Add an integration test for partial binding failure

[brejman]

What type of PR is this?

/kind cleanup

What this PR does / why we need it:

This PR tests a scenario where scheduler restart happens at an unfortunate time, i.e.:

1. PreBind succeeds (e.g. PVC is bound to a node)
2. Bind fails (pod itself is not bound, but is locked into the PVC-bound node)

The test runs by first failing N bind attempts for a pod, then closing the scheduler at N+1 bind attempt, where N = {0,1,2}. Then it schedules another pod and checks if the scheduler correctly takes the previous scheduling decisions into account.

Which issue(s) this PR is related to:

#135771

Special notes for your reviewer:

The test case for "2 failed bind attempts before restart" fails right now. The cause is described in #135771 (comment)

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?

NONE

Additional documentation e.g., KEPs (Kubernetes Enhancement Proposals), usage docs, etc.:

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[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is NOT APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: brejman
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