feat: Fishhook for C++ Exceptions

[philipphofmann]

📜 Description

Early draft PR to use a fishhook to hook into __cxa_throw so we can get a proper stacktrace for unhandled C++ exceptions. This is related to #4517 and inspired by the code in https://github.com/kstenerud/KSCrash.

💡 Motivation and Context

💚 How did you test it?

📝 Checklist

You have to check all boxes before merging:

• I added tests to verify the changes.
• No new PII added or SDK only sends newly added PII if sendDefaultPII is enabled.
• I updated the docs if needed.
• I updated the wizard if needed.
• Review from the native team if needed.
• No breaking change or entry added to the changelog.
• No breaking change for hybrid SDKs or communicated to hybrid SDKs.

[github-actions]

	Fails
🚫	Please consider adding a changelog entry for the next release.

	Messages
📖	Do not forget to update Sentry-docs with your feature once the pull request gets approved.

Instructions and example for changelog

Please add an entry to CHANGELOG.md to the "Unreleased" section. Make sure the entry includes this PR's number.

Example:

## Unreleased

- Fishhook for C++ Exceptions ([#5128](https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-cocoa/pull/5128))

If none of the above apply, you can opt out of this check by adding #skip-changelog to the PR description.

Generated by 🚫 dangerJS against dc92fa8

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 92.95958% with 54 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 92.797%. Comparing base (d59dcc0) to head (dc92fa8).
Report is 5 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...Crash/Recording/Tools/SentryCrashCxaThrowSwapper.c	88.990%	24 Missing ⚠️
...rding/Monitors/SentryCrashMonitor_CPPException.cpp	16.666%	20 Missing ⚠️
...ts/SentryCrash/SentryCrashCxaThrowSwapper_Tests.mm	93.617%	9 Missing ⚠️
Sources/Sentry/SentryCrashIntegration.m	80.000%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@              Coverage Diff              @@
##              main     #5128       +/-   ##
=============================================
+ Coverage   92.783%   92.797%   +0.013%     
=============================================
  Files          676       681        +5     
  Lines        83881     84641      +760     
  Branches     30535     30930      +395     
=============================================
+ Hits         77828     78545      +717     
- Misses        5953      5997       +44     
+ Partials       100        99        -1     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
Sources/Sentry/SentryAsyncSafeLog.h	88.235% <ø> (+3.619%)	⬆️
Sources/Sentry/SentryCrashReportConverter.m	96.163% <100.000%> (+0.018%)	⬆️
Sources/Sentry/include/SentryCompiler.h	100.000% <100.000%> (ø)
...es/SentryCrash/Recording/Tools/SentryCrashMach-O.c	100.000% <100.000%> (ø)
...cording/Tools/SentryCrashPlatformSpecificDefines.h	100.000% <100.000%> (ø)
...es/Swift/Helper/SentryEnabledFeaturesBuilder.swift	100.000% <100.000%> (ø)
Sources/Swift/SentryExperimentalOptions.swift	60.000% <100.000%> (+10.000%)	⬆️
...sts/Helper/SentryEnabledFeaturesBuilderTests.swift	100.000% <100.000%> (ø)
...s/SentryTests/SentryCrash/SentryCrashMach-OTests.m	100.000% <100.000%> (ø)
...ts/SentryTests/SentryKSCrashReportConverterTests.m	97.733% <100.000%> (+0.034%)	⬆️
... and 4 more

... and 16 files with indirect coverage changes

---

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[github-actions]

Performance metrics 🚀

	Plain	With Sentry	Diff
Startup time	1228.86 ms	1247.71 ms	18.85 ms
Size	22.30 KiB	853.40 KiB	831.09 KiB

Baseline results on branch: main

Startup times

Revision	Plain	With Sentry	Diff
f25febb	1238.80 ms	1245.35 ms	6.56 ms
69d8759	1235.71 ms	1241.34 ms	5.63 ms
ce4cfaf	1203.61 ms	1218.86 ms	15.25 ms
7419285	1209.53 ms	1244.72 ms	35.19 ms
b15521e	1224.44 ms	1251.13 ms	26.68 ms
bd2afa6	1245.24 ms	1263.18 ms	17.94 ms
53b29ac	1228.81 ms	1244.96 ms	16.15 ms
443fb02	1231.06 ms	1252.60 ms	21.54 ms
888a145	1228.63 ms	1248.94 ms	20.30 ms
70c49ca	1206.44 ms	1233.07 ms	26.62 ms

App size

Revision	Plain	With Sentry	Diff
f25febb	21.58 KiB	414.92 KiB	393.34 KiB
69d8759	20.76 KiB	393.05 KiB	372.29 KiB
ce4cfaf	20.76 KiB	423.19 KiB	402.43 KiB
7419285	20.76 KiB	432.99 KiB	412.22 KiB
b15521e	21.58 KiB	573.18 KiB	551.60 KiB
bd2afa6	20.76 KiB	420.55 KiB	399.79 KiB
53b29ac	22.32 KiB	819.55 KiB	797.24 KiB
443fb02	22.30 KiB	832.42 KiB	810.11 KiB
888a145	21.58 KiB	713.54 KiB	691.96 KiB
70c49ca	22.31 KiB	778.76 KiB	756.45 KiB