Add host.id resource detector

[jaydeluca]

Description

This PR adds a host.id resource detector following the semconv spec, and using the java agent implementation as a reference.

Fixes #4830

Type of change

• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)

How Has This Been Tested?

I wrote a small test app, and added

...
from opentelemetry.resource.detector.host import HostIdResourceDetector
...

    resource = get_aggregated_resources(
        detectors=[HostIdResourceDetector()],
        initial_resource=Resource.create(
            {ResourceAttributes.SERVICE_NAME: "host-detector-manual-test"}
        ),
    )

Ran the app (on macOS) and observed the attribute

Does This PR Require a Core Repo Change?

• Yes. - Link to PR:
• No.

Checklist:

See contributing.md for styleguide, changelog guidelines, and more.

• Followed the style guidelines of this project
• Changelogs have been updated
• Unit tests have been added
• Documentation has been updated

[herin049]

Can we update these tests so that they test as much of the functionality end-to-end as possible? Almost everything is being patched here, which doesn't make these tests that useful. Our CI runs on both Linux and Windows so you should be able to at least test these systems end-to-end.

[herin049]

Can we make a stronger assertion here: that this is a 32 character lowercase hexadecimal string, or better yet read the contents of /etc/machine-id or /var/lib/dbus/machine-id