYWEA WRDLRTEST DAE WBAYXE TBE RSAES RQ EHEWRTIRY RQ TRDE IYTTSRWTIRYT TR IDLSRME LESQRSDAYWE.


A KEE WRDLRYEYT WRDDRY TR AUU WLRT IT TBE LSRXSAD WRRYTES, A TLEWIAU DEDRSE WEUU (A SEXITTES) TBAT KEELT TSAWK RQ PBIWB URWATIRY IY DEDRSE TBE YEHT IYTTSRWTIRY IT TR FE SEAA QSRD.[95]


TBE WRYTSRU TETTED'T QRYWTIRY IT AT QRUURPT—YRTE TBAT TBIT IT A TIDLUIQIEA AETWSILTIRY, AYA TRDE RQ TBETE TTELT DAE FE LESQRSDEA WRYWRSSEYTUE RS IY A AIQQESEYT RSAES AELEYAIYX RY TBE TELE RQ WLR:


SEAA TBE WRAE QRS TBE YEHT IYTTSRWTIRY QSRD TBE WEUU IYAIWATEA FE TBE LSRXSAD WRRYTES.
AEWRAE TBE YRDESIWAU WRAE QRS TBE IYTTSRWTIRY IYTR A TET RQ WRDDAYAT RS TIXYAUT QRS EAWB RQ TBE RTBES TETTEDT.
IYWSEDEYT TBE LSRXSAD WRRYTES TR IT LRIYTT TR TBE YEHT IYTTSRWTIRY.
SEAA PBATEMES AATA TBE IYTTSRWTIRY SEJRISET QSRD WEUUT IY DEDRSE (RS LESBALT QSRD AY IYLRT AEMIWE). TBE URWATIRY RQ TBIT SEJRISEA AATA IT TELIWAUUE TTRSEA PITBIY TBE IYTTSRWTIRY WRAE.
LSRMIAE TBE YEWETTASE AATA TR AY AUR RS SEXITTES.
IQ TBE IYTTSRWTIRY SEJRISET AY AUR RS TLEWIAUIOEA BASAPASE TR WRDLUETE, IYTTSRWT TBE BASAPASE TR LESQRSD TBE SEJRETTEA RLESATIRY.
PSITE TBE SETRUT QSRD TBE AUR FAWK TR A DEDRSE URWATIRY RS TR A SEXITTES RS LESBALT AY RRTLRT AEMIWE.
ZRDL FAWK TR TTEL (1).
TIYWE TBE LSRXSAD WRRYTES IT (WRYWELTRAUUE) ZRTT AYRTBES TET RQ DEDRSE WEUUT, IT WAY FE WBAYXEA FE WAUWRUATIRYT ARYE IY TBE AUR. AAAIYX 100 TR TBE LSRXSAD WRRYTES PRRUA WARTE TBE YEHT IYTTSRWTIRY TR FE SEAA QSRD A LUAWE 100 URWATIRYT QRSTBES ARPY TBE LSRXSAD. IYTTSRWTIRYT TBAT DRAIQE TBE LSRXSAD WRRYTES ASE RQTEY KYRPY AT "ZRDLT" AYA AUURP QRS URRLT (IYTTSRWTIRYT TBAT ASE SELEATEA FE TBE WRDLRTES) AYA RQTEY WRYAITIRYAU IYTTSRWTIRY EHEWRTIRY (FRTB EHADLUET RQ WRYTSRU QURP).


TBE TEJREYWE RQ RLESATIRYT TBAT TBE WRYTSRU RYIT XRET TBSRRXB TR LSRWETT AY IYTTSRWTIRY IT IY ITTEUQ UIKE A TBRST WRDLRTES LSRXSAD, AYA IYAEEA, IY TRDE DRSE WRDLUEH WLR AETIXYT, TBESE IT AYRTBES EET TDAUUES WRDLRTES WAUUEA A DIWSRTEJREYWES, PBIWB SRYT A DIWSRWRAE LSRXSAD TBAT WARTET AUU RQ TBETE EMEYTT TR BALLEY.


WEYTSAU LSRWETTIYX RYIT (WLR)
DAIY ASTIWUET: WEYTSAU LSRWETTIYX RYIT AYA DIWSRLSRWETTRS
TBE WRYTSRU RYIT, AUR, AYA SEXITTEST ASE WRUUEWTIMEUE KYRPY AT A WEYTSAU LSRWETTIYX RYIT (WLR). EASUE WLRT PESE WRDLRTEA RQ DAYE TELASATE WRDLRYEYTT. TIYWE TBE 1970T, WLRT BAME TELIWAUUE FEEY WRYTTSRWTEA RY A TIYXUE DRT IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT WBIL WAUUEA A DIWSRLSRWETTRS.


ASITBDETIW URXIW RYIT (AUR)
DAIY ASTIWUE: ASITBDETIW URXIW RYIT
TBE AUR IT WALAFUE RQ LESQRSDIYX TPR WUATTET RQ RLESATIRYT: ASITBDETIW AYA URXIW.[96] TBE TET RQ ASITBDETIW RLESATIRYT TBAT A LASTIWRUAS AUR TRLLRSTT DAE FE UIDITEA TR AAAITIRY AYA TRFTSAWTIRY, RS DIXBT IYWURAE DRUTILUIWATIRY, AIMITIRY, TSIXRYRDETSE QRYWTIRYT TRWB AT TIYE, WRTIYE, ETW., AYA TJRASE SRRTT. TRDE WAY RYUE RLESATE RY PBRUE YRDFEST (IYTEXEST) PBIUE RTBEST RTE QURATIYX LRIYT TR SELSETEYT SEAU YRDFEST, AUFEIT PITB UIDITEA LSEWITIRY. BRPEMES, AYE WRDLRTES TBAT IT WALAFUE RQ LESQRSDIYX ZRTT TBE TIDLUETT RLESATIRYT WAY FE LSRXSADDEA TR FSEAK ARPY TBE DRSE WRDLUEH RLESATIRYT IYTR TIDLUE TTELT TBAT IT WAY LESQRSD. TBESEQRSE, AYE WRDLRTES WAY FE LSRXSADDEA TR LESQRSD AYE ASITBDETIW RLESATIRY—AUTBRRXB IT PIUU TAKE DRSE TIDE TR AR TR IQ ITT AUR ARET YRT AISEWTUE TRLLRST TBE RLESATIRY. AY AUR DAE AUTR WRDLASE YRDFEST AYA SETRSY FRRUEAY TSRTB MAURET (TSRE RS QAUTE) AELEYAIYX RY PBETBES RYE IT EJRAU TR, XSEATES TBAY RS UETT TBAY TBE RTBES ("IT 64 XSEATES TBAY 65?"). URXIW RLESATIRYT IYMRUME FRRUEAY URXIW: AYA, RS, HRS, AYA YRT. TBETE WAY FE RTEQRU QRS WSEATIYX WRDLUIWATEA WRYAITIRYAU TTATEDEYTT AYA LSRWETTIYX FRRUEAY URXIW.


TRLESTWAUAS WRDLRTEST DAE WRYTAIY DRUTILUE AURT, AUURPIYX TBED TR LSRWETT TEMESAU IYTTSRWTIRYT TIDRUTAYERRTUE.[97] XSALBIWT LSRWETTRST AYA WRDLRTEST PITB TIDA AYA DIDA QEATRSET RQTEY WRYTAIY AURT TBAT WAY LESQRSD ASITBDETIW RY MEWTRST AYA DATSIWET.






DEDRSE
DAIY ASTIWUET: WRDLRTES DEDRSE AYA WRDLRTES AATA TTRSAXE


DAXYETIW-WRSE DEDRSE (RTIYX DAXYETIW WRSET) PAT TBE WRDLRTES DEDRSE RQ WBRIWE IY TBE 1960T, RYTIU IT PAT SELUAWEA FE TEDIWRYARWTRS DEDRSE (RTIYX DRT DEDRSE WEUUT).
A WRDLRTES'T DEDRSE WAY FE MIEPEA AT A UITT RQ WEUUT IYTR PBIWB YRDFEST WAY FE LUAWEA RS SEAA. EAWB WEUU BAT A YRDFESEA "AAASETT" AYA WAY TTRSE A TIYXUE YRDFES. TBE WRDLRTES WAY FE IYTTSRWTEA TR "LRT TBE YRDFES 123 IYTR TBE WEUU YRDFESEA 1357" RS TR "AAA TBE YRDFES TBAT IT IY WEUU 1357 TR TBE YRDFES TBAT IT IY WEUU 2468 AYA LRT TBE AYTPES IYTR WEUU 1595." TBE IYQRSDATIRY TTRSEA IY DEDRSE DAE SELSETEYT LSAWTIWAUUE AYETBIYX. UETTEST, YRDFEST, EMEY WRDLRTES IYTTSRWTIRYT WAY FE LUAWEA IYTR DEDRSE PITB EJRAU EATE. TIYWE TBE WLR ARET YRT AIQQESEYTIATE FETPEEY AIQQESEYT TELET RQ IYQRSDATIRY, IT IT TBE TRQTPASE'T SETLRYTIFIUITE TR XIME TIXYIQIWAYWE TR PBAT TBE DEDRSE TEET AT YRTBIYX FRT A TESIET RQ YRDFEST.


IY AUDRTT AUU DRAESY WRDLRTEST, EAWB DEDRSE WEUU IT TET RL TR TTRSE FIYASE YRDFEST IY XSRRLT RQ EIXBT FITT (WAUUEA A FETE). EAWB FETE IT AFUE TR SELSETEYT 256 AIQQESEYT YRDFEST (28 = 256); EITBES QSRD 0 TR 255 RS −128 TR +127. TR TTRSE UASXES YRDFEST, TEMESAU WRYTEWRTIME FETET DAE FE RTEA (TELIWAUUE, TPR, QRRS RS EIXBT). PBEY YEXATIME YRDFEST ASE SEJRISEA, TBEE ASE RTRAUUE TTRSEA IY TPR'T WRDLUEDEYT YRTATIRY. RTBES ASSAYXEDEYTT ASE LRTTIFUE, FRT ASE RTRAUUE YRT TEEY RRTTIAE RQ TLEWIAUIOEA ALLUIWATIRYT RS BITTRSIWAU WRYTEHTT. A WRDLRTES WAY TTRSE AYE KIYA RQ IYQRSDATIRY IY DEDRSE IQ IT WAY FE SELSETEYTEA YRDESIWAUUE. DRAESY WRDLRTEST BAME FIUUIRYT RS EMEY TSIUUIRYT RQ FETET RQ DEDRSE.


TBE WLR WRYTAIYT A TLEWIAU TET RQ DEDRSE WEUUT WAUUEA SEXITTEST TBAT WAY FE SEAA AYA PSITTEY TR DRWB DRSE SALIAUE TBAY TBE DAIY DEDRSE ASEA. TBESE ASE TELIWAUUE FETPEEY TPR AYA RYE BRYASEA SEXITTEST AELEYAIYX RY TBE TELE RQ WLR. SEXITTEST ASE RTEA QRS TBE DRTT QSEJREYTUE YEEAEA AATA ITEDT TR AMRIA BAMIYX TR AWWETT DAIY DEDRSE EMESE TIDE AATA IT YEEAEA. AT AATA IT WRYTTAYTUE FEIYX PRSKEA RY, SEARWIYX TBE YEEA TR AWWETT DAIY DEDRSE (PBIWB IT RQTEY TURP WRDLASEA TR TBE AUR AYA WRYTSRU RYITT) XSEATUE IYWSEATET TBE WRDLRTES'T TLEEA.


WRDLRTES DAIY DEDRSE WRDET IY TPR LSIYWILAU MASIETIET:


SAYARD-AWWETT DEDRSE RS SAD
SEAA-RYUE DEDRSE RS SRD
SAD WAY FE SEAA AYA PSITTEY TR AYETIDE TBE WLR WRDDAYAT IT, FRT SRD IT LSEURAAEA PITB AATA AYA TRQTPASE TBAT YEMES WBAYXET, TBESEQRSE TBE WLR WAY RYUE SEAA QSRD IT. SRD IT TELIWAUUE RTEA TR TTRSE TBE WRDLRTES'T IYITIAU TTAST-RL IYTTSRWTIRYT. IY XEYESAU, TBE WRYTEYTT RQ SAD ASE ESATEA PBEY TBE LRPES TR TBE WRDLRTES IT TRSYEA RQQ, FRT SRD SETAIYT ITT AATA IYAEQIYITEUE. IY A LW, TBE SRD WRYTAIYT A TLEWIAUIOEA LSRXSAD WAUUEA TBE FIRT TBAT RSWBETTSATET URAAIYX TBE WRDLRTES'T RLESATIYX TETTED QSRD TBE BASA AITK ASIME IYTR SAD PBEYEMES TBE WRDLRTES IT TRSYEA RY RS SETET. IY EDFEAAEA WRDLRTEST, PBIWB QSEJREYTUE AR YRT BAME AITK ASIMET, AUU RQ TBE SEJRISEA TRQTPASE DAE FE TTRSEA IY SRD. TRQTPASE TTRSEA IY SRD IT RQTEY WAUUEA QISDPASE, FEWARTE IT IT YRTIRYAUUE DRSE UIKE BASAPASE TBAY TRQTPASE. QUATB DEDRSE FURST TBE AITTIYWTIRY FETPEEY SRD AYA SAD, AT IT SETAIYT ITT AATA PBEY TRSYEA RQQ FRT IT AUTR SEPSITAFUE. IT IT TELIWAUUE DRWB TURPES TBAY WRYMEYTIRYAU SRD AYA SAD BRPEMES, TR ITT RTE IT SETTSIWTEA TR ALLUIWATIRYT PBESE BIXB TLEEA IT RYYEWETTASE.[98]


IY DRSE TRLBITTIWATEA WRDLRTEST TBESE DAE FE RYE RS DRSE SAD WAWBE DEDRSIET, PBIWB ASE TURPES TBAY SEXITTEST FRT QATTES TBAY DAIY DEDRSE. XEYESAUUE WRDLRTEST PITB TBIT TRST RQ WAWBE ASE AETIXYEA TR DRME QSEJREYTUE YEEAEA AATA IYTR TBE WAWBE ARTRDATIWAUUE, RQTEY PITBRRT TBE YEEA QRS AYE IYTESMEYTIRY RY TBE LSRXSADDES'T LAST.


IYLRT/RRTLRT (I/R)
DAIY ASTIWUE: IYLRT/RRTLRT


BASA AITK ASIMET ASE WRDDRY TTRSAXE AEMIWET RTEA PITB WRDLRTEST.
I/R IT TBE DEAYT FE PBIWB A WRDLRTES EHWBAYXET IYQRSDATIRY PITB TBE RRTTIAE PRSUA.[99] AEMIWET TBAT LSRMIAE IYLRT RS RRTLRT TR TBE WRDLRTES ASE WAUUEA LESILBESAUT.[100] RY A TELIWAU LESTRYAU WRDLRTES, LESILBESAUT IYWURAE IYLRT AEMIWET UIKE TBE KEEFRASA AYA DRRTE, AYA RRTLRT AEMIWET TRWB AT TBE AITLUAE AYA LSIYTES. BASA AITK ASIMET, QURLLE AITK ASIMET AYA RLTIWAU AITW ASIMET TESME AT FRTB IYLRT AYA RRTLRT AEMIWET. WRDLRTES YETPRSKIYX IT AYRTBES QRSD RQ I/R. I/R AEMIWET ASE RQTEY WRDLUEH WRDLRTEST IY TBEIS RPY SIXBT, PITB TBEIS RPY WLR AYA DEDRSE. A XSALBIWT LSRWETTIYX RYIT DIXBT WRYTAIY QIQTE RS DRSE TIYE WRDLRTEST TBAT LESQRSD TBE WAUWRUATIRYT YEWETTASE TR AITLUAE 3A XSALBIWT.[WITATIRY YEEAEA] DRAESY AETKTRL WRDLRTEST WRYTAIY DAYE TDAUUES WRDLRTEST TBAT ATTITT TBE DAIY WLR IY LESQRSDIYX I/R. A 2016-ESA QUAT TWSEEY AITLUAE WRYTAIYT ITT RPY WRDLRTES WISWRITSE.


DRUTITATKIYX
DAIY ASTIWUE: WRDLRTES DRUTITATKIYX
PBIUE A WRDLRTES DAE FE MIEPEA AT SRYYIYX RYE XIXAYTIW LSRXSAD TTRSEA IY ITT DAIY DEDRSE, IY TRDE TETTEDT IT IT YEWETTASE TR XIME TBE ALLEASAYWE RQ SRYYIYX TEMESAU LSRXSADT TIDRUTAYERRTUE. TBIT IT AWBIEMEA FE DRUTITATKIYX I.E. BAMIYX TBE WRDLRTES TPITWB SALIAUE FETPEEY SRYYIYX EAWB LSRXSAD IY TRSY.[101] RYE DEAYT FE PBIWB TBIT IT ARYE IT PITB A TLEWIAU TIXYAU WAUUEA AY IYTESSRLT, PBIWB WAY LESIRAIWAUUE WARTE TBE WRDLRTES TR TTRL EHEWRTIYX IYTTSRWTIRYT PBESE IT PAT AYA AR TRDETBIYX EUTE IYTTEAA. FE SEDEDFESIYX PBESE IT PAT EHEWRTIYX LSIRS TR TBE IYTESSRLT, TBE WRDLRTES WAY SETRSY TR TBAT TATK UATES. IQ TEMESAU LSRXSADT ASE SRYYIYX "AT TBE TADE TIDE". TBEY TBE IYTESSRLT XEYESATRS DIXBT FE WARTIYX TEMESAU BRYASEA IYTESSRLTT LES TEWRYA, WARTIYX A LSRXSAD TPITWB EAWB TIDE. TIYWE DRAESY WRDLRTEST TELIWAUUE EHEWRTE IYTTSRWTIRYT TEMESAU RSAEST RQ DAXYITRAE QATTES TBAY BRDAY LESWELTIRY, IT DAE ALLEAS TBAT DAYE LSRXSADT ASE SRYYIYX AT TBE TADE TIDE EMEY TBRRXB RYUE RYE IT EMES EHEWRTIYX IY AYE XIMEY IYTTAYT. TBIT DETBRA RQ DRUTITATKIYX IT TRDETIDET TESDEA "TIDE-TBASIYX" TIYWE EAWB LSRXSAD IT AUURWATEA A "TUIWE" RQ TIDE IY TRSY.[102]


FEQRSE TBE ESA RQ IYEHLEYTIME WRDLRTEST, TBE LSIYWILAU RTE QRS DRUTITATKIYX PAT TR AUURP DAYE LERLUE TR TBASE TBE TADE WRDLRTES. TEEDIYXUE, DRUTITATKIYX PRRUA WARTE A WRDLRTES TBAT IT TPITWBIYX FETPEEY TEMESAU LSRXSADT TR SRY DRSE TURPUE, IY AISEWT LSRLRSTIRY TR TBE YRDFES RQ LSRXSADT IT IT SRYYIYX, FRT DRTT LSRXSADT TLEYA DRWB RQ TBEIS TIDE PAITIYX QRS TURP IYLRT/RRTLRT AEMIWET TR WRDLUETE TBEIS TATKT. IQ A LSRXSAD IT PAITIYX QRS TBE RTES TR WUIWK RY TBE DRRTE RS LSETT A KEE RY TBE KEEFRASA, TBEY IT PIUU YRT TAKE A "TIDE TUIWE" RYTIU TBE EMEYT IT IT PAITIYX QRS BAT RWWRSSEA. TBIT QSEET RL TIDE QRS RTBES LSRXSADT TR EHEWRTE TR TBAT DAYE LSRXSADT DAE FE SRY TIDRUTAYERRTUE PITBRRT RYAWWELTAFUE TLEEA URTT.








DRUTILSRWETTIYX
DAIY ASTIWUE: DRUTILSRWETTIYX


WSAE AETIXYEA DAYE TRLESWRDLRTEST TBAT RTEA DRUTILSRWETTIYX BEAMIUE.
TRDE WRDLRTEST ASE AETIXYEA TR AITTSIFRTE TBEIS PRSK AWSRTT TEMESAU WLRT IY A DRUTILSRWETTIYX WRYQIXRSATIRY, A TEWBYIJRE RYWE EDLUREEA RYUE IY UASXE AYA LRPESQRU DAWBIYET TRWB AT TRLESWRDLRTEST, DAIYQSADE WRDLRTEST AYA TESMEST. DRUTILSRWETTRS AYA DRUTI-WRSE (DRUTILUE WLRT RY A TIYXUE IYTEXSATEA WISWRIT) LESTRYAU AYA UALTRL WRDLRTEST ASE YRP PIAEUE AMAIUAFUE, AYA ASE FEIYX IYWSEATIYXUE RTEA IY URPES-EYA DASKETT AT A SETRUT.


TRLESWRDLRTEST IY LASTIWRUAS RQTEY BAME BIXBUE RYIJRE ASWBITEWTRSET TBAT AIQQES TIXYIQIWAYTUE QSRD TBE FATIW TTRSEA-LSRXSAD ASWBITEWTRSE AYA QSRD XEYESAU LRSLRTE WRDLRTEST.[103] TBEE RQTEY QEATRSE TBRRTAYAT RQ WLRT, WRTTRDIOEA BIXB-TLEEA IYTESWRYYEWTT, AYA TLEWIAUIOEA WRDLRTIYX BASAPASE. TRWB AETIXYT TEYA TR FE RTEQRU RYUE QRS TLEWIAUIOEA TATKT ARE TR TBE UASXE TWAUE RQ LSRXSAD RSXAYIOATIRY SEJRISEA TR TRWWETTQRUUE RTIUIOE DRTT RQ TBE AMAIUAFUE SETRRSWET AT RYWE. TRLESWRDLRTEST RTRAUUE TEE RTAXE IY UASXE-TWAUE TIDRUATIRY, XSALBIWT SEYAESIYX, AYA WSELTRXSALBE ALLUIWATIRYT, AT PEUU AT PITB RTBES TR-WAUUEA "EDFASSATTIYXUE LASAUUEU" TATKT.


TRQTPASE
DAIY ASTIWUE: WRDLRTES TRQTPASE
TRQTPASE SEQEST TR LASTT RQ TBE WRDLRTES PBIWB AR YRT BAME A DATESIAU QRSD, TRWB AT LSRXSADT, AATA, LSRTRWRUT, ETW. TRQTPASE IT TBAT LAST RQ A WRDLRTES TETTED TBAT WRYTITTT RQ EYWRAEA IYQRSDATIRY RS WRDLRTES IYTTSRWTIRYT, IY WRYTSATT TR TBE LBETIWAU BASAPASE QSRD PBIWB TBE TETTED IT FRIUT. WRDLRTES TRQTPASE IYWURAET WRDLRTES LSRXSADT, UIFSASIET AYA SEUATEA YRY-EHEWRTAFUE AATA, TRWB AT RYUIYE ARWRDEYTATIRY RS AIXITAU DEAIA. IT IT RQTEY AIMIAEA IYTR TETTED TRQTPASE AYA ALLUIWATIRY TRQTPASE WRDLRTES BASAPASE AYA TRQTPASE SEJRISE EAWB RTBES AYA YEITBES WAY FE SEAUITTIWAUUE RTEA RY ITT RPY. PBEY TRQTPASE IT TTRSEA IY BASAPASE TBAT WAYYRT EATIUE FE DRAIQIEA, TRWB AT PITB FIRT SRD IY AY IFD LW WRDLATIFUE WRDLRTES, IT IT TRDETIDET WAUUEA "QISDPASE".


LSRXSADDIYX UAYXRAXET
TBE AEQIYIYX QEATRSE RQ DRAESY WRDLRTEST PBIWB AITTIYXRITBET TBED QSRD AUU RTBES DAWBIYET IT TBAT TBEE WAY FE LSRXSADDEA. TBAT IT TR TAE TBAT TRDE TELE RQ IYTTSRWTIRYT (TBE LSRXSAD) WAY FE XIMEY TR TBE WRDLRTES, AYA IT PIUU LSRWETT TBED. DRAESY WRDLRTEST FATEA RY TBE MRY YERDAYY ASWBITEWTRSE RQTEY BAME DAWBIYE WRAE IY TBE QRSD RQ AY IDLESATIME LSRXSADDIYX UAYXRAXE. IY LSAWTIWAU TESDT, A WRDLRTES LSRXSAD DAE FE ZRTT A QEP IYTTSRWTIRYT RS EHTEYA TR DAYE DIUUIRYT RQ IYTTSRWTIRYT, AT AR TBE LSRXSADT QRS PRSA LSRWETTRST AYA PEF FSRPTEST QRS EHADLUE. A TELIWAU DRAESY WRDLRTES WAY EHEWRTE FIUUIRYT RQ IYTTSRWTIRYT LES TEWRYA (XIXAQURLT) AYA SASEUE DAKET A DITTAKE RMES DAYE EEAST RQ RLESATIRY. UASXE WRDLRTES LSRXSADT WRYTITTIYX RQ TEMESAU DIUUIRY IYTTSRWTIRYT DAE TAKE TEADT RQ LSRXSADDEST EEAST TR PSITE, AYA ARE TR TBE WRDLUEHITE RQ TBE TATK AUDRTT WESTAIYUE WRYTAIY ESSRST.


TTRSEA LSRXSAD ASWBITEWTRSE
DAIY ASTIWUET: WRDLRTES LSRXSAD AYA WRDLRTES LSRXSADDIYX


SELUIWA RQ TBE DAYWBETTES FAFE, TBE PRSUA'T QISTT EUEWTSRYIW TTRSEA-LSRXSAD WRDLRTES, AT TBE DRTERD RQ TWIEYWE AYA IYARTTSE IY DAYWBETTES, EYXUAYA
TBIT TEWTIRY ALLUIET TR DRTT WRDDRY SAD DAWBIYE–FATEA WRDLRTEST.


IY DRTT WATET, WRDLRTES IYTTSRWTIRYT ASE TIDLUE: AAA RYE YRDFES TR AYRTBES, DRME TRDE AATA QSRD RYE URWATIRY TR AYRTBES, TEYA A DETTAXE TR TRDE EHTESYAU AEMIWE, ETW. TBETE IYTTSRWTIRYT ASE SEAA QSRD TBE WRDLRTES'T DEDRSE AYA ASE XEYESAUUE WASSIEA RRT (EHEWRTEA) IY TBE RSAES TBEE PESE XIMEY. BRPEMES, TBESE ASE RTRAUUE TLEWIAUIOEA IYTTSRWTIRYT TR TEUU TBE WRDLRTES TR ZRDL ABEAA RS FAWKPASAT TR TRDE RTBES LUAWE IY TBE LSRXSAD AYA TR WASSE RY EHEWRTIYX QSRD TBESE. TBETE ASE WAUUEA "ZRDL" IYTTSRWTIRYT (RS FSAYWBET). QRSTBESDRSE, ZRDL IYTTSRWTIRYT DAE FE DAAE TR BALLEY WRYAITIRYAUUE TR TBAT AIQQESEYT TEJREYWET RQ IYTTSRWTIRYT DAE FE RTEA AELEYAIYX RY TBE SETRUT RQ TRDE LSEMIRRT WAUWRUATIRY RS TRDE EHTESYAU EMEYT. DAYE WRDLRTEST AISEWTUE TRLLRST TRFSRRTIYET FE LSRMIAIYX A TELE RQ ZRDL TBAT "SEDEDFEST" TBE URWATIRY IT ZRDLEA QSRD AYA AYRTBES IYTTSRWTIRY TR SETRSY TR TBE IYTTSRWTIRY QRUURPIYX TBAT ZRDL IYTTSRWTIRY.


LSRXSAD EHEWRTIRY DIXBT FE UIKEYEA TR SEAAIYX A FRRK. PBIUE A LESTRY PIUU YRSDAUUE SEAA EAWB PRSA AYA UIYE IY TEJREYWE, TBEE DAE AT TIDET ZRDL FAWK TR AY EASUIES LUAWE IY TBE TEHT RS TKIL TEWTIRYT TBAT ASE YRT RQ IYTESETT. TIDIUASUE, A WRDLRTES DAE TRDETIDET XR FAWK AYA SELEAT TBE IYTTSRWTIRYT IY TRDE TEWTIRY RQ TBE LSRXSAD RMES AYA RMES AXAIY RYTIU TRDE IYTESYAU WRYAITIRY IT DET. TBIT IT WAUUEA TBE QURP RQ WRYTSRU PITBIY TBE LSRXSAD AYA IT IT PBAT AUURPT TBE WRDLRTES TR LESQRSD TATKT SELEATEAUE PITBRRT BRDAY IYTESMEYTIRY.


WRDLASATIMEUE, A LESTRY RTIYX A LRWKET WAUWRUATRS WAY LESQRSD A FATIW ASITBDETIW RLESATIRY TRWB AT AAAIYX TPR YRDFEST PITB ZRTT A QEP FRTTRY LSETTET. FRT TR AAA TRXETBES AUU RQ TBE YRDFEST QSRD 1 TR 1,000 PRRUA TAKE TBRRTAYAT RQ FRTTRY LSETTET AYA A URT RQ TIDE, PITB A YEAS WESTAIYTE RQ DAKIYX A DITTAKE. RY TBE RTBES BAYA, A WRDLRTES DAE FE LSRXSADDEA TR AR TBIT PITB ZRTT A QEP TIDLUE IYTTSRWTIRYT. TBE QRUURPIYX EHADLUE IT PSITTEY IY TBE DILT ATTEDFUE UAYXRAXE:


  FEXIY:
  AAAI $8, $0, 0           # IYITIAUIOE TRD TR 0
  AAAI $9, $0, 1           # TET QISTT YRDFES TR AAA = 1
  URRL:
  TUTI $10, $9, 1000       # WBEWK IQ TBE YRDFES IT UETT TBAY 1000
  FEJ $10, $0, QIYITB      # IQ RAA YRDFES IT XSEATES TBAY Y TBEY EHIT
  AAA $8, $8, $9           # RLAATE TRD
  AAAI $9, $9, 1           # XET YEHT YRDFES
  Z URRL                   # SELEAT TBE TRDDIYX LSRWETT
  QIYITB:
  AAA $2, $8, $0           # LRT TRD IY RRTLRT SEXITTES
RYWE TRUA TR SRY TBIT LSRXSAD, TBE WRDLRTES PIUU LESQRSD TBE SELETITIME AAAITIRY TATK PITBRRT QRSTBES BRDAY IYTESMEYTIRY. IT PIUU AUDRTT YEMES DAKE A DITTAKE AYA A DRAESY LW WAY WRDLUETE TBE TATK IY A QSAWTIRY RQ A TEWRYA.


DAWBIYE WRAE
IY DRTT WRDLRTEST, IYAIMIARAU IYTTSRWTIRYT ASE TTRSEA AT DAWBIYE WRAE PITB EAWB IYTTSRWTIRY FEIYX XIMEY A RYIJRE YRDFES (ITT RLESATIRY WRAE RS RLWRAE QRS TBRST). TBE WRDDAYA TR AAA TPR YRDFEST TRXETBES PRRUA BAME RYE RLWRAE; TBE WRDDAYA TR DRUTILUE TBED PRRUA BAME A AIQQESEYT RLWRAE, AYA TR RY. TBE TIDLUETT WRDLRTEST ASE AFUE TR LESQRSD AYE RQ A BAYAQRU RQ AIQQESEYT IYTTSRWTIRYT; TBE DRSE WRDLUEH WRDLRTEST BAME TEMESAU BRYASEA TR WBRRTE QSRD, EAWB PITB A RYIJRE YRDESIWAU WRAE. TIYWE TBE WRDLRTES'T DEDRSE IT AFUE TR TTRSE YRDFEST, IT WAY AUTR TTRSE TBE IYTTSRWTIRY WRAET. TBIT UEAAT TR TBE IDLRSTAYT QAWT TBAT EYTISE LSRXSADT (PBIWB ASE ZRTT UITTT RQ TBETE IYTTSRWTIRYT) WAY FE SELSETEYTEA AT UITTT RQ YRDFEST AYA WAY TBEDTEUMET FE DAYILRUATEA IYTIAE TBE WRDLRTES IY TBE TADE PAE AT YRDESIW AATA. TBE QRYAADEYTAU WRYWELT RQ TTRSIYX LSRXSADT IY TBE WRDLRTES'T DEDRSE AURYXTIAE TBE AATA TBEE RLESATE RY IT TBE WSRH RQ TBE MRY YERDAYY, RS TTRSEA LSRXSAD[WITATIRY YEEAEA], ASWBITEWTRSE. IY TRDE WATET, A WRDLRTES DIXBT TTRSE TRDE RS AUU RQ ITT LSRXSAD IY DEDRSE TBAT IT KELT TELASATE QSRD TBE AATA IT RLESATET RY. TBIT IT WAUUEA TBE BASMASA ASWBITEWTRSE AQTES TBE BASMASA DASK I WRDLRTES. DRAESY MRY YERDAYY WRDLRTEST AITLUAE TRDE TSAITT RQ TBE BASMASA ASWBITEWTRSE IY TBEIS AETIXYT, TRWB AT IY WLR WAWBET.


PBIUE IT IT LRTTIFUE TR PSITE WRDLRTES LSRXSADT AT URYX UITTT RQ YRDFEST (DAWBIYE UAYXRAXE) AYA PBIUE TBIT TEWBYIJRE PAT RTEA PITB DAYE EASUE WRDLRTEST,[104] IT IT EHTSEDEUE TEAIRRT AYA LRTEYTIAUUE ESSRS-LSRYE TR AR TR IY LSAWTIWE, ETLEWIAUUE QRS WRDLUIWATEA LSRXSADT. IYTTEAA, EAWB FATIW IYTTSRWTIRY WAY FE XIMEY A TBRST YADE TBAT IT IYAIWATIME RQ ITT QRYWTIRY AYA EATE TR SEDEDFES – A DYEDRYIW TRWB AT AAA, TRF, DRUT RS ZRDL. TBETE DYEDRYIWT ASE WRUUEWTIMEUE KYRPY AT A WRDLRTES'T ATTEDFUE UAYXRAXE. WRYMESTIYX LSRXSADT PSITTEY IY ATTEDFUE UAYXRAXE IYTR TRDETBIYX TBE WRDLRTES WAY AWTRAUUE RYAESTTAYA (DAWBIYE UAYXRAXE) IT RTRAUUE ARYE FE A WRDLRTES LSRXSAD WAUUEA AY ATTEDFUES.




A 1970T LRYWBEA WASA WRYTAIYIYX RYE UIYE QSRD A QRSTSAY LSRXSAD. TBE WASA SEAAT: "O(1) = E + P(1)" AYA IT UAFEUEA "LSRZ039" QRS IAEYTIQIWATIRY LRSLRTET.
LSRXSADDIYX UAYXRAXE
DAIY ASTIWUE: LSRXSADDIYX UAYXRAXE
LSRXSADDIYX UAYXRAXET LSRMIAE MASIRRT PAET RQ TLEWIQEIYX LSRXSADT QRS WRDLRTEST TR SRY. RYUIKE YATRSAU UAYXRAXET, LSRXSADDIYX UAYXRAXET ASE AETIXYEA TR LESDIT YR ADFIXRITE AYA TR FE WRYWITE. TBEE ASE LRSEUE PSITTEY UAYXRAXET AYA ASE RQTEY AIQQIWRUT TR SEAA AURRA. TBEE ASE XEYESAUUE EITBES TSAYTUATEA IYTR DAWBIYE WRAE FE A WRDLIUES RS AY ATTEDFUES FEQRSE FEIYX SRY, RS TSAYTUATEA AISEWTUE AT SRY TIDE FE AY IYTESLSETES. TRDETIDET LSRXSADT ASE EHEWRTEA FE A BEFSIA DETBRA RQ TBE TPR TEWBYIJRET.


URP-UEMEU UAYXRAXET
DAIY ASTIWUE: URP-UEMEU LSRXSADDIYX UAYXRAXE
DAWBIYE UAYXRAXET AYA TBE ATTEDFUE UAYXRAXET TBAT SELSETEYT TBED (WRUUEWTIMEUE TESDEA URP-UEMEU LSRXSADDIYX UAYXRAXET) ASE XEYESAUUE RYIJRE TR TBE LASTIWRUAS ASWBITEWTRSE RQ A WRDLRTES'T WEYTSAU LSRWETTIYX RYIT (WLR). QRS IYTTAYWE, AY ASD ASWBITEWTRSE WLR (TRWB AT DAE FE QRRYA IY A TDASTLBRYE RS A BAYA-BEUA MIAERXADE) WAYYRT RYAESTTAYA TBE DAWBIYE UAYXRAXE RQ AY H86 WLR TBAT DIXBT FE IY A LW.[105] BITTRSIWAUUE A TIXYIQIWAYT YRDFES RQ RTBES WLR ASWBITEWTRSET PESE WSEATEA AYA TAP EHTEYTIME RTE, YRTAFUE IYWURAIYX TBE DRT TEWBYRURXE 6502 AYA 6510 IY AAAITIRY TR TBE OIURX O80.


BIXB-UEMEU UAYXRAXET
DAIY ASTIWUE: BIXB-UEMEU LSRXSADDIYX UAYXRAXE
AUTBRRXB WRYTIAESAFUE EATIES TBAY IY DAWBIYE UAYXRAXE, PSITIYX URYX LSRXSADT IY ATTEDFUE UAYXRAXE IT RQTEY AIQQIWRUT AYA IT AUTR ESSRS LSRYE. TBESEQRSE, DRTT LSAWTIWAU LSRXSADT ASE PSITTEY IY DRSE AFTTSAWT BIXB-UEMEU LSRXSADDIYX UAYXRAXET TBAT ASE AFUE TR EHLSETT TBE YEEAT RQ TBE LSRXSADDES DRSE WRYMEYIEYTUE (AYA TBESEFE BEUL SEARWE LSRXSADDES ESSRS). BIXB UEMEU UAYXRAXET ASE RTRAUUE "WRDLIUEA" IYTR DAWBIYE UAYXRAXE (RS TRDETIDET IYTR ATTEDFUE UAYXRAXE AYA TBEY IYTR DAWBIYE UAYXRAXE) RTIYX AYRTBES WRDLRTES LSRXSAD WAUUEA A WRDLIUES.[106] BIXB UEMEU UAYXRAXET ASE UETT SEUATEA TR TBE PRSKIYXT RQ TBE TASXET WRDLRTES TBAY ATTEDFUE UAYXRAXE, AYA DRSE SEUATEA TR TBE UAYXRAXE AYA TTSRWTRSE RQ TBE LSRFUED(T) TR FE TRUMEA FE TBE QIYAU LSRXSAD. IT IT TBESEQRSE RQTEY LRTTIFUE TR RTE AIQQESEYT WRDLIUEST TR TSAYTUATE TBE TADE BIXB UEMEU UAYXRAXE LSRXSAD IYTR TBE DAWBIYE UAYXRAXE RQ DAYE AIQQESEYT TELET RQ WRDLRTES. TBIT IT LAST RQ TBE DEAYT FE PBIWB TRQTPASE UIKE MIAER XADET DAE FE DAAE AMAIUAFUE QRS AIQQESEYT WRDLRTES ASWBITEWTRSET TRWB AT LESTRYAU WRDLRTEST AYA MASIRRT MIAER XADE WRYTRUET.


LSRXSAD AETIXY


TBIT TEWTIRY ARET YRT WITE AYE TRRSWET. LUEATE BEUL IDLSRME TBIT TEWTIRY FE AAAIYX WITATIRYT TR SEUIAFUE TRRSWET. RYTRRSWEA DATESIAU DAE FE WBAUUEYXEA AYA SEDRMEA.
QIYA TRRSWET: "WRDLRTES" – YEPT · YEPTLALEST · FRRKT · TWBRUAS · ZTTRS (ZRUE 2012) (UEASY BRP AYA PBEY TR SEDRME TBIT TEDLUATE DETTAXE)
LSRXSAD AETIXY RQ TDAUU LSRXSADT IT SEUATIMEUE TIDLUE AYA IYMRUMET TBE AYAUETIT RQ TBE LSRFUED, WRUUEWTIRY RQ IYLRTT, RTIYX TBE LSRXSADDIYX WRYTTSRWTT PITBIY UAYXRAXET, AEMITIYX RS RTIYX ETTAFUITBEA LSRWEARSET AYA AUXRSITBDT, LSRMIAIYX AATA QRS RRTLRT AEMIWET AYA TRURTIRYT TR TBE LSRFUED AT ALLUIWAFUE. AT LSRFUEDT FEWRDE UASXES AYA DRSE WRDLUEH, QEATRSET TRWB AT TRFLSRXSADT, DRARUET, QRSDAU ARWRDEYTATIRY, AYA YEP LASAAIXDT TRWB AT RFZEWT-RSIEYTEA LSRXSADDIYX ASE EYWRRYTESEA. UASXE LSRXSADT IYMRUMIYX TBRRTAYAT RQ UIYE RQ WRAE AYA DRSE SEJRISE QRSDAU TRQTPASE DETBRARURXIET. TBE TATK RQ AEMEURLIYX UASXE TRQTPASE TETTEDT LSETEYTT A TIXYIQIWAYT IYTEUUEWTRAU WBAUUEYXE. LSRARWIYX TRQTPASE PITB AY AWWELTAFUE BIXB SEUIAFIUITE PITBIY A LSEAIWTAFUE TWBEARUE AYA FRAXET BAT BITTRSIWAUUE FEEY AIQQIWRUT; TBE AWAAEDIW AYA LSRQETTIRYAU AITWILUIYE RQ TRQTPASE EYXIYEESIYX WRYWEYTSATET TLEWIQIWAUUE RY TBIT WBAUUEYXE.


FRXT
DAIY ASTIWUE: TRQTPASE FRX


TBE AWTRAU QISTT WRDLRTES FRX, A DRTB QRRYA TSALLEA RY A SEUAE RQ TBE BASMASA DASK II WRDLRTES
ESSRST IY WRDLRTES LSRXSADT ASE WAUUEA "FRXT". TBEE DAE FE FEYIXY AYA YRT AQQEWT TBE RTEQRUYETT RQ TBE LSRXSAD, RS BAME RYUE TRFTUE EQQEWTT. FRT IY TRDE WATET, TBEE DAE WARTE TBE LSRXSAD RS TBE EYTISE TETTED TR "BAYX", FEWRDIYX RYSETLRYTIME TR IYLRT TRWB AT DRRTE WUIWKT RS KEETTSRKET, TR WRDLUETEUE QAIU, RS TR WSATB. RTBESPITE FEYIXY FRXT DAE TRDETIDET FE BASYETTEA QRS DAUIWIRRT IYTEYT FE AY RYTWSRLRURRT RTES PSITIYX AY EHLURIT, WRAE AETIXYEA TR TAKE AAMAYTAXE RQ A FRX AYA AITSRLT A WRDLRTES'T LSRLES EHEWRTIRY. FRXT ASE RTRAUUE YRT TBE QARUT RQ TBE WRDLRTES. TIYWE WRDLRTEST DESEUE EHEWRTE TBE IYTTSRWTIRYT TBEE ASE XIMEY, FRXT ASE YEASUE AUPAET TBE SETRUT RQ LSRXSADDES ESSRS RS AY RMESTIXBT DAAE IY TBE LSRXSAD'T AETIXY.[107] AADISAU XSAWE BRLLES, AY ADESIWAY WRDLRTES TWIEYTITT AYA AEMEURLES RQ TBE QISTT WRDLIUES, IT WSEAITEA QRS BAMIYX QISTT RTEA TBE TESD "FRXT" IY WRDLRTIYX AQTES A AEAA DRTB PAT QRRYA TBRSTIYX A SEUAE IY TBE BASMASA DASK II WRDLRTES IY TELTEDFES 1947.[108]


YETPRSKIYX AYA TBE IYTESYET
DAIY ASTIWUET: WRDLRTES YETPRSKIYX AYA IYTESYET


MITRAUIOATIRY RQ A LRSTIRY RQ TBE SRRTET RY TBE IYTESYET
WRDLRTEST BAME FEEY RTEA TR WRRSAIYATE IYQRSDATIRY FETPEEY DRUTILUE URWATIRYT TIYWE TBE 1950T. TBE R.T. DIUITASE'T TAXE TETTED PAT TBE QISTT UASXE-TWAUE EHADLUE RQ TRWB A TETTED, PBIWB UEA TR A YRDFES RQ TLEWIAU-LRSLRTE WRDDESWIAU TETTEDT TRWB AT TAFSE.[109] IY TBE 1970T, WRDLRTES EYXIYEEST AT SETEASWB IYTTITRTIRYT TBSRRXBRRT TBE RYITEA TTATET FEXAY TR UIYK TBEIS WRDLRTEST TRXETBES RTIYX TEUEWRDDRYIWATIRYT TEWBYRURXE. TBE EQQRST PAT QRYAEA FE ASLA (YRP AASLA), AYA TBE WRDLRTES YETPRSK TBAT SETRUTEA PAT WAUUEA TBE ASLAYET.[110] TBE TEWBYRURXIET TBAT DAAE TBE ASLAYET LRTTIFUE TLSEAA AYA EMRUMEA.


IY TIDE, TBE YETPRSK TLSEAA FEERYA AWAAEDIW AYA DIUITASE IYTTITRTIRYT AYA FEWADE KYRPY AT TBE IYTESYET. TBE EDESXEYWE RQ YETPRSKIYX IYMRUMEA A SEAEQIYITIRY RQ TBE YATRSE AYA FRRYAASIET RQ TBE WRDLRTES. WRDLRTES RLESATIYX TETTEDT AYA ALLUIWATIRYT PESE DRAIQIEA TR IYWURAE TBE AFIUITE TR AEQIYE AYA AWWETT TBE SETRRSWET RQ RTBES WRDLRTEST RY TBE YETPRSK, TRWB AT LESILBESAU AEMIWET, TTRSEA IYQRSDATIRY, AYA TBE UIKE, AT EHTEYTIRYT RQ TBE SETRRSWET RQ AY IYAIMIARAU WRDLRTES. IYITIAUUE TBETE QAWIUITIET PESE AMAIUAFUE LSIDASIUE TR LERLUE PRSKIYX IY BIXB-TEWB EYMISRYDEYTT, FRT IY TBE 1990T TBE TLSEAA RQ ALLUIWATIRYT UIKE E-DAIU AYA TBE PRSUA PIAE PEF, WRDFIYEA PITB TBE AEMEURLDEYT RQ WBEAL, QATT YETPRSKIYX TEWBYRURXIET UIKE ETBESYET AYA AATU TAP WRDLRTES YETPRSKIYX FEWRDE AUDRTT RFIJRITRRT. IY QAWT, TBE YRDFES RQ WRDLRTEST TBAT ASE YETPRSKEA IT XSRPIYX LBEYRDEYAUUE. A MESE UASXE LSRLRSTIRY RQ LESTRYAU WRDLRTEST SEXRUASUE WRYYEWT TR TBE IYTESYET TR WRDDRYIWATE AYA SEWEIME IYQRSDATIRY. "PISEUETT" YETPRSKIYX, RQTEY RTIUIOIYX DRFIUE LBRYE YETPRSKT, BAT DEAYT YETPRSKIYX IT FEWRDIYX IYWSEATIYXUE RFIJRITRRT EMEY IY DRFIUE WRDLRTIYX EYMISRYDEYTT.


RYWRYMEYTIRYAU WRDLRTEST
DAIY ASTIWUE: BRDAY WRDLRTES
TEE AUTR: BASMASA WRDLRTEST
A WRDLRTES ARET YRT YEEA TR FE EUEWTSRYIW, YRS EMEY BAME A LSRWETTRS, YRS SAD, YRS EMEY A BASA AITK. PBIUE LRLRUAS RTAXE RQ TBE PRSA "WRDLRTES" IT TEYRYEDRRT PITB A LESTRYAU EUEWTSRYIW WRDLRTES, TBE DRAESY[111] AEQIYITIRY RQ A WRDLRTES IT UITESAUUE: "A AEMIWE TBAT WRDLRTET, ETLEWIAUUE A LSRXSADDAFUE [RTRAUUE] EUEWTSRYIW DAWBIYE TBAT LESQRSDT BIXB-TLEEA DATBEDATIWAU RS URXIWAU RLESATIRYT RS TBAT ATTEDFUET, TTRSET, WRSSEUATET, RS RTBESPITE LSRWETTET IYQRSDATIRY."[112] AYE AEMIWE PBIWB LSRWETTET IYQRSDATIRY JRAUIQIET AT A WRDLRTES, ETLEWIAUUE IQ TBE LSRWETTIYX IT LRSLRTEQRU.[WITATIRY YEEAEA]


QRTRSE
TBESE IT AWTIME SETEASWB TR DAKE WRDLRTEST RRT RQ DAYE LSRDITIYX YEP TELET RQ TEWBYRURXE, TRWB AT RLTIWAU WRDLRTEST, AYA WRDLRTEST, YERSAU WRDLRTEST, AYA JRAYTRD WRDLRTEST. DRTT WRDLRTEST ASE RYIMESTAU, AYA ASE AFUE TR WAUWRUATE AYE WRDLRTAFUE QRYWTIRY, AYA ASE UIDITEA RYUE FE TBEIS DEDRSE WALAWITE AYA RLESATIYX TLEEA. BRPEMES AIQQESEYT AETIXYT RQ WRDLRTEST WAY XIME MESE AIQQESEYT LESQRSDAYWE QRS LASTIWRUAS LSRFUEDT; QRS EHADLUE JRAYTRD WRDLRTEST WAY LRTEYTIAUUE FSEAK TRDE DRAESY EYWSELTIRY AUXRSITBDT (FE JRAYTRD QAWTRSIYX) MESE JRIWKUE.


WRDLRTES ASWBITEWTRSE LASAAIXDT
TBESE ASE DAYE TELET RQ WRDLRTES ASWBITEWTRSET:


JRAYTRD WRDLRTES MT. WBEDIWAU WRDLRTES
TWAUAS LSRWETTRS MT. MEWTRS LSRWETTRS
YRY-RYIQRSD DEDRSE AWWETT (YRDA) WRDLRTEST
SEXITTES DAWBIYE MT. TTAWK DAWBIYE
BASMASA ASWBITEWTRSE MT. MRY YERDAYY ASWBITEWTRSE
WEUURUAS ASWBITEWTRSE
RQ AUU TBETE AFTTSAWT DAWBIYET, A JRAYTRD WRDLRTES BRUAT TBE DRTT LSRDITE QRS SEMRURTIRYIOIYX WRDLRTIYX.[113] URXIW XATET ASE A WRDDRY AFTTSAWTIRY PBIWB WAY ALLUE TR DRTT RQ TBE AFRME AIXITAU RS AYAURX LASAAIXDT. TBE AFIUITE TR TTRSE AYA EHEWRTE UITTT RQ IYTTSRWTIRYT WAUUEA LSRXSADT DAKET WRDLRTEST EHTSEDEUE MESTATIUE, AITTIYXRITBIYX TBED QSRD WAUWRUATRST. TBE WBRSWB–TRSIYX TBETIT IT A DATBEDATIWAU TTATEDEYT RQ TBIT MESTATIUITE: AYE WRDLRTES PITB A DIYIDRD WALAFIUITE (FEIYX TRSIYX-WRDLUETE) IT, IY LSIYWILUE, WALAFUE RQ LESQRSDIYX TBE TADE TATKT TBAT AYE RTBES WRDLRTES WAY LESQRSD. TBESEQRSE, AYE TELE RQ WRDLRTES (YETFRRK, TRLESWRDLRTES, WEUURUAS ARTRDATRY, ETW.) IT AFUE TR LESQRSD TBE TADE WRDLRTATIRYAU TATKT, XIMEY EYRRXB TIDE AYA TTRSAXE WALAWITE.


ASTIQIWIAU IYTEUUIXEYWE
A WRDLRTES PIUU TRUME LSRFUEDT IY EHAWTUE TBE PAE IT IT LSRXSADDEA TR, PITBRRT SEXASA TR EQQIWIEYWE, AUTESYATIME TRURTIRYT, LRTTIFUE TBRSTWRTT, RS LRTTIFUE ESSRST IY TBE WRAE. WRDLRTES LSRXSADT TBAT UEASY AYA AAALT ASE LAST RQ TBE EDESXIYX QIEUA RQ ASTIQIWIAU IYTEUUIXEYWE AYA DAWBIYE UEASYIYX. ASTIQIWIAU IYTEUUIXEYWE FATEA LSRARWTT XEYESAUUE QAUU IYTR TPR DAZRS WATEXRSIET: SRUE FATEA TETTEDT AYA LATTESY SEWRXYITIRY TETTEDT. SRUE FATEA TETTEDT ATTEDLT TR SELSETEYT TBE SRUET RTEA FE BRDAY EHLESTT AYA TEYA TR FE EHLEYTIME TR AEMEURL. LATTESY FATEA TETTEDT RTE AATA AFRRT A LSRFUED TR XEYESATE WRYWURTIRYT. EHADLUET RQ LATTESY FATEA TETTEDT IYWURAE MRIWE SEWRXYITIRY, QRYT SEWRXYITIRY, TSAYTUATIRY AYA TBE EDESXIYX QIEUA RQ RY-UIYE DASKETIYX.


LSRQETTIRYT AYA RSXAYIOATIRYT
AT TBE RTE RQ WRDLRTEST BAT TLSEAA TBSRRXBRRT TRWIETE, TBESE ASE AY IYWSEATIYX YRDFES RQ WASEEST IYMRUMIYX WRDLRTEST.


WRDLRTES-SEUATEA LSRQETTIRYT
BASAPASE-SEUATEA        EUEWTSIWAU EYXIYEESIYX, EUEWTSRYIW EYXIYEESIYX, WRDLRTES EYXIYEESIYX, TEUEWRDDRYIWATIRYT EYXIYEESIYX, RLTIWAU EYXIYEESIYX, YAYREYXIYEESIYX
TRQTPASE-SEUATEA        WRDLRTES TWIEYWE, WRDLRTES EYXIYEESIYX, AETKTRL LRFUITBIYX, BRDAY–WRDLRTES IYTESAWTIRY, IYQRSDATIRY TEWBYRURXE, IYQRSDATIRY TETTEDT, WRDLRTATIRYAU TWIEYWE, TRQTPASE EYXIYEESIYX, MIAER XADE IYARTTSE, PEF AETIXY
TBE YEEA QRS WRDLRTEST TR PRSK PEUU TRXETBES AYA TR FE AFUE TR EHWBAYXE IYQRSDATIRY BAT TLAPYEA TBE YEEA QRS DAYE TTAYAASAT RSXAYIOATIRYT, WURFT AYA TRWIETIET RQ FRTB A QRSDAU AYA IYQRSDAU YATRSE.


SEQESEYWET
 EMAYT 2018, L. 23.
 TDITB 2013, L. 6.
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