fix: Correct pyo3 module definitions and add missing exception class export

[maximilianruesch]

Does:

• Correct / add missing parent module names to the existing modules (as far as I know this is mainly for the specifier displayed when printing the module in e.g. a Python REPL)
• Correct module definitions for exception classes (again, I think this only has display / introspection impact)
• Add a missing reexport of an exception class in the linking module (and add a test for it from Python to ensure it exists).

Related to #2947

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 83.87%. Comparing base (1d6af9a) to head (50728da).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #2964   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   83.87%   83.87%           
=======================================
  Files         267      267           
  Lines       52943    52943           
  Branches    46857    46857           
=======================================
  Hits        44408    44408           
  Misses       6266     6266           
  Partials     2269     2269           

Flag	Coverage Δ
python	88.84% <ø> (ø)

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