Optimize hot paths: Replace SimpleDateFormat, LinkedList, and string concatenation

gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
+distributionPath=wrapper/dists
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.2.0-bin.zip
+networkTimeout=10000
+validateDistributionUrl=true
+zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
+zipStorePath=wrapper/dists

src/main/java/org/java_websocket/drafts/Draft_6455.java

@@ -30,14 +30,13 @@
 import java.security.MessageDigest;
 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
 import java.security.SecureRandom;
-import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.time.ZoneId;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Calendar;
 import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.LinkedList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
-import java.util.TimeZone;
 import org.java_websocket.WebSocketImpl;
 import org.java_websocket.enums.CloseHandshakeType;
 import org.java_websocket.enums.HandshakeState;
@@ -105,6 +104,13 @@ public class Draft_6455 extends Draft {
    */
   private static final String CONNECTION = "Connection";
 
+  /**
+   * DateTimeFormatter for HTTP date format (thread-safe)
+   */
+  private static final DateTimeFormatter HTTP_DATE_FORMAT = 
+      DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("EEE, dd MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss z", Locale.US)
+          .withZone(ZoneId.of("GMT"));
+
   /**
    * Logger instance
    *
@@ -723,7 +729,7 @@ private int getSizeBytes(ByteBuffer mes) {
   @Override
   public List<Framedata> translateFrame(ByteBuffer buffer) throws InvalidDataException {
     while (true) {
-      List<Framedata> frames = new LinkedList<>();
+      List<Framedata> frames = new ArrayList<>();
       Framedata cur;
       if (incompleteframe != null) {
         // complete an incomplete frame
@@ -816,11 +822,7 @@ public void reset() {
    * @return the server time
    */
   private String getServerTime() {
-    Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
-    SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(
-        "EEE, dd MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss z", Locale.US);
-    dateFormat.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
-    return dateFormat.format(calendar.getTime());
+    return HTTP_DATE_FORMAT.format(ZonedDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("GMT")));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1114,15 +1116,15 @@ public CloseHandshakeType getCloseHandshakeType() {
 
   @Override
   public String toString() {
-    String result = super.toString();
+    StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(super.toString());
     if (getExtension() != null) {
-      result += " extension: " + getExtension().toString();
+      result.append(" extension: ").append(getExtension().toString());
     }
     if (getProtocol() != null) {
-      result += " protocol: " + getProtocol().toString();
+      result.append(" protocol: ").append(getProtocol().toString());
     }
-    result += " max frame size: " + this.maxFrameSize;
-    return result;
+    result.append(" max frame size: ").append(this.maxFrameSize);
+    return result.toString();
   }
 
   @Override

src/main/java/org/java_websocket/util/ByteBufferUtils.java

@@ -32,6 +32,12 @@
  */
 public class ByteBufferUtils {
 
+  /**
+   * Shared empty ByteBuffer to avoid repeated allocations.
+   * Safe to share because it has zero capacity and duplicate() provides independent position/limit state.
+   */
+  private static final ByteBuffer EMPTY_BYTE_BUFFER = ByteBuffer.allocate(0);
+
   /**
    * Private constructor for static class
    */
@@ -52,22 +58,25 @@ public static int transferByteBuffer(ByteBuffer source, ByteBuffer dest) {
     int fremain = source.remaining();
     int toremain = dest.remaining();
     if (fremain > toremain) {
-      int limit = Math.min(fremain, toremain);
-      source.limit(limit);
+      // We know fremain > toremain, so no need for Math.min
+      int originalLimit = source.limit();
+      source.limit(source.position() + toremain);
       dest.put(source);
-      return limit;
+      source.limit(originalLimit);
+      return toremain;
     } else {
       dest.put(source);
       return fremain;
     }
   }
 
   /**
-   * Get a ByteBuffer with zero capacity
+   * Get a ByteBuffer with zero capacity. Returns a duplicate of a shared empty buffer
+   * for efficiency - each duplicate has independent position/limit/mark state.
    *
-   * @return empty ByteBuffer
+   * @return empty ByteBuffer with zero capacity
    */
   public static ByteBuffer getEmptyByteBuffer() {
-    return ByteBuffer.allocate(0);
+    return EMPTY_BYTE_BUFFER.duplicate();
   }
 }