📦 Switch to component-based installation for the MQT Core Python package (backport #1596)

[mergify]

Description

This PR switches the MQT Core Python package build to use component-based installation.
This is a first step towards enabling MLIR as part of the Python package.

The majority of the work in this PR was to properly define our external dependencies (nlohmann_json, spdlog, QDMI) in a way that they can be included as part of our installation components configuration.
This requires defining our own installation instructions for these libraries (except for QDMI).

One of the big plus points of this is that it allows us to drop all the DISABLE_INSTALL in the MLIR code, as the respective code is not added to any of the components we define at the moment.

Checklist

• The pull request only contains commits that are focused and relevant to this change.
• I have added appropriate tests that cover the new/changed functionality.
• I have updated the documentation to reflect these changes.
• I have added entries to the changelog for any noteworthy additions, changes, fixes, or removals.
• I have added migration instructions to the upgrade guide (if needed).
• The changes follow the project's style guidelines and introduce no new warnings.
• The changes are fully tested and pass the CI checks.
• I have reviewed my own code changes.

If PR contains AI-assisted content:

• I have disclosed the use of AI tools in the PR description as per our AI Usage Guidelines.
• AI-assisted commits include an Assisted-by: [Model Name] via [Tool Name] footer.
• I confirm that I have personally reviewed and understood all AI-generated content, and accept full responsibility for it.

(cherry picked from commit 8cec5ca)

[mergify]

Cherry-pick of 8cec5ca has failed:

On branch mergify/bp/v3.x/pr-1596
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/v3.x'.

You are currently cherry-picking commit 8cec5cad.
  (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
  (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)

Changes to be committed:
	modified:   CHANGELOG.md
	modified:   pyproject.toml

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add/rm <file>..." as appropriate to mark resolution)
	both modified:   CMakeLists.txt
	both modified:   cmake/ExternalDependencies.cmake
	deleted by us:   mlir/lib/Compiler/CMakeLists.txt
	both modified:   mlir/lib/Conversion/MQTOptToMQTRef/CMakeLists.txt
	both modified:   mlir/lib/Conversion/MQTRefToMQTOpt/CMakeLists.txt
	both modified:   mlir/lib/Conversion/MQTRefToQIR/CMakeLists.txt
	deleted by us:   mlir/lib/Conversion/QCOToJeff/CMakeLists.txt
	both modified:   mlir/lib/Conversion/QIRToMQTRef/CMakeLists.txt
	both modified:   mlir/lib/Dialect/MQTOpt/IR/CMakeLists.txt
	both modified:   mlir/lib/Dialect/MQTRef/IR/CMakeLists.txt
	both modified:   mlir/lib/Dialect/MQTRef/Translation/CMakeLists.txt
	deleted by us:   mlir/lib/Dialect/QC/Builder/CMakeLists.txt
	deleted by us:   mlir/lib/Dialect/QC/Translation/CMakeLists.txt
	deleted by us:   mlir/lib/Dialect/QCO/IR/CMakeLists.txt
	deleted by us:   mlir/lib/Dialect/QCO/Utils/CMakeLists.txt
	deleted by us:   mlir/lib/Dialect/QIR/Builder/CMakeLists.txt
	deleted by us:   mlir/lib/Dialect/QIR/Utils/CMakeLists.txt
	deleted by us:   mlir/lib/Support/CMakeLists.txt

To fix up this pull request, you can check it out locally. See documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.

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