Extend verify_grad to complex gradient

[educhesne]

Description

Extend verify_grad to complex gradient following the holomorphic gradient convention (as in JAX).
The decision on which convention to follow (JAX-like or torch-like) has not been taken yet; see issue #1366.

Related Issue

• Closes #
• Related to Implement gradient support for complex types #1366

Checklist

• Checked that the pre-commit linting/style checks pass
• Included tests that prove the fix is effective or that the new feature works
• Added necessary documentation (docstrings and/or example notebooks)
• If you are a pro: each commit corresponds to a relevant logical change

Type of change

• New feature / enhancement
• Bug fix
• Documentation
• Maintenance
• Other (please specify):

---

📚 Documentation preview 📚: https://pytensor--1367.org.readthedocs.build/en/1367/

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 80.00000% with 4 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 82.05%. Comparing base (f1514eb) to head (806fad1).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
pytensor/gradient.py	80.00%	1 Missing and 3 partials ⚠️

❌ Your patch check has failed because the patch coverage (80.00%) is below the target coverage (100.00%). You can increase the patch coverage or adjust the target coverage.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #1367   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   82.05%   82.05%           
=======================================
  Files         203      203           
  Lines       48863    48875   +12     
  Branches     8695     8696    +1     
=======================================
+ Hits        40093    40103   +10     
- Misses       6619     6620    +1     
- Partials     2151     2152    +1     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
pytensor/gradient.py	78.62% <80.00%> (+0.07%)	⬆️

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.

[ricardoV94]

The link in the original issues argues very much for the non-JAX approach. Why did JAX go this way? Do the arguments they make hold for higher order auto-diff?

Also want to modify one Op in this PR to show it working for complex gradients?

[educhesne]

I'm afraid I've raised an issue which is beyond my knowledge... I'll try to summarize what I've understood so far though.

In the case of a real-valued function, jax and torch are equivalent (up to a conjugate).
However when the function is complex-valued torch cannot compute the derivative. The gradient of torch assumes in its chain rule that $\frac{\partial L}{\partial z^\star} = \left(\frac{\partial L}{\partial z}\right)^\star$ which is true when $L$ is real-valued but not in general.

The internals of jax go way over my head, but the doc suggests that it computes internally the full derivative of $f(x+iy) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y)$ as if it was a $\mathbb R^2 \to \mathbb R^2$ function, that is to says the 2x2 $\mathbb R$-matrix of partial derivatives of $u$ and $v$, and returns $\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} - i\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}$ as the gradient.
Whenever $f$ is real-valued ($v=0$), this expression is equal to $2\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}$ (ie the conjugate of what torch returns), and whenever $f$ is holomorphic it is equal to $\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}$. So clearly jax has a broader scope than torch.

In order to deal with higher order auto-diff I reckon we need both differentiation wrt $z$ and wrt $z^\star$. Even if the function is real-valued, its gradient is complex-valued and not necessarily holomorphic (I don't know how to do that in jax...)

Regarding pytensor I think if in L_op the grads arguments contained the derivative wrt to $z$ and $z^\star$ (and L_op returned them as well), then it would be possible to compute the chain rule in the general complex case.
I realize that it is much more complicated than I thought initially...

[ricardoV94]

Just for reference some old theano discussions on the topic:

Theano/Theano#3537

https://web.archive.org/web/20180714173600/http://deeplearning.net/software/theano/proposals/complex_gradient.html