⬆️ Update QDMI to latest version from stable v1.2.x branch (backport #1593)

[mergify]

Description

This PR updates QDMI to the latest version from the stable 1.2.x branch, which should be fairly close to the actual 1.2.2 release.
The biggest change here is that device now no longer need to directly link against qdmi::qdmi, but are rather self-contained.

Checklist

• The pull request only contains commits that are focused and relevant to this change.
• I have added appropriate tests that cover the new/changed functionality.
• I have updated the documentation to reflect these changes.
• I have added entries to the changelog for any noteworthy additions, changes, fixes, or removals.
• I have added migration instructions to the upgrade guide (if needed).
• The changes follow the project's style guidelines and introduce no new warnings.
• The changes are fully tested and pass the CI checks.
• I have reviewed my own code changes.

If PR contains AI-assisted content:

• I have disclosed the use of AI tools in the PR description as per our AI Usage Guidelines.
• AI-assisted commits include an Assisted-by: [Model Name] via [Tool Name] footer.
• I confirm that I have personally reviewed and understood all AI-generated content, and accept full responsibility for it.

---

This is an automatic backport of pull request #1593 done by [Mergify](https://mergify.com).

[mergify]

Cherry-pick of bd9f9cb has failed:

On branch mergify/bp/v3.x/pr-1593
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/v3.x'.

You are currently cherry-picking commit bd9f9cb4.
  (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
  (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)

Changes to be committed:
	modified:   cmake/ExternalDependencies.cmake
	modified:   include/mqt-core/qdmi/common/Common.hpp
	modified:   src/qdmi/devices/dd/CMakeLists.txt
	modified:   src/qdmi/devices/dd/Device.cpp
	modified:   src/qdmi/devices/na/App.cpp
	modified:   src/qdmi/devices/na/CMakeLists.txt
	modified:   src/qdmi/devices/na/Device.cpp
	modified:   src/qdmi/devices/na/DynDevice.cpp
	modified:   src/qdmi/devices/na/Generator.cpp
	modified:   src/qdmi/devices/sc/App.cpp
	modified:   src/qdmi/devices/sc/CMakeLists.txt
	modified:   src/qdmi/devices/sc/Device.cpp
	modified:   src/qdmi/devices/sc/DynDevice.cpp
	modified:   src/qdmi/devices/sc/Generator.cpp
	modified:   test/qdmi/devices/dd/concurrency_test.cpp
	modified:   test/qdmi/devices/dd/device_properties_test.cpp
	modified:   test/qdmi/devices/dd/device_status_test.cpp
	modified:   test/qdmi/devices/dd/error_handling_test.cpp
	modified:   test/qdmi/devices/dd/helpers/test_utils.cpp
	modified:   test/qdmi/devices/dd/job_lifecycle_test.cpp
	modified:   test/qdmi/devices/dd/job_parameters_test.cpp
	modified:   test/qdmi/devices/dd/results_probabilities_test.cpp
	modified:   test/qdmi/devices/dd/results_sampling_test.cpp
	modified:   test/qdmi/devices/dd/results_statevector_test.cpp
	modified:   test/qdmi/devices/dd/session_lifecycle_test.cpp

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
	both modified:   CHANGELOG.md

To fix up this pull request, you can check it out locally. See documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.

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