[troubleshooting] Add log level adjustment documentation

[bdraco]

Note that ESP-IDF framework logging adjustment is new so this goes to next

Description:

Add documentation for adjusting log levels when troubleshooting ESPHome devices. This includes:

• Setting global log levels (with link to logger component)
• Using VERBOSE and VERY_VERBOSE levels for debugging
• Configuring ESP-IDF framework log levels for ESP32
• Component-specific log level configuration

Related issue (if applicable): N/A

Pull request in esphome with YAML changes (if applicable): N/A

Checklist:

• I am merging into next because this is new documentation that has a matching pull-request in esphome as linked above.
  or

• I am merging into current because this is a fix, change and/or adjustment in the current documentation and is not for a new component or feature.

• Link added in /components/index.rst when creating new documents for new components or cookbook.

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[Copilot]

Pull Request Overview

Adds comprehensive documentation for adjusting log levels when troubleshooting ESPHome devices. This enhancement provides users with guidance on using different logging verbosity levels to debug issues more effectively.

• Adds global log level configuration documentation with warnings about performance impacts
• Documents ESP-IDF framework-specific log level settings for ESP32 devices
• Explains component-specific log level configuration with important limitations

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