feat: catalog support

[ruimartin]

What's the problem this PR addresses?

Resolves: #6400 by implementing basic support for using catalog

This PR implements catalog via the project configuration yarnrc.yml. We are opting for it instead of package.json to prevent adding complexity in situations where catalogs with the same name could be implemented at different scopes. Named catalogs should be able to address most of use cases.

How did you fix it?

• Adds support for base catalog and named catalogs by:
  • Implements a new plugin-catalog that hooks into reduceDependency and replaces catalog ranges with the ones defined in a catalog
  • Hooks into beforeWorkspacePacking replacing catalogs with actual ranges before packing
• Adds relevant unit and integration tests

QA Instructions

• Edit and play with the catalog definition on .yarnrc.yml and run yarn to see error scenarios (by removing entries or naming then incorrectly), changing versions, etc.

Screen.Recording.2025-08-26.at.09.59.17.mov

• When running yarn pack, the resulting package should have no references to catalog: on package.json files.

Checklist

• I have read the Contributing Guide.

• I have set the packages that need to be released for my changes to be effective.

• I will check that all automated PR checks pass before the PR gets reviewed.

[arcanis]

The error will be "unsupported protocol catalog:" which might be surprising, right? Could we make resolveDescriptorFromCatalog return a nullable value, and throw a UsageError when it returns that (I prefer to avoid blanket try statements as they often hide unrelated exceptions)?

[ruimartin]

Yes, my mistake here. I am now letting the error bubble up, but it isn't being properly catched by the StreamReport.

...

After some digging, it seems this process.nextTick() throws the error outside of the StreamReport scope. Removing it doesn't break any of the tests, but makes things slightly slower. Do you have recollections on why it was introduced originally?

https://github.com/yarnpkg/berry/pull/125/files#diff-0f0e8cfb83ca10fffa5acf788887422f5f26377c114ea0862219357c4806fdc0L16

[ruimartin]

Will be updated after other discussions are resolved.